污水处理厂尾水中有机氯化物的活性炭吸附深度处理

考虑到经氯消毒的城市污水处理厂尾水中可能存在的副产物,选择广东省东莞市两个典型污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,采用GC-MS分析其中的有机氯化物,并以某种粉末活性炭进行吸附深度处理及考察其效果.分析结果表明,尾水中存在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、二澳一氯甲烷、二氯硝基甲烷等多种有机氯化物,其中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳在所取样品中都存在且相对含量之和超过80%;吸附结果表明,所选择的活性炭样在1 g·L-1投加量下,尾水中未检出有机氯化物.说明适宜的活性炭能够应用于污水处理厂尾水中多种有机氯化物的分离去除.     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺运行中产生溴酸盐的可能性分析

为合理评估应用臭氧生物活性炭工艺中溴酸盐的生成情况,提出既能保证出水水质又能降低溴酸盐超标风险的方案.进行了小试与中试试验,系统地从原水水质和工艺参数两个方面入手,研究水质因素、初始溴离子浓度和臭氧氧化条件等对溴酸盐生成的影响,同时分析生物活性炭对溴酸盐的去除能力.结果表明:高初始溴离子浓度水平和臭氧接触程度(Ct值)促使更多BrOx-生成.在相同Ct值条件下,升高臭氧投加浓度可使溴酸盐生成量增高200%左右.以长江南京段江心洲夹江下游原水进行臭氧生物活性炭深度处理不会产生溴酸盐超标风险.生物活性炭(BAC)对于溴酸盐去除效果并不明显.运用臭氧生物活性炭工艺进行深度处理时,工艺中应着重注意控制溴酸盐在臭氧化过程中的生成而非依靠后续生物活性炭将其去除.     

改性颗粒活性炭对水中溴酸根的吸附特性研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)改性颗粒活性炭以提高活性炭对溴酸根的吸附能力.通过小试研究了改性颗粒活性炭(GAC-CPC)对溴酸根的吸附特性,考察了BrO-3初始浓度、pH、共存阴离子等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CPC改性能显著提高GAC对BrO-3的吸附能力,吸附量随着初始浓度升高而增大;在碱性条件下GAC-CPC对BrO-3的吸附量减小;共存阴离子与BrO-3在GAC-CPC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为:NO-3SO2-4PO3-4CO2-3.用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散动力学模型拟合GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的动力学过程,结果表明,准二级动力学能更好的描述吸附过程,且孔扩散可能是改性GAC吸附BrO-3初始阶段的主要速率控制因素.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合不同温度下BrO-3的吸附平衡过程,结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好的描述吸附平衡过程,GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于吸附.     

磁性树脂预处理对粉末活性炭吸附水中卡马西平的影响

通过磁性树脂预处理,来提高粉末活性炭(PAC)应对水源水中突发以卡马西平(CBZ)为代表的PPCPs类有机物污染风险的能力.结果显示,Freundlich吸附模型可以更好描述PAC对CBZ的吸附规律;假一级动力学对CBZ吸附动力学过程模拟结果良好,假二级动力学更适合模拟时间大于1h的吸附过程;200~300目PAC具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率;在模拟配水试验中,磁性树脂与PAC联用相比单独使用PAC时,DOC去除率提高了40.64%,UV254去除率提高了41.27%,CBZ去除率提高了14.72%.在去除水中有机污染物过程中,磁性树脂与PAC间存在协同作用,磁性树脂预处理强化了PAC对CBZ的去除效果.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

焦化废水生物处理尾水中残余有机污染物的活性炭吸附及其机理

采用粉末活性炭静态吸附焦化废水生物处理尾水中的TOC成分,考察pH值、活性炭用量等因素对吸附效果的影响.从分子结构、动力学和热力学数据等方面来判断其吸附类型和吸附速率的控制步骤,并从理论上解析活性炭对尾水中残余有机污染物的吸附过程.对选定的活性炭,pH值升高对吸附有负效应;在TOC浓度为40.0-60.0 mg·L-1的水样中投加1.000 mg·L-1活性炭,吸附容量可达(37.2±7.8)mg·g-1;长链烃、苯系物、卤代物等非极性有机物和酚类等酸性有机物在pH＜8.0时吸附效果较好,胺类等碱性有机物在碱性条件下易于被吸附;TOC的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散分别是吸附初期和吸附后期的主要速率控制步骤,吸附活化能Ea=38.75kJ·mol-1;吸附等温线符合linear方程,说明吸附过程主要是有机污染物在活性炭与水溶液中的分配过程;热力学参数△G0、△H0为负值,表明该吸附是一个自发的放热过程,焦化废水生物处理尾水中残留的长链烃、卤代物、多环芳烃等难降解有机物可以通过吸附法分离去除,酚羟基、羧基等极性基团含量少的活性炭或其它非极性有机吸附剂适合于处理该类废水.     

均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)在活性炭吸附去除水中典型嗅味物质中的应用

水厂中投加粉末活性炭时,由于反应时间非常短,其吸附动力学行为的确定非常重要.利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对粉末活性炭吸附水中2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)及土臭素(geosmin)时的动力学过程进行了模拟.结果表明,只要通过1组吸附动力学实验取得相应的数据,就可以利用均相表面扩散模型HSDM对不同投量下粉末活性炭的吸附动力学过程进行有效的预测,并结合原水中MIB或geosmin的初始浓度、需要处理达到的目标浓度以及粉末活性炭接触时间,确定粉末活性炭的投加量.     

粉末活性炭预沉积去除藻类有机物及其对膜污染的影响

以东海原甲藻分泌的藻类有机物（AOM）为研究对象,研究粉末活性炭预沉积和预吸附两种膜前预处理手段对海水中AOM的去除作用,对比分析AOM直接超滤、预沉积和预吸附后再超滤时膜通量、膜阻力分布、膜表面亲疏水性和粗糙度的变化,探讨粉末活性炭孔隙结构、沉积量对AOM去除效果及超滤膜污染的影响.结果表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附能够提高超滤膜对含AOM海水中DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率,预沉积对AOM的去除作用优于预吸附,介孔活性炭较微孔活性炭的预沉积效果更好,当介孔活性炭PAC2的沉积量为0.4g/L时,DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率较直接超滤分别提高了25.1%和33.6%.紫外吸收比指数（URI）分析表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附对有机物的去除作用具有选择性,AOM中芳香族物质较脂肪族羧基类物质更易被除去.粉末活性炭预沉积下AOM超滤时的滤饼层污染阻力（R_c）和膜孔堵塞阻力（R_p）较直接超滤分别降低了39.6%和81.2%,活性炭在超滤膜表面形成的滤饼层结构将AOM与超滤膜进行了隔离,能够减缓膜污染速率,对于控制膜的不可逆污染亦具有重要作用.     

Interference of iron as a coagulant on MIB removal by powdered activated carbon adsorption for low turbidity waters

Powered activated carbon (PAC) is widely used in water treatment plants to minimize odors in drinking water. This study investigated the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by PAC adsorption, combined with coagulation using iron as a coagulant. The adsorption and coagulation process were studied through different case scenarios of jar tests. The analysis evaluated the effect of PAC dosing in the liquid phase immediately before or after the coagulant addition. Ferric sulphate was used as the coagulant with dosages from 10 to 30 mg/L, and PAC dosages varied from 10 to 40 mg/L. The highest MIB removal efficiency (about 70%) was achieved without the coagulant addition and with the highest PAC dosage (40 mg/L). Lower MIB removal efficiencies were observed in the presence of coagulant, showing a clear interference of the iron precipitate or coagulant in the adsorption process. The degree of interference of the coagulation process in the MIB removal was proportional to the ratio of ferric hydroxide mass to the PAC mass. For both cases of PAC dosing, upstream and downstream of the coagulant injection point, the MIB removal efficiency was similar. However, MIB removal efficiency was 15% lower when compared with experiments without the coagulant application. This interference in the MIB adsorption occurs potentially because the coagulant coats the surface of the carbon and interferes with the MIB coming in contact with the carbon’s surface and pores. This constraint requires an increase of the PAC dosage to provide the same efficiency observed without coagulation.     

生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.     

秸秆污泥基活性炭的制备及吸附H2S的实验研究

以市政污泥和玉米秸秆的混合物为原材料,KOH为活化剂,制备了秸秆污泥基活性炭(AC).实验考察了秸秆与污泥用量比例,以及活化剂用量对秸秆污泥基活性炭物化特性的影响.结果显示,m(污泥)∶m(秸秆)∶m(KOH)为3∶7∶2的条件下,制备的活性炭C372以微孔为主,微孔率达到0.59,比表面积达到369.271 m2·g-1.该活性炭的穿透硫容与饱和硫容均最高,分别为5.82 mg·g-1(以H2S计)和7.00 mg·g-1(以H2S计),活性炭表面内酯基的存在不利于其对硫化氢的吸附.SEM和BET表征分析显示,随着秸秆在污泥中比例的增加,活性炭比表面积增大,对H2S的吸附量提高.活性炭C372具有较好的再生性能,二次再生后其穿透硫容与饱和硫容均能恢复55%以上.     

污泥基活性炭-甲醇工质对吸附/解吸特性

将市政生物污泥资源转化与吸附制冷能效提升相交叉融合,通过炭素前驱体进行复配、KOH催化炭化及磷酸催化活化相结合的压块炭改进工艺对污泥基活性炭的孔结构进行原位调控,制备了4种新型污泥基活性炭(WNC-4/3/2/1);对比研究了以污泥炭和甲醇制冷剂为工质对的吸附制冷床的吸附/脱附循环、制冷量及制冷功率变化特性.结果 表明...     

Gas phase trichloroethylene removal at low concentration using activated carbon fiber

The breakthrough adsorption behaviors of gas phase trichloroethylene in a packed bed of activated carbon fibers(ACF) were investigated. The specific surface area of the ACF was 600 m^2/g, 1400 m^2/g and 1600 m^2/g, respectively, and the concentration of trichloroethylene ranged from 270 mg/m^3 to 2700 mg/m^3 . Results showed that the capacity of adsorption increased with increasing specific surface area, the relationship between the logarithms of 10% breakthrough time and concentration was approximately linear over the experimental range, the breakthrough time decreased with increasing temperature and humidity. The breakthrough curves at different inlet concentration or different temperature can be predicted by several simple theoretical models with good agreements.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon

When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.     

炭化温度对废旧布袋制备活性炭性能的影响及其表征

以水泥厂废旧除尘布袋为原料,KOH为活化剂制备了活性炭.利用热重分析法(TG-DTG)对废旧布袋热解过程进行分析;重点考察了不同炭化温度(400、450、500、550和600℃)对废旧布袋制备活性炭的产率及活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响;同时采用N2吸附等温线对最佳工艺条件制备的活性炭孔隙结构进行了表征.研究结果表明,500℃为最佳炭化温度.最佳炭化温度下制备的活性炭,碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和产率分别为1350.72 mg·g-1、97.5 mg·g-1和20.16%.活性炭比表面积高达1228.51 m2·g-1,总孔容达0.7134 cm3·g-1,孔径分布以微孔居多,N2吸附等温线为I型.     

颗粒活性炭吸附工艺对水体中甲基叔丁基醚的去除

通过批式平衡实验考察了各种材质活性炭对MTBE的最大吸附容量以及吸附的影响因素.结果表明各活性炭的吸附能力依次为JHBG1>JHBG2>GCN8303F300>YK>Bamboo,其中2种国产竹炭JHBG1和JHBG2对低浓度污染的地下水处理时的理论耗炭量分别为0.14和0.18g/L;水体中天然有机物对MTBE有一定的竞争吸附,丹宁酸值较大的活性炭比较有利于地下水中MTBE的去除.采用连续流的微型快速穿透实验(MCRB)考察了活性炭的吸附容量利用率,结果证明活性炭吸附可以作为一种有效的地下水中MTBE的去除工艺,这为MTBE污染场地的异位修复提供一个实际可行的参考.     

污泥活性炭对染料的吸附动力学研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水污泥作为原料,采用化学活化法(ZnCl2作为活化剂)制得污泥活性炭,全面研究了污泥活性炭对活性艳红K-2BP、酸性大红GR和直接紫N这3种染料的吸附动力学行为.结果表明,污泥活性炭可以有效地吸附染料,实现污泥的资源化;3种染料的平衡吸附量qe均随着染料初始浓度和温度的增大而增大,相同条件下平衡吸附量qe的大小顺序为:酸性大红GR＞活性艳红K-2BP＞直接紫N;伪二级动力学模型能够很好地描述3种染料在污泥活性炭上的吸附动力学行为;对于活性艳红K-2BP和直接紫N,颗粒内扩散过程是该吸附速率的控制步骤,但不是唯一的速率控制步骤,吸附速率同时还受颗粒外扩散过程的控制,而对于酸性大红GR,颗粒内扩散过程不是吸附速率的控制步骤;污泥活性炭对3种染料的吸附是一个吸热过程,吸附活化能较小,主要为物理吸附过程.