广东省某城镇污水处理厂两种工艺净化效果比较分析

探讨在相同进水条件下,BAF工艺和CASS工艺对生活污水的处理效果,并进行比较。结果表明,两种工艺对生活污水中CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N、SS、TP等指标都具有良好的去除效果。BAF系统对CODCr、BOD5、TP、NH3-N、SS的年平均去除率分别为87.6%、91.0%、80.3%、79.9%、93.7%;CASS工艺对COD、BOD5、TN、TP、NH3-N的年平均去除率分别为88.9%,、91.2%、74.3%、91.2%、94.6%。两种工艺系统对CODCr、BOD5及SS的去除效果无明显差异,均具有较高的去除率及稳定性,而CASS工艺对氨氮的去除效果要明显好于BAF工艺,BAF工艺对TP的去除效果要优于CASS工艺,两期工艺对于TN的去除效果均不理想。     

EPP填料曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级出水的中试研究

对韩国产EPP填料应用于曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理二级出水的效果及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明:利用该填料的BAF系统处理二级出水,CODCr平均去除率为49.1%,BOD5平均去除率为51.4%,NH 4-N平均去除率为76%,SS平均去除率为52.6%.系统稳定运行后,出水水质达到了城市杂用水水质控制指标.改变水力负荷和气水比对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N的去除效率都有影响,但对SS去除率影响不大.     

两级曝气生物滤池用于生活污水的处理与研究

采用两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺,对生活污水进行处理。试验研究了两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统生物膜的培养过程和对CODC4,BOD5、SS、NH3-N等去除效果。试验结果表明生活污水经两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统处理后,出水BOD,与CODC4分别低于10mg/L和40mg／L,SS小于10mg／L,浊度小于8NTU,色度小于15度,总磷小于3mg／L,NH3-N小于2mg／L,NO3-N小于5mg／L,细菌小于3个／mL,大肠杆菌未检出;CODCr,BOD5的去除率分别超过90％、95％,SS和NH3-N去除率接近100％,出水稳定,水质较好,符合国家污水综合排放的水质标准,有利于污水的再生利用。     

污水土地处理系统几种生物填料的污染物去除性能研究

污水土地处理系统具有运行处理成本低、设备少、管理简单、处理效果稳定、便于就地回用等特点.填料是污水土地处理系统的重要组成部分,在土地处理系统对污水的净化过程中起着关键作用.试验共选择5种生物填料砖块、混凝土块、煤渣、陶粒、碎石进行了研究.结果表明,表面粗糙、孔隙率高的煤渣对各种污染物的去除效果最好,CODCr平均去除率为56.76%,BOD5平均去除率为86.33%,TN平均去除率为25.70%,TP的平均去除率为56.25%.陶粒、碎石、混凝土、砖块的去除效果依次降低.     

臭氧/高锰酸钾/BAF工艺污水深度处理研究

采用O3/KMnO4化学氧化法与曝气生物滤池(BAF)联用工艺处理生活污水二级出水,进行长期连续实验,考察pH、O3/KMnO4投加顺序和投加量对氧化效果的影响。结果表明:采用O3/KMnO4化学氧化法在pH为7.2～7.6的条件下,当O3和KMnO4投加量分别为10和1.5 mg/L时,ρ(BOD)/ρ(COD)由0.13提升至0.26,COD和UV254的去除率分别为30.90%和31.97%。在此基础上采用O3/KMnO4/BAF联用工艺,COD和UV254去除率分别提高至71.30%和74.86%。     

AF+BAF用于处理树脂化工集中区废水厂尾水的研究

采用厌氧滤池(AF)+曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺处理树脂化工废水,曝气生物滤池以陶粒为生物载体,进水COD为200~300 mg·L-1,实验规模均为2~4 L·d-1.实验表明,采用AF+BAF工艺对化工园区尾水有较好的处理效果,在AF停留24h,BAF停留12 h的条件下,COD的去除率最高可达73.4%,NH+4-N的去除率达到93.8%.通过气相色谱-有机质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和三维荧光光谱分析发现,系统对小分子有机物和微生物代谢产物的去除显著,但对饱和烷烃和含氮杂环类物质去除效果不佳.变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)谱图显示,AF中的微生物种类比原废水厂上流式厌氧池(UASB)中更为丰富,表明化工园区废水采用二次厌氧效果明显.     

陶粒移动床处理低浓度生活污水的性能

采用填充率为30%的生物陶粒移动床(BCMBBR)处理东莞城镇低浓度、低碳高氨氮生活污水(COD约130～185 mg·L-1、C/N=3～7).同时,考察了BCMBBR在5种工况下的运行效果及相应的微生物相状况.结果表明,BCMBBR运行的最佳条件为:HRT为8 h,气水体积比为4:1.COD,BOD5、NH4+-N...     

挡水板高度对倾斜土槽污染物去除效果的影响

采用干湿交替方法,用5层倾斜土槽装置填充蜂窝煤渣和砂壤土等附着材料,探讨3种不同挡水板高度(90 mm、60 mm和30 mm)处理对模拟生活污水污染指标去除率的影响。结果表明:3种处理对污水中BOD5、COD、TP的去除率均在87%～95%以上、TN的去除率在69%～80%之间,对COD、TP平均去除率的影响不显著,但对BOD5和TN有显著影响,其平均去除率的顺序为:去除率90 mm≈去除率60 mm>去除率30 mm。本试验条件下采用60 mm为最适合水板高度,以满足装置一定污水流量的处理负荷。     

响应面法优化多级A/O+BAF系统处理生活污水强化脱氮除磷

为优化多级A/O(缺氧/好氧)＋BAF(曝气生物滤池)系统处理低C/N生活污水强化脱氮除磷的关键运行条件,采用单因素试验分别研究了HRT(水力停留时间)、三点进水比例及BAF填料高度对系统主要污染物去除的影响,并以此为对照,通过BBD二阶模型中心复核设计多因素试验,采用响应面法分析上述三因素对TN、TP去除的交互影响,得出了优化运行条件与TN、TP去除率的模型预测值,在该条件下运行系统,验证了TN、TP去除率实际值与预测值的相对误差. 结果表明:①单因素试验表明,当HRT为9 h、进水比例为5∶3∶2、填料高度为1 800 mm时,多级A/O+BAF系统中主要污染物的去除效果最好. ②响应面分析得出,三因素对TN、TP的去除交互影响显著;模型拟合回归方程得出,优化运行条件为HRT 8.5 h、进水比例5∶3∶2、填料高度1 600 mm时,TN、TP去除率预测值分别为84.88%、94.37%. ③验证结果表明,进水ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为68.8、5.4 mg/L,出水ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为10.61、0.32 mg/L,TN、TP实际去除率分别为84.15%、94.01%,与TN、TP去除率预测值相比,相对误差仅分别为0.86%、0.38%. 研究显示,应用响应面法建立模型优化多级A/O＋BAF工艺处理生活污水的方法可靠,实现了对氮磷的强化去除.      

人工湿地在处理小城镇生活污水中的应用

目前,小城镇污水处理是中国急需解决的环境问题.通过介绍人工湿地的概念、类型、机理,并结合永川市某污水处理厂的运行效果得出人工湿地处理技术在处理小城镇生活污水中具有投资低、操作简单和运行费用低等优点,具有广阔的应用前景.该组合工艺对CODcr、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP处理效果进行了研究,对CODcr、BOD5、SS的去除率均在90%左右,对NH3-N、TP的去除率分别可达到83%和72%,表明人工湿地对N、P的去除效果较其他处理工艺更为显著.该人工湿地出水均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)第二类污染物最高允许排放浓度一级A类标准.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.