Copper and copper alloys in the UK : Consumption and losses, 1920–1970

The authors consider consumption of copper in the UK using data from 1920 to 1970. They draw up an overall balance sheet which, it is hoped, provides a firm foundation on which to base the total availability of copper and against which could be balanced the scrap which was recycled.     

MODELING OF WATER SUPPLY/DEMAND IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, 1970–20201

ABSTRACT: The application of a water balance model in finding “solutions” to the supply/demand problem was demonstrated using the South Platte River basin as a case study. Solutions were ascertained by hand, using both “average” and “stress” supply/demand conditions, and were developed for 1980, 2000, and 2020; nonquantifiable boundary conditions were incorporated by judgement. The solution obtained for a particular set of conditions is not unique and has strong normative characteristics; thus it must be judged by various interest groups having different ethical positions. The water balance model has a tabular display format and so the “model” is merely a simple table, i.e., a “water balance table.” In this work the water balance table was displayed on an eight-foot by eight-foot color-coded magnetic board. The board provides a means to both find and display the needed supply/demand “solution.” The tabular display facilitates understanding of the systemwide solution and the formulation of value judgments. Based upon these value judgments and an initial “straw man” solution, successive negotiated solutions can be found which can minimize “conflict.”     

Modelling of CO2 arrival time at Ketzin – Part I

The injection of CO₂ at the Ketzin storage site and the chemical detection of its arrival in the observation well allowed testing of different numerical simulation codes. ECLIPSE 100 (E100, black-oil simulator), ECLIPSE 300 (E300, compositional CO₂STORE) and MUFTE-UG were used for predictive modelling applying a constant injection rate of 1 kg s^?1 CO₂ and for a history match applying the actual variable injection rate which ranged from 0 to 0.7 kg s^?1 and averaged 0.23 kg s^?1. The geological model applied, is based on all available geophysical and geological information and has been the same for all programs.The results of the constant injection regime show a good agreement among the programs with a discrepancy of 21–33% for the CO₂ arrival times. However, it is determined from the comparison of the cumulative mass of CO₂ at the time of CO₂ arrival that the injection regime is an important factor for the accurate prediction of CO₂ migration within a saline aquifer. Comparing the actual variable injection regime with the simulations applying a constant injection rate the results are relatively inaccurate.Regarding the actual variable injection regime, which was evaluated using all three simulators, the computational results show a good agreement with the data actually measured at the first observation well. Here, the calculated arrival times exceeded the actual ones by 8.1% (E100), 9.2% (E300) and 17.7% (MUFTE-UG).It can be concluded that irrespective of the deviations of the simulations, due to combinations of different codes and slight differences in input parameters, all three programs are well equipped to give a reliable estimate of the arrival of CO₂. Deviations in the results mainly occur due to different input data and grid size choices done by the different modelling teams working independently of each other. Deviations of the simulations results compared to the actual CO₂ arrival time result from uncertainties in the implementation of the geological model, which was set up based on well log data and analogue studies.     

HYDROPOWER LOSSES FROM NAVIGATION IN THE SNAKE-COLUMBIA RIVERS: 1978–791

This work addresses several policy questions arising from indirect power losses due to navigation of the Snake-Columbia Rivers. Losses incurred in 1978–79 are given, and these losses are then compared to current conservation efforts, new power projects, and present replacement costs associated with the system.     

Case study: Improving environmental management at Rhodia's Paulínia,Brazil chemical facility

At the end of 1995, Lisě Monteiro, the engineer responsible for Industrial Security and the Environment at Rhodia, was seeking possible improvements that could be introduced into the company's environmental practices. He had noticed that one of the company's industrial units, the Adipic Acid Department at the Paulínia Chemical Plant complex, was getting good results in its efforts to control environmental pollution. An outside consultant was brought in to examine the department in greater depth to see what lessons might be learned from their experience that would help Rhodia improve its managerial procedures. This article details how this plant improved its environmental performance with many quality initiatives.     

TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS OF HEAVY RAINFALL MAGNITUDES IN NEW ORLEANS,LOUISIANA: 1871–19911

ABSTRACT: Recent occurrences of heavy rainfall in New Orleans, Louisiana, have led to speculation that the local heavy rainfall regime has changed. To objectively determine the validity of these speculations, changing magnitudes of storm rainfall were investigated through an examination of the annual maximum storm series from 1871 to 1991 at the New Federal site. Although a long-term trend was not found, the Wilcoxon test indicated that magnitudes during the last 14 years (from 1978–1991) differed significantly from the rest of the series.     

WATER QUALITY SIMULATION AND PUBLIC LAW 92–500 Case Study: Southwestern Illinois1

ABSTRACT: Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 has provided the Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan and Regional Planning Commission (SIMAPC) with a unique opportunity for comprehensive planning of the region's water quality. SIMAPC initiated the 208 study by researching available technology for the analysis of point and nonpoint sources of pollution and establishing criteria by which to judge the various technniques. This led to SIMAPC'S choice of continuous simulation of stream and reservoir water quality as the most appropriate analytical tool for their needs. A continuous simulation model was calibrated and verified on three basins in the SIMPAC region. It was then used to produce load source analysis, pollution event frequency analysis, and pollution event duration analysis for ten pollutants under existing stream conditions and then under alternative future conditions. These results enabled the weighting of pollutant sources, analysis of the effectiveness of control measures, and quantitative analysis of the marginal benefit of each alternative.