Responses of nitrification performance, triclosan resistome and diversity of microbes to continuous triclosan stress in activated sludge system

Triclosan(TCS) is commonly found in wastewater treatment plants,which often affects biological treatment processes.The responses of nitrification,antibiotic resistome and microbial community under different TCS concentrations in activated sludge system were evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)for 240 days.Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria could be temporarily inhibited by 1 mg/L TCS and then gradually recovered.And the abundances of nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) under 2.5 and 4 mg/L TCS were three orders of magnitude lower than that of seed sludge,which accounted for partial nitrification.When the addition of TCS was stopped,the abundance of NOB increased.The mass balance experiments of TCS demonstrated that the primary removal pathway of TCS changed from adsorption to biodegradation as TCS was continuously added into the SBR system.Moreover,TCS increased the abundance of mexB,indicating the efflux pump might be the main TCS-resistance mechanism.As a response to TCS,bacteria could secrete more protein(PN) than polysaccharide.Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix revealed that tryptophan PN-like substances might be the main component in PN to resist TCS.High-throughput sequencing found that the relative abundances of Paracoccus,Pseudoxanthomonas and Thauera increased,which could secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS).And Sphingopyxis might be the main TCS-degrading bacteria.Overall,TCS could cause partial nitrification and increase the relative abundances of EPS-secreting bacteria and TCS-degrading bacteria.     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥工艺中污泥产率的影响

采用3,3′,4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,连续曝气分批培养实验结果表明,TCS在浓度高于1.0mg/L时是一种有效的化学解耦联剂,能显著地降低污泥产率.当TCS浓度为6.0mg/L时,污泥产率可降低约50%.在40d的运行期间,隔天分别在3个反应器中添加TCS 2.0、2.8和3.6mg/L,基质的去除能力和出水氨氮及总氮浓度均未受影响,污泥的SOUR值和脱氢酶活性相应增加,污泥的沉降性能也未见有明显影响.镜检发现,对照反应器中的污泥经40d运行后仍有丝状菌存在,而添加解耦联剂反应器中的污泥几乎无丝状菌的存在.以上结果表明,可以应用TCS来降低活性污泥工艺中的剩余污泥产量.     

TCC/TCS对生物处理过程中微生物的抑制作用

采用细菌生长抑制法,观察了TCC/TCS对生物处理系统中厌氧菌和需氧菌生长的影响,并确定了废水中TCC/TCS对细菌影响的限量。实验结果表明,当TCC/TCS含量为40mg/L时,对需氧菌的抑制率为16.0％,含量为80mg/L时,抑制率为45％,含量640mg/L时,抑制率99.9％。TCC/TCS对厌氧菌的抑制较为敏感,含量为40mg/L时,抑制率为29.3％,含量80mg/L时,抑制率为63.0％,含量640mg/L,抑制率100％。TCC/TCS对微生物的最大无作用剂量,需氧菌为20mg/L,厌氧菌为10mg/L。吐温—80对TCC/TCS具有分解作用,当以1:3比例加入吐温—80,并使两者作用10min后,则TCC/TCS对微生物的抑制率可减少一半左右。这提示我们可利用吐温—80分解TCC/TCS,以减小TCC/TCS对微生物的抑制作用。     

超声波与氯胺联用工艺去除水中三氯生的研究

采用超声与氯胺联用工艺对水中三氯生(TCS)的去除进行了研究,考察了超声功率、氯胺投加量、TCS初始浓度、pH值和自由基捕获剂等因素对TCS去除的影响,鉴定识别了降解产物并探讨联用工艺降解TCS的机理.结果表明,超声和氯胺联用去除TCS具有协同效应,可以有效地去除TCS.超声波功率为600W,TCS浓度为200μg/L,氯胺浓度为5mg/L时,120min后TCS去除率可达90.8%.联用工艺中增加超声功率可以提高TCS的去除,TCS的去除率随氯胺浓度升高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,随着初始浓度的升高而下降,碱性环境有利于TCS的去除,pH值为10.7时,TCS的去除可达100%,自由基捕获剂叔丁醇TBA对TCS的去除有抑制作用. GC/MS扫描分析表明2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)为TCS的降解产物.     

氯氰菊酯对小鼠脑细胞的氧化损伤及维生素E的抗氧化作用

以昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组,包括1个阴性对照组、3个氯氰菊酯染毒组、1个维生素E组和1个高剂量氯氰菊酯加维生素E组,染毒组按10,20,40mg/kg 3个剂量水平,维生素E的剂量为100mg/kg,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;以脑组织细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数.随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量320mg/kg时,ROS含量(841.3±100.34)、GSH含量[(12.54±1.316)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.054±0.004)有显著差异(P<0.05);染毒剂量340mg/kg时,GSH含量[(10.51±1.545)nmol/L]有显著差异(P<0.05),ROS含量(1014.3±81.67)、MDA含量[(2.849±0.218)μmol/L]和DPC系数(0.079±0.005)有极显著差异(P<0.01).高剂量染毒加维生素E组与高剂量染毒组相比较,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数均有下降,GSH含量上升.脑组织的ROS(719.5±74.56)、GSH[(16.52±1.985)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.055±0.005)有显著差异(P<0.05),MDA含量[(1.662±0.265)μmol/L]有极显著差异(P<0.01).较高剂量(320mg/kg)的氯氰菊酯能造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤,维生素E有抗氧化作用.     

硝化液回流比对A2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

以低C/N城市生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了硝化液回流比对A2/O - BCO(生物接触氧化)工艺脱氮除磷特性的影响.在A2/O反应池水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,污泥回流比为100% 条件下,将硝化液回流比分别设定为100%、200%、300%和400%进行试验.结果表明, 系统在A2/O中实现了反硝化除磷,具有很好的同步氮磷的去除效果,出水COD浓度均在50mg/L以下.上述不同硝化液回流比下总氮(TN)去除率分别为48.8%、66.5%、75.6%和62.5%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为86.0%、90.3%、91.0%和95.0%.在硝化液回流比为300%时,系统平均出水TN和TP浓度分别为14.96mg/L和0.49mg/L.系统反硝化除磷量随着硝化液回流比的增大略有增加,在硝化液回流比为400%时,反硝化除磷量高达磷总去除量的98%.     

高铁酸钾氧化去除水中三氯生的研究

采用高铁酸钾对水中三氯生（TCS）的去除进行了研究,探讨了TCS的降解机理,考察了高铁酸钾投加量、pH值、天然有机物（NOM）和双氧水等因素对TCS去除和中间产物2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）生成的影响.结果表明：TCS通过醚键断裂降解生成2,4-DCP,TCS浓度为550μg/L,高铁酸钾浓度为15mg/L时,600s后TCS去除率可达96.48%.增加高铁酸钾投加量可以提高TCS的去除,TCS的去除率随pH值升高呈现出降低的趋势,酸性环境有利于TCS的去除,pH值为4时,TCS的去除达100%,腐殖酸和双氧水对TCS的去除有抑制作用.高铁酸钾可以有效降解TCS并降低溶液的急毒性,降低水质健康风险.     

三氯生对斑马鱼发育和脂质代谢的影响

通过TCS(三氯生)亚致死剂量急性暴露斑马鱼胚胎至幼鱼,探究其对斑马鱼胚胎发育和脂质代谢的影响.结果表明,在体视显微镜下统计发现TCS在200μg/L浓度急性暴露延迟了 72hpf胚胎的孵化,孵化率下降13.24％,而畸形率提高80％以上.120hpf(受精后小时)幼鱼畸形表现为能量淤积、卵黄囊肿、吸收障碍而后延,游囊...     

氨基苯酚和四氯水杨酰苯胺对活性污泥产率的影响

对邻氨基苯酚(AP)和3,3′, 4′,5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)对活性污泥产率以及工艺运行效能的影响进行了研究,分析了这2种化学物质污泥减量化效果及对COD和氨氮去除率影响程度的差异及原因.结果表明,AP和TCS都能有效地降低污泥产率,均可以作为解偶联剂.与对照组相比,当AP和TCS的质量浓度分别为15和1.2 mg/L时,污泥减量效果最好,分别达到21%和52%,而COD去除率仅有轻微下降.TCS造成氨氮去除率降低约32%左右,而AP则对其影响很小.同时研究了2种解偶联剂对污泥脱水性能、沉降性能的影响.结果显示,污泥的脱水性能受2种解偶联剂影响不大, SVI值受TCS影响而略有升高.镜检发现,和对照组相比,投加解偶联剂的污泥微生物结构发生了变化,且原生动物和后生动物的种类和数量减少.     

Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism—A review and update

A total of 54 cases with prenatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism was reviewed. Of 47 cases with information on phenotypic outcome, 42 cases (89·4 percent) were reported to be associated with a grossly normal male phenotype. Three cases (6·4 percent) were diagnosed as having mixed gonadal dysgenesis with internal asymmetrical gonads. Two other cases were questionably abnormal. In 40 cases with successful cytogenetic confirmatory studies, the overall rate of cytogenetic confirmation of 45,X/46,XY from tissues derived from fetus/liveborn/placenta was 70·O per cent. This review shows a major difference in the phenotypic outcome between postnatal diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis. Due to the ascertainment bias, almost all known patients with postnatal diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are phenotypically abnormal. Therefore, caution must be used in translating information derived from postnatal diagnosis to prenatal diagnosis. This review calls for collection of more data on 45,X/46,XY mosaicism diagnosed prenatally, more long-term follow-up of liveborn infants, and pathological studies of all abortuses. Emphasis is placed also on the importance of genetic counselling, ultrasound examination, and cytogenetic confirmation.     

高铁酸钾氧化降解三氯生的动力学模拟及反应机制研究

对高铁酸钾氧化降解水中微量三氯生（TCS）的反应动力学、反应机制及降解效果进行了实验研究.结果表明,高铁酸钾氧化降解TCS符合二级反应动力学模式,pH 8.5时表观二级反应动力学速率常数为531.9 L.（mol.s）-1,以10 mg.L-1的高铁酸钾计算,反应的半衰期是25.8 s.表观二级反应动力学速率常数随着p...     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在污水处理过程中的迁移转化行为

用正相色谱－质谱联用法（NPLC－MS）分离分析高聚合度的NPnEO(n＞2）,用气相色谱－质谱联用方法（GC－MS）测定其中的NP,NP1EO和NP2EO浓度,对NPnEO在城市污水处理厂的迁移转化行为进行了研究。在污水处理厂的进水中,检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-23）,总浓度为174nmol/L,其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为89．6nmol/L;其次分别为NP（42．2nmol/L）和NP1EO（12．2nmol/L）;出水中同样检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-18),其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为37．2nmol/L;其次分别为NP（6．64nmol/L）和NP1EO（0．135nmol/L)。在城市污水处理过程中,NPnEO从高聚合度降妥成低聚合度,NP和NPnEO的总去降率为71％。另外,NP和NPnEO在污泥及污泥过滤水中的分配表明污泥对NPnEO有明显的吸附作用,并近似符合Dubinin-Astakhov等温吸附。     

秋季东海二甲基有机硫化物的浓度分布与影响因素

于2012年10月对中国东海表层海水中二甲基硫（DMS）及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）、溶解自由态蛋氨酸（DF Met）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究。分析结果表明,秋季东海表层海水中硅酸盐（SiO₃-Si）、溶解无机氮（DIN）、磷酸盐（PO₄-P）浓度变化范围分别为0.11~1.76、0.08~0.56和0.013~0.054 mg/L,平均值为0.50±0.36、0.19±0.11和0.024±0.0098 mg/L,且东海西南部上升流区出现营养盐浓度的高值区。表层海水中DMS、DMSP和DF Met的浓度分别在0.47~6.46、9.44~55.57和3.48~14.42 nmol/L之间,平均值分别为3.10±1.93、28.05±14.17和6.19±2.30 nmol/L。DMS、DMSP的水平分布与叶绿素a（Chl a）分布基本一致,呈现出近岸向远海降低的趋势。所调查海域的DMS/Chl a和DMSP/Chl a比值变化范围分别为2.59~27.66和27.37~103.34 mmol/g,平均值分别为11.46±5.02和65.08±23.41 mmol/g,与该海域硅藻为浮游植物优势种的调查结果相一致。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气通量介于0.89~105.50 μmol/（m2·d）之间,平均值为35.65 ±31.53 μmol/（m2·d）。     

冬季人工湿地工程对三氯生的去除效果

为了明确北方大规模人工湿地在冬季对TCS(三氯生)的去除效果,在山东省境内4个典型的大规模人工湿地(即武河人工湿地、大沙河人工湿地、新薛河人工湿地和洸府河人工湿地)内于冬季(2013年12月—2014年1月)进行取样,以超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定人工湿地进出水中ρ(TCS),并分析不同湿地对TCS的去除效果. 结果表明:TCS在4个人工湿地系统进出水中均有检出,由于各人工湿地系统均承接当地污水处理厂尾水,冬季进水中ρ(TCS)偏高,为(800.81±83.37)~(1 151.00±47.13) ng/L,并以武河人工湿地为最高. 虽然人工湿地对TCS的去除率达22.44%~78.82%,但经由人工湿地处理后出水中仍含有较高浓度的TCS残留,经由人工湿地出水进入下游水体的TCS日释放量仍较高,其中洸府河人工湿地出水中高达92.60 g. 因此,冬季各人工湿地对TCS的去除效果在低温影响下有所降低,并且对下游水体和人类健康的威胁不容忽视.      

Profile and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by using an ER/AR competitive ligand binding assay and chemical analyses

An estrogen receptor (ER)/androgen receptor (AR) ligand competitive binding assay (ER/AR-binding assay) and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (K and S). In the influents, estrone (E1), androsterone (A), androstenedione (AD), BPA (bisphenol A), NP (nonylphenol) and daidzein (DZ) were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic (androgenic) activity as 17 -estradiol (E2) equivalents (EEQ) or testosterone (Te) equivalents (TEQ) was consequently 620 ng E2/L (570 ng Te/L) and 580 ng E2/L (800 ng Te/L) for the two WWTPs. The removal e ciencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%–100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%–100% for S-WWTP. The removal e ciencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal e ciencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%–52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%–83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.     

Mosaicism of autosomes and sex chromosomes in morphologically normal,monospermic preimplantation human embryos

We have previously detected chromosome abnormalities in human embryos whilst identifying the sex for preimplantation diagnosis of X-linked disease. In this study we assess the incidence of these abnormalities, both for sex chromosomes and autosomes 1 and 17, using dual fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Sixty-nine normally fertilized embryos of good morphology at the 6–10 cell stage (day 3 post-insemination) were examined. The embryos were spread whole using HCl and Tween 20 to dissolve the cytoplasm. Thirty-four embryos were analysed for the sex chromosomes and 35 for autosomes 1 and 17. All probes were directly labelled with fluorochromes allowing analysis in 2 h. Control lymphocytes demonstrated that the probes were of high specificity. For the sex chromosomes, five embryos were mosaic (15 per cent) with the remaining 29 being uniformly XX or XY. In no case was an XX nucleus found in an otherwise XY embryo, indicating that even though mosaicism for the sex chromosomes is present, such abnormalities would not lead to a misdiagnosis of sex. For the autosomes, 16 embryos were abnormal (46 per cent); one embryo was triploid, one was monosomic for chromosome 1, and ten others were diploid mosaics (three diploid/aneuploid, three diploid/polyploid, and four diploid/haploid). A further four embryos had variable chromosome numbers in the majority of nuclei which appeared to be the result of uncontrolled mitotic division. The presence of haploidy or double monosomy, which occurred in 15 per cent of nuclei, has important implications for the diagnosis of trisomies and dominant disorders.     

微囊藻毒素LR对BRL-3A凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

用蛋白印迹法研究了微囊藻毒素LR(MCLR)暴露时大鼠BRL-3A细胞p53、Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况.结果表明,与对照组相比,各实验组p53和Bax表达均明显升高.除了10nmol/L LR暴露1h实验组外,其它实验组Bcl-2表达均下降.在低浓度组(10nmol/L),随暴露时间的延长,p53和Bax表达逐渐升高,Bcl-2表达逐渐下降,而在中浓度(100nmol/L)和高浓度组(1000nmol/L),蛋白表达与暴露时间的一致性没有低浓度组(10nmol/L)明显.表明p53、Bcl-2和Bax在MCLR诱导的细胞凋亡中可能起重要作用.     

Male-biased predation of western green lizards by Eurasian kestrels

Selective predation can be an important force driving the evolution of organisms. In particular, sex-biased predation is expected to have implications for sexual selection, sex allocation and population dynamics. In this study, we analysed sex differences in the predation of the western green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) by the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) during the reproductive season. In addition, we investigated whether the rate of predation differed during the 8-year study period and among the three habitats studied. We collected lizard remains from nest boxes of kestrels. Freshly killed lizards were sexed by visual inspection, whilst the sex of head remains was assigned by analysing the cephalic scale morphology using geometric morphometrics. Our results show that the risk of being predated by a kestrel in our population was overall about 3.55 times higher for males than for females. To our knowledge this is the first study showing a male-biased predation in a lizard species. The selective predation of males was consistent between years over the 8-year study period (1999-2006) and also consistent between the three types of kestrel hunting habitat. Overall predation rates on lizards differed between habitats, depending on the year. We propose that the observed sex-biased predation is mainly due to sex differences in lizard behaviour.     

废水生化处理微生物对TCC／TCS生物毒性适应性研究

文章研究了抑菌剂TCC／TCS在废水生化处理系统的迁移转化规律、与微生物的作用机理及废水生化系统的反馈适应机制，对这类废水的工艺设计、工艺控制提供了有益的参考。