典型背景点降水化学组份的分析

在全球背景降水的三种类型背景点中，海洋型背景降水受海洋大气环流控制，化学组份来源于海洋气溶胶，内陆在海洋相间型背景降水的化学组份主要来源于海洋气溶胶与仙陆大气污染物，内陆型大气背景降水的化学组份则主要来源于杨法和内陆大气传输。     

黄海及东海海域大气湿沉降(降水)中的营养元素

于2000、2001两年在黄海的千里岩岛和东海的嵊泗群岛两个采样点共采集了160多个降水样品,测定了pH值和营养盐组份(NH4^ ,NO3^ ,NO2^ ,PO4^3,SiO3^2 )的含量。结果表明,降水样品中营养元素的浓度有明显的季节变化,冬季的浓度高于夏季。千里岩降水中的营养元素的浓度普遍比嵊泗群岛高,尽管降雨量千里岩岛小于嵊泗群岛,千里岩大气降水中营养元素的月沉降通量仍大于嵊泗群岛。两个采样点的大气降水中的N／P值远高于海水中的值,表明大气湿沉降对这些海域的海洋生产力和营养元素的生物地球化学环境起着十分重要的作用。     

国外事故案例

１日本一化学品船与一货船相撞二甲苯泄入太平洋２００２年１０月５日 ,日本一艘化学品运输船在日本东海岸外的太平洋海域与一艘巴拿马籍货船相撞后倾覆 ,并引发化学品二甲苯的泄漏。据日本海上保安部称 ,事故发生在静冈县附近海域。当天凌晨３时左右 ,日本化学品运输船“荣和丸”与一艘巴拿马籍货船相撞后倾覆。４名受伤船员被附近的船只救起后送往医院。据悉 ,“荣和丸”上载有５００吨二甲苯。日方已确认“荣和丸”上的二甲苯已经泄漏。二甲苯是一种化学溶剂 ,属有害物质 ,当海水遭受大量的二甲苯污染时 ,有可能危及鱼类。日本海上保安部…     

南京市降水化学成分特征及变化趋势

通过对１９９２－１９９８年南京市降水化学成分特征及其变化趋势的分析，表明南京市降以化明显，但无恶化迹象，降水化学成分中ＳＯ＾２－４对酸化起主要作用，但其作用呈下降趋势，而ＮＯ＾－３，Ｃｌ＾－的作用呈上升趋势。Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾４＋在中和降水的酸性方面起十分重要的作用，Ｃａ＾２＋的作用逐渐减弱，而ＮＨ＾＋４的作用则逐渐增大。     

酸雨对农作物影响预测

酸雨对农作物影响预测野内勇（日）１概论大气中与３５０ｍｇ／ＬＣＯ＿２平衡降水的ｐＨ值为５．６，低于此值的降水称为酸雨。日本降水中ｐＨ年均值为４．６～５．１，尤其是都市周边地区，ｐＨ年均值接近４．５，基本与北美及欧洲程度相同．酸性降水（雨、雪、雾）直接...     

西太平洋热带海域降水化学特征

1988年在西太平洋热带海域采集雨水样品,分析结果表明,大部分样品偏酸性(pH<5.6).雨水的化学组成结构主要受海盐的影响,这与我国大陆上雨水的情况很不相同.将西太平洋热带海域降水化学特征与南印度海域和西大西洋海域的降水情况作对比分析,结果表明,前两个海域雨水中的SO~(2-)受非海盐源的影响比西大西洋海域的小.     

福建东山湾水质状况分析与污染防治对策

该文以ＤＩＮ、ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ、ＣＯＤ和ＤＯ为化学指标参数，分析１９９４－１９９８年东山海域有机质污染和营养类型。结果表明，东山湾湾顶区水质总体上属于中度污染，内湾区属于轻度污染水体３０％时段处于富营养化状态，ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ是主要污染因子。根据污染特征，分析了影响水质的因素，并在此基础上，提出相应的防治措施。     

中国东、南部大陆、海域与邻区(国)古构造演化关系

本文论证了中国海域基底与邻区古构造演化关系,中朝地台与京畿地块以北对应。中下扬子台拗东延为朝南古拗陷,东南地槽系连接本州地槽系,华夏地块经东海接日本“南方大陆”,华夏和印支地块隶属于南海—东海地台的边缘地块。     

瓦里关山降水化学特征的初步分析

报告了１９９７年在中国大气本底基准观象台（观测站点位于青海省瓦里关山）的降水化学观测结果，该站点位于我国北方高原的半干旱地区，周围较少有局地污染排放源影响，对获的５９个降水样品进行了ｐＨ值、电导率和可溶性离子成分的分析，其结果显示，该地降水的年平均ｐＨ值为６．４，呈中性；年平均电导率为１４．８μＳ／ｃｍ，降水较为洁净；降水中的主要离子成分依次为ＮＨ＾＋４，Ｃａ＾２＋，ＳＯ＾２－４，Ｍｇ＾２＋，Ｎａ     

抚顺市降水化学组份特征分析

对 2 0 0 2年 2月～ 2 0 0 3年 3月抚顺市的降水化学组份及时空分布特征进行了分析。抚顺地区降水是以硫酸型污染为主。抚顺市降水中主要阳离子组份是Ca2 + 、NH4 + ,主要阴离子组份是SO4 2 - 和NO3- 。由多元逐步回归分析可知抚顺市降水中NO3- 是酸化剂 ,Ca2 + 是碱化剂 ,对方程起作用的因子大小顺序是Ca2 + >Na+ >NO3- 。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.