GC/MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish collected from the Inland Sea of Seto, Japan

Development of an analytical method for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and their concentration in Japanese marine fish were investigated. Fish homogenate was extracted with diethyl ether/hexane (1 + 3). The extract was cleaned up by automated gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and then by mini-column chromatography, which consisted of three layers of silica gel and sulfuric acid-impregnated silica gel. The PBDE fraction was concentrated and injected into a GC/MS with negative chemical ionization (NCl). Recoveries of the 15 individual PBDEs (BDE-15, 28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, and 209) each at a fortification level of 4 ng/g lipid were in the range of 88-128% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.43-7.6% (n = 4). Seven species of marine fish (conger eel, flounder, gray mullet, horse mackerel, red sea bream, sea bass, and yellowtail) were collected from the Inland Sea of Seto, and were analyzed with the developed method. Seven PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were detected in all the samples. The most abundant PBDE congener was BDE-47 found in all the samples. Relatively high levels of PBDEs were found in the gray mullets and yellowtails.     

Contamination,dynamics, and health risk assessment of pesticides in seawater and marine samples from the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - We assessed the contamination, dynamics, and health risks of the pesticides cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, diazinon, irgarol,...     

Concentrations of lead in aquatic macrophytes from Shoal Lake, Manitoba, Canada

The ability of aquatic macrophytes to accumulate lead was examined in the context of sample site, sample date, depth, organ and species. Considerable variations in lead concentrations were found between the 11 species of macrophytes studied. The mean lead concentration for all species sampled was 16 microg/g (dry weight) ranging from 0-78 microg/g. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in the mean lead content of macrophytes collected from different sample sites. Similarly, significantly higher values were observed for plants collected from the upper 2m of water. Seasonal trends in lead accumulation were not observed for Shoal Lake macrophytes.     

Occurrence of antibiotics in water,sediments, aquatic plants,and animals from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

This study investigated the presence and distribution of 22 antibiotics, including eight quinolones, nine sulfonamides and five macrolides, in the water, sediments, and biota samples from Baiyangdian Lake, China. A total of 132 samples were collected in 2008 and 2010, and laboratory analyses revealed that antibiotics were widely distributed in the lake. Sulfonamides were the dominant antibiotics in the water (0.86–1563 ng L⁻¹), while quinolones were prominent in sediments (65.5–1166 μg kg⁻¹) and aquatic plants (8.37–6532 μg kg⁻¹). Quinolones (17.8–167 μg kg⁻¹) and macrolides [from below detection limit (BDL) to 182 μg kg⁻¹] were often found in aquatic animals and birds. Salvinia natans exhibited the highest bioaccumulation capability for quinolones among three species of aquatic plants. Geographical differences of antibiotic concentrations were greatly due to anthropogenic activities. Sewage discharged from Baoding City was likely the main source of antibiotics in the lake. Risk assessment of antibiotics on aquatic organisms suggested that algae and aquatic plants might be at risk in surface water, while animals were likely not at risk.     

Occurrence of antibiotics in water, sediments, aquatic plants, and animals from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

This study investigated the presence and distribution of 22 antibiotics, including eight quinolones, nine sulfonamides and five macrolides, in the water, sediments, and biota samples from Baiyangdian Lake, China. A total of 132 samples were collected in 2008 and 2010, and laboratory analyses revealed that antibiotics were widely distributed in the lake. Sulfonamides were the dominant antibiotics in the water (0.86-1563 ng L⁻¹), while quinolones were prominent in sediments (65.5-1166 μg kg⁻¹) and aquatic plants (8.37-6532 μg kg⁻¹). Quinolones (17.8-167 μg kg⁻¹) and macrolides [from below detection limit (BDL) to 182 μg kg⁻¹] were often found in aquatic animals and birds. Salvinia natans exhibited the highest bioaccumulation capability for quinolones among three species of aquatic plants. Geographical differences of antibiotic concentrations were greatly due to anthropogenic activities. Sewage discharged from Baoding City was likely the main source of antibiotics in the lake. Risk assessment of antibiotics on aquatic organisms suggested that algae and aquatic plants might be at risk in surface water, while animals were likely not at risk.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in coastal bottom sediments of the Japan Sea

Data on distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in coastal bottom sediments of different areas of the Japan Sea are presented. Results obtained during the autumn 1994 expedition in Peter-the-Great Bay were compared with the data of previous surveys in the D.P.R. Korea coastal zone and Tatarsky Strait (Sakhalin Island). Concentrations of DDT metabolites and HCH isomers appear to be related mainly to pesticide usage in agriculture. Mean concentrations of total DDTs decreased from 12.5 ng g(-1) in the D.P.R.K. coastal zone to 2.2 ng g(-1) at Sakhalin Island shelf, whereas total HCH concentrations decreased from 3.4 to 0.4 ng g(-1). Differences in chemical composition of pesticides used in the D.P.R.K. and Russia were evident. The importance of further monitoring of persistent organochlorines in bottom sediments and the need for regulation of wastewater discharges is stressed.     

Temporal trends of organochlorine residues in lizard goby Rhinogobius flumineus from the river Nagaragawa, Japan

PCBs, DDTs, HCHs (BHCs) and Chlordane compounds were analyzed in lizard goby, Rhinogobius flumineus collected from the River Nagaragawa, Japan during the period from 1968 to 1986. High residue levels of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs were found during late 1960s and early 1970s. From early 1970s, the residual levels started declining and the lowest levels were reached during the 1980s. In 1986, the residual concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs were 150, 6.2 and 2.2 ng/g which were 100, 100 and 210 times less than the highest values recorded during the years 1969, 1968 and 1970 respectively. Unlike these pollutants, residual concentrations of chlordane compounds have showed about a 5-fold increase from 5.4 ng/g in 1970 and reached the level of 25 ng/g in 1986.     

Spatial differences of chemical features of atmospheric deposition between rainy season and winter in the areas facing to the Japan Sea, Japan

Atmospheric deposition was collected using filtrating bulk samplers at 32 sites in the areas facing to the Japan Sea (AFJS) from April 1991 to March 1994. The data were analyzed for winter (January and February) and the rainy season (June and July) when the climate is just the opposite. The AFJS was geographically divided into five areas, that is western Tohoku (WT), Hokuriku (HR), eastern San-in (ES), western San-in (WS) and northern Kyushu (NK). WT, HR and ES receive more precipitation than other regions in winter. H+ depositions increase in winter except NK. This is mainly due to high winter H+ concentrations. In spite of large amounts of precipitation in WT, HR and ES in winter, nss-SO4(2-) concentration was nearly equal to the average throughout Japan. Namely, nss-SO4(2-) depositions in these areas were nearly twice the national mean. In WT, HR and ES, nss-Ca2+ concentrations in winter are lower than the average of the whole country (less than the half). This may be the cause of the lower potentials of neutralization and the higher remaining acid concentrations in WT, HR and ES than NK and WS.     

Difference in concentration trends of airborne particulate matter during rush hour on weekdays and Sundays in Tokyo,Japan

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fine particulate matter (less than or equal to 2.5 μm: PM_2.5) have generally been decreasing for the last decade in Tokyo, Japan. To elucidate the major cause of this decrease, the authors investigated the different trends of airborne particulates (both SPM and PM_2.5 concentrations) by evaluating comparisons based on the location of the monitoring stations (roadside vs. ambient), days of the week (weekdays vs. Sundays), and daily fluctuation patterns (2002 vs. 2010). Hourly mean SPM and PM_2.5 concentrations were obtained at four monitoring stations (two roadside stations, two ambient stations) in Tokyo, Japan. Annual mean concentrations of each day of the week and of each hour of the day from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. The results showed that (1) the daily differences in annual mean concentration decreased only at the two roadside monitoring stations; (2) the high hourly mean concentrations observed on weekdays during the daily rush hour at the two roadside monitoring stations observed in 2002 diminished in 2010; (3) the SPM concentration that decreased the most since 2002 was the PM_2.5 concentration; and (4) the fluctuation of hourly concentrations during weekdays at the two roadside monitoring stations decreased. A decreasing trend of airborne particulates during the daily rush hour in Tokyo, Japan, was observed at the roadside monitoring stations on weekdays since 2002. The decreasing PM_2.5 concentration resulted in this decreasing trend of airborne particulate concentrations during the daily rush hours on weekdays, which indicates fewer emissions were produced by diesel vehicles.

ImplicationsThe authors compared the trends of SPM and PM_2.5 in Tokyo by location (roadside vs. ambient), days of the week (weekdays vs. Sundays), and daily fluctuation patterns (2002 vs. 2010). The high hourly mean concentrations observed at the roadside location during rush hour on weekdays in 2002 diminished in 2010. The SPM concentration that decreased during rush hour the most was the PM_2.5 concentration. This significant decrease in the PM_2.5 concentration resulted in the general decreasing trend of SPM concentrations during the rush hours on weekdays, which indicates fewer emissions were produced from diesel vehicles.     

Fine particulate matter and visibility in the Lake Tahoe Basin: chemical characterization, trends, and source apportionment

Speciated PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter相似文献   

Historical trends in human dietary intakes of endosulfan and toxaphene in China, Korea and Japan

Recently, the Stockholm Convention prohibited the use of toxaphene and has been reviewing endosulfan. The historical use of these pesticides may contaminate food and tend to accumulate in the food chain. In this study, to evaluate the spatial and temporal trends of food contamination, the endosulfan and toxaphene levels were measured in pooled 24-h food composite samples from Chinese (n = 10), Korean (n = 10) and Japanese (n = 40) adults in the 1990s and 2007-2009. Endosulfan was detected in 32 of 40 samples from Japan, but its levels (sum of α- and β-isomers) were low in both the 1990s and 2009 (range as geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) [GM (GSD)]: 0.96 (1.6)-1.42 (1.4) ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹). The dietary intakes of endosulfan in Seoul as GM (GSD) were 38.68 (1.3) ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ in 1994 and 92.17 (4.4) ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ in 2007, and significantly higher than those in Japan (p < 0.05). The samples from Beijing showed a 50-fold increase in the endosulfan levels from 1993 (GM: 0.58 ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) to 2009 (GM: 24.91 ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹) (p < 0.05). Toxaphene was detected in 33 of 40 samples from Japan. The dietary intake of toxaphene in Japan (sum of Parlars #26, #50 and #62) was 0.32-1.21 ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ (range as geometric mean) and no temporal trend was observed. The dietary intake of toxaphene in Seoul increased significantly from 0.2 ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ (GM) in 1994 to 3.6 ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ (GM) in 2007 (p < 0.05). Only one of 10 pooled samples from Beijing contained a detectable level of toxaphene (0.3 ng kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹). For the entire population, the risk of adverse health effects from dietary intakes of endosulfan and toxaphene is unlikely. However, the concentrations of endosulfan in several samples exceeded 10% of the acceptable daily intake limit value of 6 μg kg bw⁻¹ d⁻¹ set by the World Health Organization (WHO). It appears important to refine dietary intake estimates targeting food types and source identification to ensure safe food for consumers.     

Algal growth inhibition by river water pollutants in the agricultural area around Lake Biwa, Japan

An ecotoxicological study of river water discharged from the agricultural area around Lake Biwa was performed by using algal bioassays to guide chemical analysis. Water samples were collected once a week, at least, for 1 year starting in April 1997 and continuing until April 1998. The toxicities of the dissolved and particulate-adsorbed extracts of water samples were evaluated by the algal growth inhibition test and concentrations of individual pesticides were determined. Most of the river water that was collected during the periods when pesticides were applied to the paddy fields caused algal growth inhibition. Some extracts were found to contain herbicides (molinate, mefenacet, simetryn, or esprocarb) as major compounds. According to chemical assay and bioassay, simetryn was identified as the most toxic compound that caused algal growth inhibition.     

用大型底栖动物对武汉南湖水质的生物学评价

2003年6月至2004年5月季度性调查武汉南湖大型底栖动物的种类组成,并对水质理化指标进行测定.结果表明,大型底栖动物由寡毛类和水生昆虫组成,密度为4 437个/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和刺铗长足摇蚊;大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margelef多样性指数表明南湖水质为中等污染状态;历年夏季水体中主要营养元素含量的变化,进一步描述了近年来南湖富营养化的加剧进程.     

Recent trends of biocides in pikes of the Lake Päijänne

Pikes were sampled in May 1980 from three areas of the Lake Päijänne, Finland and analyzed for their contents of total mercury, methyl mercury, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDE, PCB and chlorophenolic residues. An improved method for methyl mercury determination was applied and 82–84 % methylation of mercury in pikes regardless of area or biological variation was observed. Statistical analysis with previous results from the same areas gave a very significant decreasing trend of mercury levels at all three areas from 1970 to 1980. Future levels of mercury in fish to be consumed as food could be estimated from the trend regression. The very low levels of DDE and PCB showed some increasing trend when the influence of fat contents was eliminated by covariance analysis. General appearance of HCB at sub-ppb level was observed. Also pentachlorophenol occured at 10–70 ppb (fresh weight) levels at all areas, but the other chlorophenols were abundant only at Tiirinselkä which is most contaminated by pulp bleaching effluents.     

Temporal trends of persistent organochlorine residues in human adipose tissue from Japan, 1928-1985

The presence of pesticide residues in rain, throughfall, stemflow and in ambient air in two Italian forests affected by the forest damage phenomenon were investigated. Pesticides measured were: alachlor, atrazine, carbaryl, 2,4-D, diazinon, dichlobenil, fluazifop-butyl, MCPA, parathion, phorate and trifluralin. Rainwater samples were collected from May to October 1988 at Vallombrosa and Renon, air and atmospheric particulates were sampled during April-June 1989, only at Vallombrosa. A total of 146 samples of rainfall and 20 samples of ambient air were analysed and 49 out of 166 samples contained at least one active ingredient. Herbicides were more frequent than insecticides, and their concentrations were also higher (max 3.44 microg litre(-1)).     

Current status of microplastics pollution in the aquatic environment,interaction with other pollutants,and effects on aquatic organisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastics, as emerging pollutants, have received great attention in the past few decades due to its adverse effects on the environment....     

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dissolved organic matter from eight dominant aquatic macrophytes in Lake Dianchi, China

The aim of this research was to determine and compare the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dissolved organic matters (DOM) from eight aquatic macrophytes in a eutrophic lake. C, H, N, and P in ground dry leaves and C, N, and P in DOM of the species were determined, and C/N, C/P, C/H, DOC/C, TDN/N, TDP/P, DOC/TDN, and DOC/TDP were calculated. Chemical structures of the DOM were characterized by the use of multiple techniques including UV-visible, FT-IR, and ¹³C CP/MAS spectra. The results showed subtle differences in quantity and quality of DOM among species and life-forms. Except oriental pepper which had a C/H of 0.7, C/H of all the other species was 0.6. C/N and C/P of ground leaves was 10.5–17.3 and 79.4–225.3, respectively, which were greater in floating and submerged species than in the others. Parrot feather also had a small C/P (102.8). DOC/C, TDN/N, and TDP/P were 7.6–16.8, 5.5–22.6, and 22.9–45.6 %, respectively. Except C/N in emergent and riparian species, C/N in the other species and C/P in all the species were lower in their DOM than in the ground leaves. DOM of the macrophytes had a SUVA₂₅₄ value of 0.83–1.80. The FT-IR and ¹³C NMR spectra indicated that the DOM mainly contained polysaccharides and/or amino acids/proteins. Percent of carbohydrates in the DOM was 37.3–66.5 % and was highest in parrot feather (66.5 %) and crofton weed (61.5 %). DOM of water hyacinth, water lettuce, and sago pondweed may have the greatest content of proteins. Aromaticity of the DOM was from 6.9 % in water lettuce to 17.8 % in oriental pepper. DOM of the macrophytes was also different in polarity and percent of Ar–OH. Distinguished characteristics in quantity and quality of the macrophyte-derived DOM may induce unique environmental consequences in the lake systems.     

Organochlorine and butyltin residues in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska and Japan Sea

Persistent organochlorine (OC) and toxic butyltin compounds (BTs) were determined in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) collected from Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and Japan Sea, during 1991 and 1992. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its metabolites were the most abundant compounds ranging up to 3200 and 2500 ng/g on lipid weight, respectively, followed by chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the liver of walleye pollock. Concentrations of HCHs and HCB in walleye pollock from these remote areas were higher than those in fishes from the western North Pacific and Japanese coastal waters, indicating atmospheric transport of these compounds to higher latitude regions such as Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska and/or local input around northern Japan Sea. The concentrations of other OCs were generally comparable to those in fishes from North Pacific Ocean and Japanese waters but significantly lower than in cod-like fishes from North Atlantic and European countries. Among sampling locations, walleye pollock from Japan Sea showed higher concentrations of DDTs and HCHs compared to fishes from Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, suggesting greater input of these compounds around Japan Sea. Slower declining trend of DDTs and CHLs and an increasing pattern of PCBs concentrations were found in walleye pollock from Bering Sea during 1982-1992. This may imply a continuous input of these compounds by long-range transport and/or long-term persistency in these cold regions. Compared to the fishes from Japan Sea, walleye pollock from Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska showed higher proportions of alpha-HCH and p,p'-DDE in the composition of HCH isomers and DDT compounds, respectively. This suggests selective transportability of these compounds during long-range transport to higher latitude remote areas. Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in the muscle of walleye pollock ranged from 1.1 to 5.5 ng/g on wet weight. Concentrations of TBT in deep-sea walleye pollock from Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea were lower than those in Japan Sea.     

Spatial and temporal variations of trace metals in bottom sediments of Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan

New data on trace metal distribution in bottom sediments of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan) are presented. Much higher concentrations were detected near the most likely anthropogenic sources of trace metal inputs (waste water discharges from Vladivostok and Nakhodka, and the Vladivostok coastal landfill). Sediments in these contaminated areas were up to 700 ppm in Zn, 530 ppm in Pb, 7 ppm in Cd and 3 ppm in Hg. River runoff is of minor importance as a metal source in the investigated areas. The spatial distribution of trace metals outside the areas directly influenced by sewage discharges is regulated by natural processes such as sediment sorting by grain size. Based on radiometric dating of sediment cores, increases in the trace metal content of bottom sediments near Vladivostok begun in approximately 1945.