前置反硝化生物脱氮工艺实现亚硝酸氮积累的试验研究

通过试验实现了前置反硝化工艺亚硝酸氮的积累,从温度、pH值、游离氨(FA)浓度、污泥龄、溶解氧(DO)浓度等几个影响亚硝酸氮积累的主要因素逐一分析.采用中试装置在常温条件下处理实际生活污水.在试验开始阶段DO浓度维持在0.5mg/L,出现了亚硝酸氮的积累,随后提高DO浓度到1.5 mg/L以上,亚硝酸氮积累现象随之消失,最后又降低系统中的DO浓度到0.5 mg/L附近,亚硝酸氮积累现象再次出现,由此得出DO是实现亚硝酸氮积累的关键因素.试验发现有效地控制DO浓度在0.5 mg/L可实现亚硝酸氮比较持久稳定的积累.     

海水曝气生物滤器污染物沿程转化规律的研究

以竹制空心生化球填料生物滤器处理海水养殖废水为对象,在水力负荷为0.58m3/[m3(填料)×h]、氨氮负荷为(0.35~0.46)g/[m3(填料)×h]、有机负荷约为11.58g/[m3(填料)×h]、气水比3:1、pH值为7.8~8.0、DO浓度2.8~5.8mg/L的条件下,考察了有机物和总氨氮(TAN)的沿程转化规律,分析了污染物的空间分布特性.结果表明:在给定的运行条件下,CODMn的主要去除区间在滤器的0~10cm高度,其中CODMn和溶解性CODMn在此处的去除率分别为49.12%和34.88%;TAN的主要去除区间为0~30cm,其中10cm处TAN的去除率为18%,30cm处为55%;生物量和生物活性由下向上呈递减的分布趋势;生物滤器污染物的主要去除区间为0~30cm,受到水质、水量冲击时,较高层的填料(30~60cm)起到了缓冲作用,将下层生物膜未能降解的污染物去除.     

曝气生物滤池中的亚硝酸盐积累及其影响因子

通过模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池脱氮过程中的亚硝酸盐积累现象,考察了运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响.试验结果表明,曝气生物滤池在滤速1～2m/h、气水比3:1、水温20.5℃～26.5℃、进水氨氮负荷0.26～0.62kg/(m³·d)、总氮负荷0.28～0.63kg/(m³³·d)和0.18～0.42kg/(m³·d)反应器内反应液和处理水连续监测结果、反应器内含氮化合物空间分布分析以及微生物数量及活性测定结果表明,反应器中出现了明显的亚硝酸盐积累现象,表现出显著的短程硝化反硝化特征.初步分析探讨了亚硝酸盐积累的形成机理和运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响,认为反冲洗过程是最主要的影响因素,而曝气生物滤池的结构特征和运行方式是其能够出现亚硝酸盐积累,并进行短程硝化反硝化脱氮的主要原因.     

生物脱氮的短程硝化反硝化及影响因素

简要地介绍了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮的机理,即控制氨氧化停留在亚硝化反应阶段,不经过硝化直接进行反硝化.总结了短程硝化反硝化的优点,并结合国内外的研究现状,对影响亚硝酸盐积累的主要因素进行了分析和探讨.     

海水养殖对生物多样性的影响研究进展

近年来,海水养殖对全球海水产品供应的贡献持续增加,但是海水养殖对海洋和沿海生物多样性以及海洋资源可持续利用产生的不利影响,已经引起国内外海洋、环境等领域科学家和大众的广泛关注.海水养殖对生物多样性的影响一般包括在海岸带地区建设养殖场对海域或土地生物多样性的影响,对为维持养殖生产活动所需的超量海域的生物多样性的影响,海水养殖残饵、代谢物污染及养殖生物外逃对海洋生态系生物多样性的影响等方面.本文首先综述了上述影响,并展望了我国海水养殖业生物多样性保护的管理对策,以期为海水养殖业可持续发展、海洋资源可持续利用和生物多样性保护提供参考.     

固定化细胞单级生物脱氮研究

利用硝化菌和反硝化菌混合固定的方法,研究了好氧条件下同时进行硝化和反硝化作用的单级生物脱氮技术.结果表明,反硝化菌被固定后,在好氧条件下仍具有反硝化功能.硝化菌和反硝化菌被混合固定后,可以在好氧条件下同时进行硝化和反硝化作用,并且其氨氧化速率约为硝化菌单独固定时的1.4倍.硝化菌和反硝化菌混合固定构成的单级生物脱氮系统其脱氮速率是分别固定构成的单级生物脱氮系统的2.6倍.     

不同碳氮比下污水反硝化过程中亚硝氮积累的特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,在不同的碳氮比(COD/NO_3~--N)条件下,通过控制反应器中反硝化时间,将NO_3~--N仅还原至NO_2~--N,实现NO_2~--N的稳定积累.结果表明,反硝化时间从60 min缩短至20 min,NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N积累速率分别增大至0.417 g·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以VSS计,下同)和0.402g·g~(-1)·h~(-1).经过108 d的培养,NO_2~--N的积累率为95%.反硝化活性随碳氮比的增大而增大,而较低碳氮比更有利于NO_2~--N的稳定积累.在反硝化亚硝氮积累过程中,当碳源充足时,由于电子受体NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N相互竞争碳源,NO_3~--N的存在会抑制NO_2~--N的还原,从而导致NO_2~--N积累;而当碳源不足时,基质限制使NO_3~--N优先还原,导致NO_2~--N的积累.微生物宏基因组测序结果表明,培养污泥中的优势菌群为Thauera(71.85%),该菌仅能将NO_3~--N还原为NO_2~--N,从而导致NO_2~--N的积累.     

生物水净化剂对养殖水质及饵料生物的影响

用生物水净化剂对投加无机肥和有机肥的养殖水体进行试验研究。结果表明,无论是投加无机肥或有机肥的养殖水体,生物水净化剂对其水质都有较强的净化作用。与对照组相比较,处理组NH3-N、叶绿素均有不同程度的降低,NH3-N最高降幅达到89.4%,COD得到有效控制,透明度显著增加。在有机肥实验中,生物水净化剂对藻类有明显的抑制作用,浓度越高,对藻类的抑制作用越明显。饵料生物方面,尽管生物水净化剂对大型浮游动物(轮虫和浮游甲壳动物)的直接影响不明显,但它对原生动物有明显的促进作用。因此,生物水净化剂在改善养殖水体水质方面有较高的应用价值。     

曝气生物滤池硝化脱氮的研究

采用曝气生物滤池工艺对焦化废水的脱氮进行了实验研究,从曝气生物挂膜、驯化、亚硝酸盐积累影响因子、最大进水氨氮浓度等方面进行了深入分析。结果表明:曝气生物滤池对于焦化废水是一种有效的处理手段。     

生物强化生物滤池去除海水养殖废水中氨氮

针对海水养殖水生物脱氮效果差的问题,将海洋菌株SF16接种到曝气生物滤池中,构建生物强化海水养殖废水处理系统,以未投加菌株SF16的曝气生物滤池作为对照,研究了水力停留时间(HRT)、盐度、碳氮比、溶解氧(DO)等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明,菌株SF16能显著提高曝气生物滤池耐盐性和异养硝化-好氧反硝化脱氮效果。菌株SF16强化曝气生物滤池在HRT为4 h,盐度为3%～5%,高锰酸盐指数/NH_4~+–N为14,DO为4～5 mg/L的适宜工艺条件下,处理初始NH_4~+-N浓度为10 mg/L的模拟海水养殖废水,NH_4~+-N、TN和高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别达到95%、93%和80%以上,NO_3~-–N和NO_2~-–N积累量分别低于0.1 mg/L和0.02mg/L,出水无机氮和高锰酸盐指数达到《海水养殖水排放要求》(SC/T 9103-2007)的一级排放标准。该研究结果能够为菌株SF16在海水(浓海水)养殖系统废水处理工程中应用提供技术支持。     

Experimental study of nitrite accumulation in predenitrification biological nitrogen removal process

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on nitrite accumulation was investigated in a pilot-scale pre-denitrification process at room temperature for 100 days. In the first 10 days, due to the instability of the system, the DO concentration fluctuated between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L. In the next 14 days, the DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L and nitrite accumulation occurred, with the average nitrite accumulation rate at 91%. From the 25th day, the DO concentration was increased to 2.0 mg/L to destroy the nitrite accumulation, but nitrite accumulation rate was still as high as 90%. From the 38th day the nitrite accumulation rate decreased to 15%–30% linearly. From the 50th day, DO concentration was decreased to 0.5 mg/L to resume nitrite accumulation. Until the 83rd day the nitrite accumulation rate began to increase to 80%. Dissolved oxygen was the main cause of nitrite accumulation, taking into account other factors such as pH, free ammonia concentration, temperature, and sludge retention time. Because of the different affinity for oxygen between nitrite oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria when DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L, nitrite accumulation occurred. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2472–2476 [译自: 环境科学]     

城市污水厂部分反硝化滤池启动及运行

采用生物滤池探究部分反硝化（NO₃^--N还原到NO₂^--N）工艺应用于城市污水厂深度脱氮的可行性.以实际二级出水为进水,考察滤速、碳氮比（C/N）等影响因素对滤池快速启动及稳定运行的影响,分析了滤池沿程水质变化和系统微生物群落结构.结果表明,控制高滤速和低C/N,3d可实现部分反硝化滤池的快速启动,滤池120d平均亚硝态氮累积率（NTR）为60.3%,最高可达82.1%,成功构建了连续流生物膜部分反硝化工艺.高滤速条件有助提高滤池的NO₂^--N积累率,C/N对NO₂^--N积累率的影响较小,C/N为2~4,部分反硝化滤池的NTR维持在62.0%.沿程数据表明底部40cm的滤料层是部分反硝化滤池NO₃^--N去除和NO₂^--N累积的主要反应区域.由于采用实际水厂二级出水进行研究,扫描电镜和高通量测序结果表明存在多种具有反硝化功能的微生物,系统的微生物多样性较高.     

废水处理不同脱氮路径盐分形成与影响因素分析

我国工业废水处理的目标不仅是通过消除污染物降低生态风险,还期望通过脱盐技术实现水回用,处理过程中盐分的形成及其减量对于技术的经济性具有重要意义.以生物脱氮不同路径盐分形成与影响因素的分析为研究对象,以电导率作为盐分削减的指标,以NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N、NO~-_3-N、SCN~-作为考察的污染物,把总氮去除作为目的,从电子供体种类/比例、碳源、碱和磷盐的投加量以及水力停留时间(HRT)等主要因素对传统硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化3种工艺进行对比研究,讨论了模拟焦化废水原位减盐的效果.结果表明:①以目标去除进水中200 mg·L~(-1)NO~-_2-N/NO~-_3-N为基准,3种脱氮路径盐分削减能力顺序为:厌氧氨氧化(41.97%)短程反硝化(26.12%)传统反硝化(11.16%);②在最优工况条件(NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N=1.33,c(NaHCO_3)=100 mg·L~(-1),HRT=18 h)下,厌氧氨氧化的减盐率、NO~-_2-N和NH~+_4-N的降解率均达到最佳,分别为41.97%、100%和99.38%;③相比较于单一的SCN~-或者苯酚,SCN~-与苯酚共同作为电子供体的脱氮减盐效果更佳;④SCN~-∶苯酚的电子供体比例为1∶3,HRT=38 h时,短程反硝化与传统反硝化脱氮减盐效果同时达到最优,其中短程反硝化的减盐率、NO~-_2-N及SCN~-的降解率分别为26.12%、82.95%、100%,传统反硝化的减盐率、NO~-_3-N及SCN~-的降解率分别为11.16%、100%、100%.研究工作可为寻求废水处理优化的脱盐路径提供指导.     

短程反硝化的启动及多参数优化下NO2--N积累特性

采用本实验室长期培养的厌氧（S-A）、好氧（S-O）和交替厌氧/好氧（S-A/O）活性污泥为种泥,分别启动短程反硝化SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,控制进水C/N比为3,缺氧搅拌时间为1h时,在第15d、7d和4d亚硝酸盐积累率（NAR）分别达到75.34%、84.51%和86.23%.选取C/N比、初始pH值、缺氧搅拌时间和初始NO₃^--N浓度对NAR进行四因素三水平响应面实验,方差分析结果表明,以上因素对NAR均有显著影响（P<0.05）,模型R²为0.983.通过模型预测得最佳运行条件：C/N比为3.16,初始pH值为8.51,缺氧搅拌时间为1.27h,初始NO₃^--N浓度为60mg/L的条件下,NAR高达91.32%.     

N2O emission from nitrogen removal via nitrite in oxic-anoxic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor

Bionitrification is considered to be a potential source of nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions, which are produced as a by-product during the nitrogen removal process. To investigate the production of N2O during the process of nitrogen removal via nitrite, a granular sludge was studied using a labscale sequence batch reactor operated with real-time control. The total production of N2O generated during the nitrification and denitrification processes were 1.724 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating that N2O is produced during both processes, with the nitrification phase generating larger amount. In addition, due to the NEO-N mass/oxidized ammonia mass ratio, it can be concluded that nitrite accumulation has a positive influence on N2O emissions. Results obtained from PCRDGGE analysis demonstrate that a specific Nitrosomonas microorganism is related to N2O emission.     

Performance of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process for treating wastewater with different substrates at ambient temperature

The stability and parameters of a bio-ceramic filter for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal were investigated.The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) reactor was fed with different concentrations of ammonia(400,300,and 200mg N/L) but constant influent ammonia load.The results showed that the CANON system can achieve good treatment performance at ambient temperature(15-23°C).The average removal rate and removal loading of NH4+-N and TN was 83.90%,1.26kg N/(m3·day),and 70.14%,1.09kg N/(m3·day),respectively.Among the influencing factors like pH,dissolved oxygen and alkalinity,it was indicated that the pH was the key parameter of the performance of the CANON system.Observing the variation of pH would contribute to better control of the CANON system in an intuitive and fast way.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of microorganisms further revealed that there were some significant changes in the community structure of ammonium oxidizing bacteria,which had low diversity in different stages,while the species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) bacteria were fewer and the community composition was relatively stable.These observations showed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation was more stable than the aerobic ammonia oxidation,which could explain that why the CANON system maintained a good removal efficiency under the changing substrate conditions.     

反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的参数优化

为促进反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化工艺的耦合,实现污水氮、磷的同步高效去除,构建序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reactor,SBR),优化了反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的工艺参数.SBR在厌氧-缺氧-微好氧运行条件下,缺氧段投加模拟硝酸盐工业废水逐步实现了反硝化除磷过程的亚硝酸盐积累.结果表明,经过142d的培养驯化,在进水C/P比为55时,缺氧段引入NO₃^--N浓度为23mg/L时,亚硝酸盐积累率为51.01%,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率为40.22%,硝酸盐去除率为72.14%,PO₄^3--P去除率最高达88.17%.出水COD浓度低于25mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%以上.微生物群落结构分析表明,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为系统内优势菌门.通过参数优化实现了聚磷菌的驯化,Candidatus Accumulibacter为代表的反硝化聚磷菌丰度增加(累积丰度由1.49%增加到5.08%),以Candidatus Competibacter为代表的反硝化聚糖菌丰度增加更为明显(累积丰度由1.02%增加到15.49%),聚磷菌与聚糖菌的共同作用有利于实现除磷过程的亚硝酸盐累积.     

A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中试(一)短程硝化反硝化的研究

应用A/O生物脱氮中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,从pH、污泥浓度(MLSS)、自由氨(FA)、温度、污泥龄(SRT)、溶解氧(DO)和水力停留时间(HRT)等方面系统的分析了A/O工艺实现短程硝化反硝化的主要影响因素.结果表明,DO浓度是A/O工艺实现短程硝化反硝化的主要因素,由FISH检测发现长期控制低DO浓度(0.3～0.7 mg·L-1)可以导致亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的淘洗,从而实现稳定的亚硝酸盐积累率,试验获得平均亚硝酸氮积累率为85%,有时甚至超过95%.提高DO浓度,1周内亚硝酸氮积累率从85%降到10%,继续维持低DO浓度,大约需要2个污泥龄时间才可重新恢复到较高的亚硝酸氮积累率(＞75%).低DO浓度下,试验初期污泥沉淀性能随着亚硝酸氮积累率的增加而变差,而在试验后期,无论亚硝酸氮积累率多高,污泥沉淀性能一直很好,SVI值处于80～120 mL·g-1     

Achieving and maintaining biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions

The principal aim of this paper is to develop an approach to realize stable biological nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions. Validation of the new method was established on laboratory-scale experiments applying the sequencing batch reactor（SBR） activated sludge process to domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. The addition of sodium chloride（NaCI） to influent was established to achieve nitrite build-up. The high nitrite accumulation, depending on the salinity in influent and the application duration of salt, was obtained in SBRs treating saline wastewater. The maintenance results indicated that the real-time SBRs can maintain stable nitrite accumulation, but conversion from shorter nitrification-denitrification to full nitrification-denitrification was observed after some operation cycles in the other SBR with fixed-time control. The presented method is valuable to offer a solution to realize and to maintain nitrogen removal via nitrite under normal conditions.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.