一株红假单胞菌对偶氮染料的脱色研究

一株球形红假单胞菌(Rhodobacer sphaeroides YB)缺氧情况下对数种偶氮染料的24h脱色率达到90％以上。结构相对简单的偶氮染料较容易脱色。研究了外加碳源、温度和pH值等环境因素对该菌生长以及脱色活性的影响，得出最优脱色条件为：光照缺氧、蛋白胨作碳源、温度35～40℃、pH=7～8。     

缺氧-好氧生物滤池中高效菌对活性红KN-3B的降解特性

为了研究高效脱色菌在缺氧好氧生物滤池（A/O biofilter）中对偶氮染料的降解特性,以活性红KN-3B（C.I. reactive red 180）为降解对象,缺氧生物滤池以火山碎石为填料,接种高效脱色菌CK3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌启动,好氧生物滤池以牡蛎壳为填料,接种污水处理厂活性污泥启动。试验考察了不同工况下缺氧-好氧生物滤池对色度和COD的去除效果,结果表明：生物滤池中微生物对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色和对COD降解的最适pH条件为弱酸性;缺氧滤池中高效菌对色度的去除需要外加碳源,且增加外加碳源有助于脱色率的提高;该高效菌为耐盐菌,当进水NaCl浓度达30 g/L时,色度去除率仍可达93%以上;当染料负荷达500 mg/L时,脱色率仍可达95%。通过紫外-可见扫描图谱分析初步推断CK-3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色主要是生物降解作用。     

一株嗜热偶氮染料脱色菌的分离鉴定及其脱色特性

从纺织厂的工业废水排污口取样,分离筛选出了一株嗜热的高效偶氮染料脱色菌PDR2。通过形态学、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA基因序列分析等方法对该菌株进行鉴定,发现该菌为厌氧芽孢杆菌,与Anoxybacillus sp（GQ471935）同源性最高。此外,分别考察了菌株PDR2在不同碳源、氮源、pH以及培养温度等条件下对偶氮染料直接黑38脱色性能的影响,在此基础上进一步研究了菌株PDR2对不同浓度直接黑38染料的耐受性。结果表明,菌株PDR2在55℃、pH 6.0且以葡萄糖为碳源,牛肉膏和蛋白胨为混合氮源时其脱色效果最佳,且菌株对偶氮染料直接黑38有着较强的耐受能力,在染料浓度低于0.4 g·L-1时其脱色效果良好。在最佳条件下静置培养24 h时,菌株PDR2对0.1 g·L-1直接黑38染料的脱色率高达92.34%,展出了良好的应用潜力。     

11株白腐真菌对5种偶氮染料脱色效果比较及其脱色条件优化

通过11株白腐真菌对5种偶氮染料脱色效果比较的基础上,从中筛选出一株对偶氮染料酸性铬蓝K脱色效果较好的菌株云芝SG0027,并对其脱色条件进行优化。在单因素和Plackett-Burman实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,以酸性铬蓝K脱色率为响应值,对其降解条件进行优化。结果表明,云芝对偶氮染料酸性铬蓝K的最佳降解条件为:温度29.5 ℃,接菌量2片(直径为4 mm的菌片),葡萄糖20 g/L,马铃薯40 g/L,装液量30 mL/100 mL,摇床转速150 r/min,初始pH 5.5。优化后,云芝对酸性铬蓝K的脱色率可达95.94%。     

Trametes sp.LS-10C漆酶对直接类偶氮染料的脱色作用

利用栓菌（Trametes sp.LS-10C）漆酶在单酶和漆酶-介体体系2种情况下对3种直接类偶氮染料进行脱色。结果表明,在给酶量为10 U·mL-1、染料浓度为100 mg·mL-1条件下反应24 h后,直接蓝86在非介体体系中脱色率达到71.2%,其最适脱色温度和pH范围分别为45~60℃和3.5~5.0;直接橙26在介体体系（10 μmol·L-1 ABTS）中脱色率达到78.7%,其最适脱色温度和pH范围分别为35~45℃和4.5~6.5;直接红31在介体体系（10 μmol·L-1 ABTS）中脱色率达到90.7%,其最适脱色温度和pH范围分别为35~45℃和3.5~5.0。     

固定化青霉X5对孔雀石绿的脱色研究

采用植物载体玉米芯对青霉X5进行固定化.利用正交实验,确定了固定化最优操作条件为:菌量0.4 g/L,载体大小为1/2×π×12×1 cm3,载体个数为10,摇床转速为100 r/min.同时考察了各种因素如温度、pH、碳源浓度和盐浓度等对染料脱色的影响,结果表明,在温度为30℃、pH 4.0、碳源浓度为10 g/L条件下,以100 r/min的摇速培养,脱色效果最佳,脱色率达96.1%.重复脱色实验表明,固定化青霉X5经过4次重复利用后,固定化细胞的结构仍良好,脱色率仍在90%以上.脱色平衡时间为360 min.     

超声波协同纳米铁对偶氮染料橙黄G的脱色研究

采用液相还原法合成出纳米零价铁颗粒,并将其应用于水体中偶氮染料橙黄G的脱色。以橙黄G的脱色率为指标,研究了在超声波协同作用下纳米铁还原脱色偶氮染料橙黄G的过程,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：在无氧环境、室温和中性条件下纳米铁在0.5 h内对橙黄G的脱色率可达99%以上。脱色率随纳米铁用量的增加、pH的降低和反应温度的升高而增大。紫外可见光谱显示,在脱色反应过程中,染料分子中的共轭体系遭到一定程度的破坏。     

白腐真菌对染料脱色的培养条件研究

对贝壳状革耳菌高产漆酶条件及其对染料脱色条件进行了研究.结果得到高产漆酶的最佳条件为:葡萄糖10 g/L,酒石酸铵0.5 g/L,pH 3.0,转速120 r/min;脱色效果最佳的培养条件是:葡萄糖10 g/L,酒石酸铵0.5 g/L,pH3.0,温度30℃.由此可知漆酶在染料脱色中起重要作用;实验也表明:随着培养基中碳源、氮源量的增加,菌体生物量逐渐增加,但体系中高碳氮比对菌体对染料的脱色是不利的;菌体生物量与对染料的脱色作用不呈正相关.     

偶氮染料脱色菌Lysinibacillus sp. FS1的脱色性能

从佛山某工业园印染废水处理厂曝气池中,经梯度驯化筛选出一株对多种染料具有较强脱色能力的菌株FS1,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析初步鉴定为Lysinibacillus sp.,研究了该菌株在不同营养条件(氮源、碳源、碳源浓度),不同培养条件(pH、温度、供氧条件),不同染料(甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、中性红、酸性红B)和染料浓度下的脱色性能。结果表明,该菌株的最佳脱色条件:温度30~40℃,pH 7~9,氯化铵1 g/L, 葡萄糖2 g/L的厌氧条件下培养脱色效果最好,10 h时对酸性红B脱色率可达98.73%左右,且脱色过程符合一级反应动力学方程:-ln(At/A0)=0.0588t-0.0448。该菌株可降解多种染料,脱色率均随污染强度的升高先增大后减小,对高浓度染料和混合染料也表现出很好的脱色效果,是一株高效广谱的染料降解菌,具有处理印染废水的开发应用价值。     

漆酶对活性黑KN-B和直接大红染料的脱色性能

利用白腐真菌漆酶对活性黑KN-B和直接大红2种偶氮染料进行脱色实验。考察反应时间、加酶量、pH值、染料浓度、温度对脱色率的影响,研究了ABTS介体以及金属离子存在下的脱色效果,并分析了漆酶脱色的动力学性能以及其对偶氮染料的降解规律。结果表明,活性黑KN-B和直接大红脱色适宜条件为：反应时间为30 min,加酶量8 U/mL,pH=7,染料浓度分别为50 mg/L和80 mg/L,温度40~45℃。ABTS介体对酶促偶氮染料脱色没有明显促进作用。Fe²⁺对漆酶脱色有较强的抑制作用;Cu²⁺对漆酶催化活性黑KN-B促进作用较大,对直接大红影响较小。漆酶对2种染料的脱色反应符合米氏方程,其催化活性黑KN-B和直接大红染料的K_m值分别为114.81 mg/L,317.5 mg/L,v_max值分别为6.57 mg/（L·min）和26.0 mg/（L·min）。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)