Approaches to municipal wastewater irrigation and environmental protection

To reuse the water and nutrient resources from ecological point of view the goals, criteria and constraint conditions of the scientifically municipal wastewater irrigation are discussed as well as the practice in major municipal wastewater irrigation areas in China is introduced, of which particularly the effects of municipal water irrigation mixing with oil refinery wastewater on the agricultural ecosystem are studied and described. It has been revealed that benzo(a)pyrene in various parts of paddy crop is attributed to air pollution, water-soil pollution and biosynthesis of plant. Of exogenous contributions of benzo(a)pyrene in paddy shoot system under natural condition, the dominant factor is the air pollution, whereas the water-soil factor is considered to be secondary. Therefore, it is mostly urgent to control the air pollution source of benzo(a)pyrene, to which the edible parts of various green plants are exposed directly.     

智慧环保体系在环境治理中的应用

随着大数据时代的到来,智慧环保体系已经成为推动环境治理能力和治理体系现代化的重要理论支撑,建立完善的智慧环保体系更是我国进一步提高环境治理效率的必然要求和重要举措。将当前快速发展的物联网技术应用到环境治理中,建立智能的环境数据获取和处理分析系统,做出合理的决策,进而提高环境管理效率是建立和完善智慧环保体系的关键措施。智慧环保体系与城市环境治理的结合能实时高效地监测城市污染源、生态管理等多领域环境问题,并对可能出现的环境问题做出应急反应及决策。系统地介绍了智慧环保体系的总体架构及支撑整个系统的标准体系,同时提出了智慧环保体系建设过程中遇到的困难,分析了智慧环保体系在环境治理与保护不同领域的应用,以期为未来智慧环保体系应用于环境治理和管理提供建议和参考。     

Sustainable development and environmental protection

The focus of this paper is on protecting the environment in resource development and not on economic issues even though many obstacles to sustainability include social, political and economic factors. Many stark examples of past failures in resource development serve as grim reminders for future planning. Most of the options will require an evaluation as to their appropriateness as well as to the economic capability and commitment of developing countries and international development institutions to incorporate them into programs.     

成渝地区中小河流水生态环境保护存在的问题与对策

为进一步保护成渝地区水生态环境质量,筑牢长江上游水生态安全屏障,围绕成渝地区河流水质污染特征,剖析了中小河流水环境保护存在的问题,提出了加强成渝地区中小河流水环境保护的对策建议。结果表明：成渝地区水环境质量呈逐步改善趋势,水质污染主要集中在中小河流,特别是跨界河流水质超标频度较高;中小河流水质污染主要集中在2—6月,说明区域水质主要受点源污染和初期雨水冲刷的面源污染物集中入河的共同影响。水资源分布不均与高强度开发利用导致的生态流量不足,城镇人口集聚导致的生活污染压力大,农业面源治理难度大导致的长期高污染负荷,上下游联防联控机制不完善造成的跨界河流污染防治难度大,是造成成渝地区中小河流水质污染突出的主要原因。建议加强中小河流的生态流量保障,厂网齐抓推进城镇生活污水处理提质增效,多管齐下提升农业农村面源污染防治水平,流域统筹推进水环境管理水平。     

奉贤区大气环境污染特征及其防护对策

随着我国经济的快速发展,工业化和城市化突飞猛进,生态环境已成为举世瞩目的问题。大气环境污染是环境污染的重要组成部分,本文主要对奉贤区大气污染特征进行分析探讨,并提出污染防护对策。     

关于协同推进排污许可制与环境保护税的思考

党的十九届四中全会明确提出构建以排污许可制为核心的固定污染源监管制度体系,为推动排污许可制与各项环境管理制度衔接融合及各项法规制度的协同执法指明了作战的方向。本文在剖析排污许可制与环境保护税发展现状、面临的挑战基础上,从完善法律法规体系、建立协同作战机制、建立核算复核机制、建立大数据共享机制四个方面构建排污许可制与环境保护税衔接耦合机制,使排污许可制与环境保护税叠加在协同作战中发挥出最大效能,给企事业单位明确稳定的污染排放管控要求和预期、推动形成公平规范的环境执法守法秩序,减少污染物排放、改善环境质量、强化绿色体制保障,推动形成人与自然和谐发展的现代化建设新格局。     

日照石臼扇贝养殖水域夏季污染调查分析

１９９８年７月中旬，山东省日照市东港区石臼扇贝养殖区出现养殖的栉孔扇贝大面积死亡。死亡顺序由岸边开始向里面蔓延；死亡程序岸边大于里面，介体大的大于个体小的。为弄清扇贝死亡的原因，１９９８年８月，进行了该水域的环境综合调查。本文报道了污染环境的调查结果，ＣＯＤ平均值为０．９８％ｍｇ／Ｌ；石油类为６．２７ｕｇ／Ｌ；挥发酚为１．６９ｕｇ／Ｌ；悬浮物为１０．６４ｍｇ／Ｌ；Ｃｕ为６．４０ｕｇ／Ｌ；Ｚｎ为９；     

Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

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关于海洋环境文化建设与海洋环境保护的若干思考

海洋环境文化是海洋文化和环境文化的一个分支,其建设状况对海洋环境保护影响甚大.本文从引入海洋环境文化的概念入手,探析其内涵及重要性,分析了海洋环境文化与海洋经济的辩证关系,并就海洋环境问题,从海洋环境文化层面剖析原因,提出了海洋环境文化建设的对策思路.     

Impact of ship-Breaking activities on the coastal environment of Bangladesh and a management system for its sustainability

Ship breaking or recycling in Bangladesh has been a catalyst for the economy by supporting the steel, shipbuilding, furniture, building construction, machinery and electrical industries since the 1980s. Although it has generated huge employment and provided 80–90% of the total steel consumption in the country, it has faced a host of challenges due to a number of negative environmental and social impacts that hinder the sustainable development of this blooming sector. The objective of this paper is to focus on how ship-breaking activities in Bangladesh affect the adjacent environment and the health and safety of workers, as well as management’s approach to the sustainability of the industry, by conducting a review of the available scientific literature. We found that grave environmental pollution, such as physiochemical properties, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs), organotins, oil and grease pollution, asbestos and other atmospheric pollutants, and its impact on marine ecosystems, biodiversity, forestry, fisheries and human health are the main obstacles for the development of a sustainable ship-breaking industry. In addition, labour safety and occupational health problems, social unrest and conflicts have resulted from the development of the ship-breaking industry in Bangladesh. Inappropriate management practices and inadequate plans regarding ship-breaking activities and processes are the main reasons for these challenges. Effective management measures to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of the ship-breaking industry and to improve the health and safety of workers have now become an urgent requirement.     

跨流域环境污染联合处置机制初探——以苏鲁边界环保联席治污为例

随着经济的发展,流域水环境污染已成为制约区域经济和社会发展的关键性因素,流域跨界污染对上下游城市的水资源配置、社会稳定、经济可持续性等都提出严峻挑战。苏鲁边界九县（市）创造性地开展区域环境保护联席会议联防联治机制,为解决跨流域污染问题探索出了一条新路。     

油气田开采钻井岩屑分类利用处置现状及环境管理

油气开采过程会产生大量水基钻屑和少量油基钻屑。当前,油气田钻井岩屑大多采用不落地处理工艺进行初步收集处理。钻井岩屑通常具有较高的pH、盐离子浓度、COD和含油量（油基钻屑）等,其合理处理处置是油气田绿色发展面临的一大难题。对比分析了国内外钻井岩屑的环境管理现状,系统梳理了我国钻屑环境管理方面存在的问题。同时,基于钻井岩屑污染特性综述了其后续资源化与无害化技术的研究和应用现状,并分析了各技术优缺点和处理效果。最后,对我国钻屑利用与处置提出了“建立水基钻屑分级分类管理制度、完善钻屑利用处置过程环境管理体系和加强钻屑源头减量和末端利用”的对策建议。

     

Ecological and environmental characteristics and management planning of Mawei Economic Development District

The natural and social background of the district was described, and the major ecological and environmental problems were analysed. The measures and planning for the ecological and environmental protection were recommended. Systematic analysis method and environmental mathematical models were suggested to be used for the ecological and environmental general planning in this paper.     

云南省大气污染扩散输送特征研究

通过分析各种野外探测资料和常规气象资料,全面讨论了影响云南省大气扩散输送能力的各种特征量的变化和特点,并试图说明高原山区的特殊地形及局地小气候条件对这些特征量的影响,认为云南全省大气扩散输送具有以下特征：大气稳定度以中性类居多,频率占50％以上;风速廓线指数值比平原地区大得多,也比一般山区的大;大气混合层高度春冬季较大,夏秋季较小,下午较大,凌晨较小;滇东和滇西北扩散参数较大,滇南较小;辐射雾出现频繁是一种影响当地大气扩散输送的天气现象。     

环境保护历史转变时期的环境监测分析

本文通过多年来的工作实践和管理经验,针对新时期环境监测及污染源监测工作的特殊要求,围绕环境监测站的定位,软、硬件建设及监测数据管理的重要性,从多方面、多角度进行了详尽的阐述,提出了有针对性的对策与建议.     

中国环保重点城市API指数的时空模态区域分异

从区域空气污染监测、分析、预报研究与综合管理需求出发,利用经验正交函数EOF方法,将全国47个环保重点城市2004年7月1日～2006年6月30日2年逐日API指数(Air Pollution Index)时空分布资料分解为模态特征向量和时间系数,并对模态间差异性进行了Morlet小波分析,研究其频谱差异.在此基础上,建立了全国环保重点城市API指数时空模态区域分异体系.结果表明:以API指数作为评价指标,中国主要城市空气污染存在明显的区域分异,全国47个重点城市可分为10个区域,分别代表不同的污染时空模态.EOF及Morlet小波方法将全国47个环保重点城市API指数的时空分布清晰地表达出来,为空气污染区域分异研究提供了新的方法与思路.由于城市空间分布稀疏,难以涵盖全国所有城市的空气污染信息,因此,区域划分体系合理性有待进一步验证.     

宏转录组学在环境微生物生态学中的应用

系统总结了宏转录组学实验操作及数据分析流程,概述了宏转录组学在环境微生物生态学的研究策略和最新进展,并指出其应用前景.宏转录组学在解析环境微生物群落功能上具有广阔的前景,为了解微生物群落的动态演化及其与环境因素和生态系统功能的关系提供了强有力的工具.     

Concept of common interests of mankind in the global environmental protection

The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.     

泉州市海洋环境保护状况与建议

在2003～2007年泉州市近岸海域监测结果和编写年度<泉州市海洋环境状况公报>工作基础上,分析了泉州海域环境质量状况以及主要污染原因,并结合泉州市近儿年来的海洋环境保护工作状况,提出海域环境保护和污染治理对策与建议.     

降水量与城市大气环境关系——以113个环保重点城市为例

为研究降水量与大气污染物之间的关系,依据2017年全国113个环保重点城市大气质量数据,得出城市聚类空间分布规律及两者之间线性拟合方程。基于南北降水量分布特性与城市空气污染指数,采用模糊聚类法对具有不同亲疏程度的城市进行类别划分,运用Spearman相关性与拟合方程对大气污染特征值与降水量进行分析。结果表明：随着聚类种数增多,城市聚集在空间分布上由“环环相套”发展为“依流域分布”,降水量与大气污染物浓度呈现负向关联性,晋冀鲁豫陕省份污染最严重。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法,得出NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5总体分布符合正态分布,SO₂、PM₁₀、CO既不符合正态分布,也不符合均匀、指数分布,它们与降水量的相关系数为：-0.316、-0.238、-0.332、-0.617、-0.574、-0.695;线性拟合方程系数处于 [-0.031, -0.008] 之间,降水量与大气污染物浓度之间负相关性明显。研究结果有助于了解和认识降水量对城市大气环境变化的影响。