酒精废水部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮的可行性

采用一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器研究了酒精废水脱氮的可行性.结果表明,在pH 7.8±0.5,温度30~35℃,好氧区ORP值120~150 mV的条件下,历时40 d成功地启动了一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器,总氮去除速率由0.125kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)上升至0.75 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,说明接种成熟的亚硝化生物膜和厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥可达到快速启动的效果;在酒精废水处理的研究中表明,酒精废水对PN-ANAMMOX反应器的影响主要是由其中可生物降解的TOC导致,短期内可生物降解TOC的加入,ANAMMOX反应区首先受到影响;酒精废水中100 mg·L~(-1)可生物降解TOC浓度可以使总氮去除速率由0.75 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)降低至0.25 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,降低约66%,这种抑制是可以恢复的;采用不同浓度梯度酒精废水驯化PN-ANAMMOX反应器内功能菌群,随着进水浓度梯度的增加,总氮去除速率均出现了先下降再上升的趋势,通过延长HRT和适当提高PN阶段的溶解氧的方式,有利于反应器整体脱氮效能的提高,完全以酒精废水作为进水时,总氮去除速率稳定在0.65 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,脱氮效果较好,说明一体式PN-ANAMMOX可用于回用酒精废水的处理.     

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮效果的影响

通过接种成熟的亚硝化膜和厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率的影响及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,常温下能够实现PN-ANAMMOX联合脱氮,并且脱氮速率达到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).但是PN过程亚硝化速率下降,ANAMMOX菌活性未得到充分发挥,导致PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率远低于中温条件下的1.75kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水水质较差.温度的上升易导致NOB的快速生长,PN过程失稳,但是通过增加回流量可对NOB的活性进行有效地控制.QPCR分析结果进一步表明接种中温环境下的AOB和ANAMMOX微生物在常温条件下不利于生长,出现部分死亡;当恢复到中温的环境时,相应的功能微生物出现了快速地生长.因此,在PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺的运行过程中应尽可能地满足功能微生物适宜的温度.     

基于竖流式一体化反应器实现自养生物脱氮研究

为了更好地实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺联合,根据亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物的生长特性设计了一种新型的自养生物脱氮反应器.通过接种亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物,研究了实现该反应器自养生物脱氮的可行性和运行特性.实验结果表明,该单一反应器能够实现亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化菌的分区培养.经过104d的运行,反应器脱氮效能从0.25kg/(m3·d)上升到1.46kg/(m3·d).利用亚硝化曝气尾气和厌氧区产生的氮气实现了亚硝化液的气升回流,进气量(X)与回流量(Y)呈现出Y＝2.8X－37.1的线性关系.回流比由最初的4上升到14,未对厌氧区环境产生影响,厌氧区ORP始终保持在-500mV左右.同时回流液稀释了进水氨氮浓度,缓和了基质对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响.     

不同DN与PN-ANAMMOX耦合工艺处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的微生物群落分析

为了推进厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, ANAMMOX)脱氮工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的应用,在某垃圾填埋场建立了不同反硝化(denitrification, DN)与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(partial nitrification-ANAMMOX, PN-ANAMMOX)耦合模式的中试反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨其耦合模式对脱氮及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明DN+(PN-ANAMMOX)工艺可以将DN耦合入PN-ANAMMOX进行脱氮,但随着渗滤液中有机物浓度的增加,DN+(PN-ANAMMOX)工艺的PN区的需氧量增加,Nitrosomonadaceae科菌的富集受到限制.而NO^-₂-N的供给不足进一步导致ANAMMOX区Brocadiaceae科微生物的富集也受到限制,总氮去除速率(total nitrogen removal rate,TNRR)停留在0.44 kg·(m³·d)^-1.而在DN-(PN-ANAMMOX)工艺中,具有反硝化能力的Saprosp...     

混合污泥接种的厌氧氨氧化处理污泥脱水液的启动

采用UASB反应器,接种由好氧颗粒污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥、氧化沟活性污泥及短程硝化活性污泥组成的混合污泥,以污泥脱水液经短程硝化处理后水质为进水,在温度(30±0.2)℃, pH值7.3~7.9,初期进水氨氮、亚硝氮容积负荷分别为0.07, 0.10kg/(m3×d)条件下,经过24d运行,氨氮和亚硝氮得到稳定同步去除,186d时TN去除负荷达0.99 kg/(m3×d).启动初期,氨氮、亚硝氮进水浓度分别为20,30mg/L,二者浓度随去除量增加而逐级增加,最高分别达到157,216mg/L;启动过程中,系统受到O2抑制以及O2和亚硝氮基质的连续抑制,分别经过了约10d和30d才得以恢复. 厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应与反硝化反应可以共存于系统中,产气量与总氮去除呈正比关系,可及时地指示系统运行状态,对气体成分检测,氮气含量在99.8%.在稳定期ANAMMOX反应呈pH值升高而碱度略有降低.接种混合污泥、低基质负荷启动ANAMMOX,可30d内实现稳定的氨氮和亚硝氮同步去除,180d左右启动成功.     

生物滤池快速启动ANAMMOX运行策略及菌群特征

为实现常温下厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX)反应的快速启动及污泥颗粒化,采用上向流生物滤池反应器接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过阶段变负荷及缩短水力停留时间运行策略启动ANAMMOX反应,并对生物滤池的脱氮特性做出评价.结果表明,生物滤池在中温(25～29℃)环境下历时22 d启动ANAMMOX反应.培养97 d,总氮容积去除速率达到5.64kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),总氮去除率接近80%,颗粒污泥平均粒径为4.5 mm.高通量测序分析表明,生物滤池从下至上形成硝化菌-异养菌、厌氧氨氧化菌(AAOB)和AAOB-异养菌的分层结构.各种菌群协同脱氮,为AAOB创造低溶解氧(DO)稳定环境,厌氧氨氧化功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia(AF375995.1)得到富集.此外,对污染物沿程去除规律及污泥沿程特性进行分析,验证了反应区污泥具有良好ANAMMOX活性.厌氧氨氧化-生物滤池通过有效地保持菌量和稳定反应条件,实现了ANAMMOX反应的快速启动、污泥颗粒化及高效运行.     

冷冻PN/A颗粒污泥快速活化过程中的污泥形态与菌群演化特征分析

接种颗粒污泥是快速启动高性能自养脱氮反应器的有效方法之一.为建立污泥活化与反应器效能的响应关系,在连续流反应器中接种冷冻储存的颗粒污泥,并采用高负荷和高水力选择压的调控策略,在34 d内成功启动了部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)一体化系统.反应器总氮去除率大于83％,总氮去除负荷稳定在1.67 kg·(m3·d)-1...     

PN-ANAMMOX一体化反应器处理电子行业PCB废水

利用已经启动成功并达到稳定脱氮效能的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器,研究碱性印制电路板(PCB)废水自养生物脱氮的可行性及运行特性.结果表明,将进水NH+4-N浓度维持在220 mg·L-1时,经过80 d的运行,一体化反应器出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N浓度降低并稳定在4.0 mg·L-1和9.8 mg·L-1左右,脱氮效能最高达到1.29 kg·(m3·d)-1.同时出水总氮小于50 mg·L-1,满足接管排放标准.一体化反应器内好氧区NO-2-N产生速率最高为2.05 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区的厌氧氨氧化菌最高脱氮效能为2.91 kg·(m3·d)-1,说明各功能菌在相应区域得到稳定地增长.一体化反应器适用于无机含氨的碱性PCB废液自养生物脱氮处理.     

纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性

为研究纤维载体在CANON工艺中的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥及厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器.结果表明经过85 d运行,成功启动了CANON反应器,NRR从0.09 kg·(m3·d)-1提升至0.9 kg·(m3·d)-1并能稳定运行,说明纤维载体有利于富集污泥,反应器内能维持较高的生物量.随着微生物的富集生长,生物膜变厚,反应器的能力提升,反应器中DO达到5 mg·L-1.利用微电极测得生物膜由表及里的DO梯度为0.32~0 mg·L-1,说明生物膜变厚,氧对生物膜的穿透力减弱,亚硝化微生物量降低.荧光定量PCR结果表明,启动前后NOB菌数量维持在较低水平,AOB菌的丰度增长不大,ANAMMOX菌细胞增长了一个数量级.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.