Combinatorial effects of distillery and sugar factory effluents in crop plants

Under the reutilization and recycling strategy of industrial effluents, treated distillery and sugar factory mixed effluent was used in petridish culture experiments to investigate its effect on seed germination and seedling growth in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard. The seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced with increase in concentration of the effluent. The fresh matter was found significantly increased in barley (1.16 g per seedling in 25% dilution level of effluents in comparison to 0.93 in control), while other higher dilution levels reduce it. Wheat, garden pea, black gram, mustard invariably showed inhibition in fresh weight. Dry weight was found consistently reduced or unchanged in different treatments. Total chlorophyll contents in barley were significantly increased in different treatments (2.351 and 2.721 mg/g fresh weight of tissue at 25, 50% dilution levels in comparison to 1.781 of control) while in other crop it was reduced alloverthe treatments. Amylase activity in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard was reduced in all the treatments. Only in barley its level was enhanced from 0.76 to 0.85, 0.96, 0.81 in 25, 50, 75% dilution levels of the effluent mixture respectively Based on the data of different crops barley was found to be highly tolerant as the 25 and 50% dilution levels of combined effluents. It showed no change in germination %, while seedling growth was increased in lower dilution levels of combined effluent as compared to control Barley>garden pea>wheat>black gram>mustard gradually showed increased level of sensitivity respectively Most detrimental effects were seen in mustard. This toxicity might be due to excess of nutrients, beyond the limits of tolerance. Therefore, the higher concentration of mixed effluent was not advisable for irrigation purpose, however it could be used for irrigation purpose after proper treatment and dilution (one part treated effluent and five parts of available irrigation water), as this dilution level was found growth and yield promotory     

Assessment of drain water receiving effluent from tanneries and its impact on soil and plants with particular emphasis on bioaccumulation of heavy metals

In the present study, impact of tannery and other industrial effluents on the physico-chemical characteristics of loamy drain water and their consequent impact on soil and plants irrigated with effluent have been studied. The study reveals most of the parameter pH, BOD5 and COD at sampling station I was higher than station II. Waste water quality at both Stations I and II exceeded prescribed limits (BIS) for safe disposal of effluents into the surface water Samples of soil and vegetables from the land irrigated with loamy drain water has been collected and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr Pb and Cd. The different metals showed different enrichment factor for loamy drain water irrigated soil and are as follows: Cd 30% (max), Pb 26%, Zn 18%, Cr 5%, Cu 5%, Ni 2% (min). For plant samples collected at polluted sites are Ni 46% spinach (whole plant) (max), Zn 42% spinach (whole plant), Cr 39% spinach (whole plant), Cu 33% spinach (whole plant), Pb 20% potato tuber, Cd 20% potato tuber (min). The levels of Zn 145, Cu 5.25, and Ni 39.25 microg/ g in spinach, Pb 29.25, Cr 38. 25 and Cd 3.2 microg/g in potato tuber grown on polluted soil irrigated with contaminated drain water were found more than the reference value, which may create chronic health hazard problem to human and cattle through food chain in long run. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals may be build up in the agriculturally productive land where it is treated with contaminated effluent enrich with metals in turn bio-concentrated in the edible fodder/plants.     

Effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The waste water showed high values of total solid (TS), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline pH along with high concentrations of Cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), Ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). The concentration of Cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and Zn in industrial waste water was low than Ni and Cr. The diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. Plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (Ni, 13.65; Cr, 19.73; Zn, 21.6 and Cu 14.76 microg g(-1) dry weight) and root (Ni, 41.4; Cr, 31.6; Zn, 30.2 and Cu 15.85 microg g(-1) dry weight) in high concentrations after irrigation with undiluted industrial waste water. Maximum accumulation of heavy metals was found in the root than the shoot (13.65-21.60 microg g(-1) dry weight). Dry matter yield and biomolecules (Chlorophyll a, b and sugar contents) was found to increase with increase in concentration of waste water up to 50%, which declined at the exposure of undiluted waste water. Catalase activity was found to increase with increase in waste water concentrations up to 100%, while carotenoids content increased in plants only up to the 50% waste water irrigation. Use of industrial waste water in such form, on agricultural lands is not found suitable without proper treatment. It could be injurious to plants growth and may be a potential threat to food web.     

Comparative growth response of two varieties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> L. (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) grown on different tannery sludge applications: effects of treated wastewater and ground water used for irrigation

This study evaluates the possibility of using contaminated soil by treated tannery wastewater and the use of tannery sludge in agriculture. The plants of Vigna radiata var. PDM 54 grown on contaminated soil and irrigated with ground water have not shown the translocation of toxic metal (Cr) in the upper part. The biomass of the plant increased when irrigated with treated tannery wastewater compared to ground water, whereas no significant change was observed in chlorophyll and protein contents. In both the varieties (var. PDM 54 and var. NM 1) of V. radiata grown on tannery sludge amendments, the growth parameters exhibited a pronounced positive growth response up to 35% tannery sludge amendments compared with the plants grown on garden soil. Despite the Cr accumulation at lower amendments, no toxicity symptoms were observed in both the varieties of the plants. Higher amendments affected various growth parameters, NR activity, and carbohydrate content of the plants. The results suggest that the plants of V. radiata (var. PDM 54) may be grown on contaminated soil or lower sludge amendments and irrigated with ground water. No translocation of toxic metal Cr was found in the seeds of the plants grown in up to 25% tannery sludge. However, periodical monitoring is required before the consumption of seeds. Overall, the results showed that plant growth patterns were influenced to some extent by the level of soil contamination and the water used for irrigation.     

Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of fresh water fish Labeo rohita

In acute toxicity (96 hr) experiment the fingerlings of freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to tannery, electroplating and textile mill effluents. The LC0 and LC50 concentrations were 15% and 20% for tannery effluents, 3% and 6% for electroplating effluents and 18% and 22% for textile mill effluents respectively. It was found that, electroplating effluent was more toxic than tannery and textile mill wastes. After acute toxicity experiments for different industrial effluents, various tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and kidney were obtained separately from control, LC0 and LC50 groups. These tissues were used for biochemical estimations. The glycogen content in all the tissues decreased considerably upon acute toxicity of three industrial effluents except muscle in LC50 group of tannery effluent and kidney in LC50 group of textile mill effluent, when compared to control group. The total protein content decreased in all tissues in three effluents except gills in LC50 group of tannery effluent, kidney in LC50 group of electroplating effluent and kidney in LC0 group of textile mill effluent. In general total lipid content decreased in all tissues after acute exposure when compared to control group. The results obtained in the present study showed that, the industrial effluents from tannery, electroplating and textile mills caused marked depletion in biochemical composition in various tissues of the fish Labeo rohita after acute exposure.     

Leaf biochemistry of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. at different stages of plant development as affected by mercury treatment

The effect of mercury (Hg) on the biochemical parameters of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill leaf was studied. Application of mercuric chloride in varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM HgCl2 kg(-1) sand) caused significant reduction that went up to 89% and 72% chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents respectively (at flowering stage), 69% in carotenoid content, 64% in total soluble protein content and 91% in nitrate reductase activity (all at post-flowering stage). The amounts of nitrate and proline increased maximally (151% and 143% respectively) at the flowering stage, whereas total soluble sugar enhanced by 57% at the post-flowering stage. Changes observed in most of the parameters, were concentration dependent. Such studies seem to be able to discover suitable bioindicators of heavy metal pollution.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉地土壤和植物中重金属积累

分加在广州市李坑垃圾填埋场有渗滤液回灌的地表和未经渗滤液回灌的地表随机采集土样,深度达１ｍ,同时分别采集长于灌溉地和非灌溉地上的三个优势植物种（牛筋草,孔雀稗和狗牙根）为代表,调查渗滤液灌溉后封和植物的重金属（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ）积累效应。结果表明,渗滤液灌溉地的不同深度土壤和地表植物体内都有不同程度重金属积累。经ｔ－检验,Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ在所调查的各土层内的积累效应α＝０．０５时都达到显著水     

铜、锌污染对水稻土中油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生长的影响及累积效应研究

通过盆栽试验,系统研究了Cu、Zn重金属污染对油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生长、SOD保护酶活性、脯氨酸、可溶性糖及Cu、Zn在油菜体内吸收富集的影响。结果表明：Cu、Zn污染对油菜生物量和生理生化指标（SOD保护酶活性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖）均有影响。随着Cu、Zn质量分数的升高,植株干物重和SOD保护酶活性表现为先增后降;当Cu质量分数达到1 000 mg？kg-1时,油菜干物重和SOD酶活性分别比对照下降36.79%、66.67%;当Zn质量分数达到3 000 mg？kg-1时,油菜干物重和SOD酶活性分别比对照下降55.21%、82.05%。Cu污染下,油菜叶片脯氨酸质量分数逐渐下降,总可溶性糖质量分数表现为先增后降;Zn污染下,脯氨酸和总可溶性糖质量分数均表现为先增后降。Cu、Zn污染使油菜幼苗叶片及根中的Cu、Zn质量分数明显增加,根部的积累尤其明显。当Cu处理为1 000 mg？kg-1时,油菜茎叶和根中质量分数分别为57.6、424.162 mg？kg-1;当Zn处理为1 000 mg？kg-1时,油菜茎叶和根中质量分数分别为240、608.54 mg？kg-1。与Zn相比,Cu主要积累在油菜的根部,向茎叶迁移累积的量很少,并且随着添加质量分数的增加,茎叶吸收Cu的量变化不大。总之,重金属Zn相对于Cu更容易积累于油菜的地上部分,从而更易进入食物链,它们在油菜体内富集都对其生理生化和营养产生了明显毒害作用。     

Effect of rubber factory effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiatus L

Physico-chemical analysis of the rubber factory effluents revealed high amounts of total suspended and dissolved solids. Sulphate, phosphate, total nitrogen were also present in significant amounts. At higher concentration (above 50%) of effluent, the seed germination percentage was retarded. Diluted effluent (upto 50%) favoured seedling growth. Length of root system, shoot system and number of lateral roots were increased by low concentrations of effluent.     

Effects of irrigation water qualities on biomass and sugar contents of sugar beet and sweet sorghum cultivars

An experiment involving four qualities of irrigation water two sugar beet and three sweet sorghum cultivars was conducted in a split plot design with four replications at Rudasht Drainage and Reclamation Experiment Station in 1999. The results showed salinity of water has an adverse effect on sugar beet and sweet sorghum biomass. Sweet sorghum cultivar SSV108 had the lowest biomass under all qualities of irrigation water Sweet sorghum cultivar Rio had the maximum biomass with water qualities of 2, 5, and 8 dS m(-1). Sugar beet cultivar 7233 had the maximum biomass with 11 dS m(-1). The effect of irrigation water quality was not significant for sugar characteristics such as brix, pol and purity. However, responses of cultivars on the above parameters were significant and sugar beet cultivars had higher brix, pol and purity and lower invert sugar and starch than sweet sorghum cultivars. In conclusion, sweet sorghum cultivars are not recommended to be irrigated with saline water of more than 8 dS m(-1) for sugar production. Under such condition, they may be suitable to be grown for forage purposes.     

Cr~(3+)胁迫对小球藻生理生化特性的影响

水体重金属污染较难处理,且会对水生物造成严重的影响。为探讨水体中重金属对藻类的毒性影响,以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和铬(Cr~(3+))为材料,研究不同浓度Cr~(3+)对普通小球藻生理、生化特性的影响,检测不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的毒性效应。结果表明,小球藻的最优生长温度为31℃。此条件下,Cr~(3+)浓度为3 mg·L~(-1)时,小球藻的生物量最大。Cr~(3+)的浓度低于3 mg·L~(-1)时,Cr~(3+)能促进小球藻的生长,且藻细胞中光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性也逐渐增加。当各胁迫组的Cr~(3+)浓度超过3 mg·L~(-1)时,随着Cr~(3+)浓度的提高,C.vulgaris的生长受到明显的抑制,藻细胞的光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而MDA含量持续增加,SOD和脯氨酸则表现出先持续增高后降低(Cr~(3+)浓度为7 mg·L~(-1)时)的趋势。证明不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的生理生化特性有不同程度的毒性效应。     

A study on genotoxicity of textile dyeing industry effluents from Rajshahi,Bangladesh, by the Allium cepa test

Textile dye effluents are believed to be toxic as they might exert various harmful effects on living organisms including genotoxicity. These effluents are the main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, dye effluents from a local silk dyeing industry were analysed for their genotoxic potential by the Allium cepa genotoxicity test. The A. cepa test is characterised as a genotoxicity test where the roots of A. cepa are grown in different concentrations of the test material. The macroscopic results clearly showed that the toxicity of the dye effluents prompted A. cepa root growth inhibition, and this effect increased with higher concentrations of the effluents. At the cellular level, no dividing cells were found at higher concentrations such as 60%, 80% and 100% of the effluents. However, at a lower concentration of 20%, dividing cells were identified, although the mitotic index was much lower than that of the control. Microscopic analysis showed that the dye effluents induced chromosomal aberrations at significant levels. Taken together, these results revealed that the textile dyeing industry effluents are toxic to eukaryotic cells and these dyes have genotoxic properties that can potentially lead to cancer development and adverse health conditions.     

珠江八大入海口门可溶态铜的时空变化及其影响因素

以1987年至2011年的月测数据为基础,分析了珠江八大人海口可溶态铜的时空变化,并探讨了工业发展、铜矿厂分布、水产养殖及铜消费量等因素对它们的影响。研究结果表明:与国内外其它人海口相比,珠江口可溶态铜的含量处于较高水平,其中,虎门水道(A1)可溶态铜的含量显著高于除鸡啼门水道(A6)外的其它人海口(p0.1),可能是受工业废水排放及铜矿厂分布的影响。在时间变化趋势上,8个采样点之间,除了A1与A4外,其它采样点间均呈显著的正相关性(p0.1),其中A5和A6的变化趋势还与我国的铜消费量具有显著相关性(p0.1),表明人海口之间铜污染可能具有相似的影响因素,且工业生产活动对水体铜污染的波动具有一定的影响。     

Carbaryl-induced alterations in biochemical metabolism of the prawn,Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

The present study was performed to investigate the toxic impact of carbaryl on biochemical metabolism in the hemolymph, brain, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of intermoult juveniles of the economically important prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. The concentration of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was found to be higher in test prawns when compared with controls. This suggests that a mechanism of detoxification was in operation to neutralise carbaryl toxicity. However, the toxic effect of carbaryl was not fully neutralised, and hence, alterations were recorded in basic biochemical metabolism of test prawns. The concentration of acetylcholinestrase (AchE) was found to be lower in test prawns than that of controls. Carbaryl toxicity resulted in utilisation of major biochemical constituents, such as total carbohydrate, glycogen, protein and lipid to generate required energy as an attempt to withstand the toxic stress. Glycogenolysis resulted in elevation of total free sugar level in the hemolymph of test prawns. While proteolysis led to elevation of total free amino acid level in test prawns. The content of total lipid have also been found lower in test prawns than that of controls. This suggests that carbaryl toxicity resulted in severe energy crises in test prawns. In the present study, toxic effects of carbaryl impair basic metabolic functions and hence pose a threat to the life of M. malcolmsonii.     

Biomanagement of sago-sludge using an earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae

Sago, the tapioca starch is manufactured by over 800 small-scale units located in the Salem district, Tamil Nadu, India. During the processing of sago it generates huge quantities of biodegradable solid waste, as crushed tubers. In present study an attempt was made to convert these biodegradable solid sago tubers into value added compost using an exotic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. The experiments were carried out in a plastic tray at various concentrations of sago-sludge (50% 75% and 100%) for a period of 90 days. During the vermicomposting, data were collected on life form (cocoon, non clitellates, clitellates) of earthworm and it was found to be high in 50% followed by 75% and 100% concentrations. Chemical analysis of worked substrates showed a step wise increase of nitrogen and phosphorus. The fold increase of phosphorus and nitrogen were found to be high for sago-sludge undergoing vermicomposting than the control. During the composting period the organic carbon decreased from its initial value of 58, 76 and 107 mg/kg to 21, 24 and 65 mg/kg for 50, 70 and 100%, respectively The microbial analysis showed that after 75 days of composting, their population stabilized and further increase in composting period did not increase their population size. The results indicate that 50% and 75% concentration of sludge mixed with bedding material was ideal for the vermicomposting.     

Measurement of radon,thoron and their daughters in the air of marble factories and resulting alpha-radiation doses to the lung of workers

Concentrations of radon (²²²Rn) and thoron (²²⁰Rn) were measured in the air of different marble factories by using a nuclear track technique. The influence of the marble dust nature and ventilation on radon and thoron concentrations was investigated. It was observed that measured radon and thoron concentration ranged from 310 to 903 Bq m⁻³ and 6 to 48 Bq m⁻³, respectively. In addition, alpha-activities due to the unattached and attached fractions of ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po radon short-lived progeny were evaluated in the marble factories studied. Committed equivalent doses due to the attached and unattached fractions of ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po nuclei were evaluated in the lung tissues of marble factory workers. The dependence of the resulting committed equivalent dose on the concentration of the attached and unattached fractions of the ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po radionuclides and mass of the tissue was investigated. The resulting annual committed effective doses to the lung of marble factory workers due to the attached and unattached fractions of the ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po radionuclides were calculated. The obtained results show that about 80% of the global committed effective doses received by workers in the studied marble factories are due to the attached fraction of the ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po radon short-lived daughters from the inhalation of polluted air. Male workers spending 8 h per day (2080 h per year) in a marble factory receive a maximum dose of 34.46 mSv y⁻¹ which is higher than the (3–10 mSv y⁻¹) dose limit interval given by the ICRP. Good agreement was found between data obtained for the average effective dose gotten by using this method and the UNSCEAR and ICRP conversion dose coefficients.

     

垃圾渗滤液浇灌对红壤原生动物群落的影响

采用“非浸没培养皿法”（non-flooded petri dish method)培养,对李坑垃圾填埋汤垃圾渗液淋灌的土壤中的原生动物群落进行了分析。实验发现4属4种纤毛虫：膨胀肾形虫（Colpoda inflata)、有肋薄咽虫（Leptopharynx costatus)、莫式拟肾形虫（Paracolpoda maupasi)、恼斜板虫（Plagiocampa difficils)。随淋灌中垃圾渗滤液浓度的上升,出现的纤毛虫种类呈递减趋势,从定量实验的结果来看,即使是较低浓度的垃圾渗滤液,也对土壤原生动物群落造成了较大的伤害。25％浓度的垃圾渗滤液淋灌的土样中,原生动物数量仅为CK组的30％;超过50％浓度的渗滤液稀释液淋灌土样,则仅为CK组的10％左右。数据表明污染本身并没有被降解,而是全部（或至少大部分）转移到了受渗滤液影响的土壤中,从而导致土壤中的原生动物群落的结构无论是从数量上还是从种类上均曹到相当大的破坏。表4参15     

Dissipation and effect of chlorophenoxy herbicide on plant pigments and carbohydrates of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The dissipation pattern of the chlorophenoxy herbicides (2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T) residues in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) has been studied along with its effect on the changes of plant pigments (chlorophyll‐a,b, total chlorophyll, carotene and anthocyanin), sugar and starch in different parts of the plant. The residues of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T remained for larger period of time (10 days) at higher concentrations than the lower concentration. The concentrations of chlorophylls and carotene were found to be reduced with the application of both 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T. But the chlorophyll concentrations were slowly normalized accompanied with the reduction of the herbicide residues. For anthocyanin, there was no significant effect. In case of carbohydrate, the sugar concentration was found to be raised by all doses in leaf and stem. The change in starch content in different plant parts did not follow an uniform pattern at different doses of herbicides.     

城市污水中典型卤代苯酚分布及其光降解行为研究

卤代苯酚(HPs)是一类广泛存在于水体中的污染物,其在污水处理厂出水中的存在及迁移转化会产生一定的健康和生态风险。探究卤代苯酚在环境中的转化行为非常重要。光降解反应是酚类物质在水体中迁移转化的重要途径,实际水体中的有机质等对卤代苯酚的光降解会产生一定的影响。对大连市区6家污水处理厂出水中卤代苯酚的污染状况进行了调查,结果显示在所有出水中总HPs的浓度范围为77.2~168.6 ng·L-1。在所有检出的卤代苯酚中,五氯酚和2,6-二氯酚浓度较高,且检出频率均为100%,检出浓度范围分别为10.8~166.7 ng·L-1和0.1~72.2 ng·L-1。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,选取2种氯酚和2种溴酚研究它们在污水样品与纯水中光降解行为,从卤原子取代的程度和种类两方面对不同卤代苯酚光降解的规律进行类比,分析了其光降解特性。此外,对比分析了不同污水厂出水的对同种卤代苯酚降解速率的影响,发现出水的p H值、溶解性有机质等因素,都可能影响卤代苯酚的光降解。     

市政污水处理厂二级出水消毒前后对斑马鱼幼鱼的毒性

为了探究消毒副产物(DBPs)的氧化损伤和神经毒性作用,选择幼年斑马鱼作为模式生物,研究了市政污水处理厂二级出水和经次氯酸钠(NaClO)消毒后的二级出水对斑马鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)活性的影响。结果表明,暴露时间达到10 d时,MDA含量显著高于对照,且消毒后MDA含量增幅(91.43%)显著高于消毒前(44.36%);暴露时间达到15 d时,CAT活性被显著抑制,且消毒后抑制率(40.22%)显著高于消毒前(15.56%);说明消毒后暴露组对斑马鱼的氧化损伤强于消毒前。另外,消毒前后污水对Ach E活性抑制率分别为38.49%和48.50%,说明消毒后污水对斑马鱼的神经毒性更大。因此,经NaClO消毒后的市政污水处理厂二级出水中DBPs对斑马鱼的抗氧化防御系统和神经系统具有潜在影响。