北京市沙尘暴天气大气气溶胶酸度和酸化缓冲能力

2000年春季,北京市先后出现12次沙尘暴天气.本研究捕捉到2次沙尘暴天气,分析了沙尘暴天气和非沙尘暴天气TSP、PM₁₀的质量浓度、酸度和酸化缓冲能力.研究结果表明发生沙尘暴时大气气溶胶的污染水平极高,同时其酸度相对较低,对酸化有非常强的缓冲能力,因此沙尘暴天气时产生的大气气溶胶可以在一定程度上避免酸性降水的发生.     

2012年春季京津冀地区一次沙尘暴天气过程中颗粒物的污染特征分析

本研究表征了2012年春季一次沙尘暴天气过程中京津冀地区大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的污染特征.借助PM10的水溶性元素、有机碳和元素碳的浓度,分析推断沙尘暴天气过程中矿物气溶胶对城市气溶胶污染的交汇叠加作用.使用中流量大气颗粒物采样器,于2012年4月1日～5月24日,在北京市西三环、天津空港经济区和张家口火车南站附近同时采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10),采用离子色谱和元素碳/有机碳分析仪分析获取其水溶性离子、元素碳和有机碳浓度.结果表明,采样期间北京、天津和张家口这3个采样点PM10质量浓度的日均值分别为233.82、279.64和238.13μg·m-3.4月27～29日,3个地区发生了沙尘暴天气,PM10质量浓度的最大日均值分别达755.54、831.32、582.82μg·m-3.沙尘暴期PM10的有机碳(OC)浓度、二次有机碳(SOC)/OC的比值、硝酸根(NO-3)和硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度均高于非沙尘暴期间.采用电荷平衡计算证明沙尘暴期间大气颗粒物表明呈碱性,说明外来沙尘暴与本地污染相互叠加,矿物元素改变了颗粒物表面的酸碱性,沙尘暴和有机物发生耦合,促进了二次有机物的转化.     

北京市气溶胶消光系数垂直特征及影响因子探讨

为研究北京市气溶胶垂直方向上的分布特征,利用微脉冲激光雷达（MPL）对北京市2015年12月-2016年11月的气溶胶光学特征进行分析,讨论了气溶胶消光系数的季节性特点以及不同污染等级下的垂直分布,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明:①北京市气溶胶消光系数垂直特征在季节上存在异质性.秋、冬两季近地面1.0 km以下气溶胶消光系数显著增大,最大气溶胶消光系数大于1.0 km-1;春、夏两季污染日较少,气溶胶消光系数在垂直方向上变化较为平缓.②不同污染等级下气溶胶消光系数的垂直特征差异明显.空气质量为优-良水平时,气溶胶消光系数较低,基本不高于0.7 km-1;轻-中度污染时,气溶胶消光系数在不同季节差异较大,冬、春两季气溶胶消光系数不超过0.8 km-1,夏、秋两季在1.0 km-1左右,部分监测站甚至在1.4 km-1左右;重度及以上污染时,气溶胶消光系数基本在1.0 km-1以上,最高可达1.7 km-1.③105 m处气溶胶消光系数与ρ（PM_2.5）相关性较好.气溶胶消光系数除受ρ（PM_2.5）影响外,还受相对湿度影响较大.夏、秋两季对流层底层大气相对湿度偏高,致使气溶胶消光系数显著高于春季和冬季.研究显示,利用激光雷达可对北京市气溶胶垂直方向分布特征进行有效分析,气溶胶的垂直分布受污染水平和相对湿度的影响呈季节性变化.      

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(Ⅱ)——空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要。在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中，进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究，填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。结果表明，华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重，形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域，大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程。同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性，有利于酸性降水的形成     

北京市大气能见度规律及下降原因

利用历史资料和外场观测数据,对北京市大气能见度的规律进行了分析.结果发现,北京市大气能见度较差的时间占全年的近一半.夏季能见度最好,冬季最差.通常中午能见度最好.高浓度的颗粒物是北京市大气能见度下降的主要原因.局地重污染天气和沙尘暴天气虽然发生几率小,但可以使北京市大气能见度下降得很低.      

北京市部分地区大气气溶胶中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源探讨

对北京市不同功能区在不同季节大气气溶胶中多环芳烃污染特征及污染源进行了探讨。在石景山、前门、农展馆、十三陵等地区的气溶胶有机污染物中均检测出EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃。在一年中，冬季有机污染物浓度大约为春季或夏季的10倍左右，夏季有机污染程度最低。冬季（12月24日）大气中强致癌的多环芳烃BaP在所有地区均超过国家标准（10ng/m^3），农展馆地区超标2.5倍，前门地区超标5倍，石景山地区超标7．5倍，这些有机污染物主要来源于煤的不完全燃烧，也有相当部分来源于汽车尾气排放。     

大气气溶胶物质来源研究进展

大气气溶胶物质来源研究是在气污染研究极为重要的内容，它对污染物质的追踪评价具有较大的意义，本文较为系统地讨论了大气气溶胶物质来源研究的现状，从气溶胶的特征上分别论述气溶胶物质来源的矿物学（颗粒），无机化学和有机化学研究的进展。     

大气气溶胶粒径分布特征与呼吸系统暴露评估研究进展

近年来气溶胶污染被社会各界密切关注.大气气溶胶的粒径分布和污染物组成特征研究是探究大气气溶胶污染成因的基础,同时也是准确评估人体暴露于气溶胶污染导致的健康风险的关键.多级采样器可分粒径采集大气气溶胶,通过模拟人体呼吸系统进而准确量化大气气溶胶组分被吸入后在人体的沉积部位和沉积量,从而被应用至大气气溶胶粒径分布特征和人体健康风险评估的研究中.本文介绍了大气气溶胶粒径分级方法,探讨了应用多级采样器在气溶胶粒径分布研究中存在的主要问题及解决方案,并综述了大气气溶胶粒径分布特征和人体呼吸系统暴露评估的研究进展,最后结合当前的研究现状对大气气溶胶在粒径分级和人体健康风险研究领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(II)—空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要。在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中,进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究,填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白。结果表明,华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重,形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域,大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程。同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性,有利于酸性降水的形成。      

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(Ⅱ)--空中大气气溶胶污染特征研究

大气气溶胶在酸性降水中的作用非常重要.在"八五"期间酸性降水的研究中,进行了华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染特征的分析和研究,填补了国内外相关研究领域的空白.结果表明,华北地区冬季空中大气气溶胶污染比较严重,形成了浓度与地面相近的空中污染区域,大气气溶胶主要来源于煤炭燃烧等人为过程.同时大气气溶胶具有较强的酸性,有利于酸性降水的形成.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.