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1.
为探究炼铁高炉共处置危险废物过程中重金属Zn、Cd的挥发特性,选择ZnCl2、CdCl2×2.5H2O来模拟危险废物中的重金属,开展了ZnCl2、CdCl2×2.5H2O与高炉炼铁原料混合后的共处置煅烧实验,分析了共处置煅烧时挥发烟气及煅烧产物中重金属Zn、Cd的总量.结果表明,Zn、Cd的挥发特性相似,在煅烧初期,二者的挥发率都是随着时间的增加而逐渐增大,当煅烧超过一定时间后,挥发率趋于稳定.在1400℃条件下煅烧60min后,Zn、Cd的挥发率分别为93.55%、99.96%.对Zn、Cd的挥发规律进行了动力学模拟,得出其挥发反应表观活化能E分别为59.37,49.68kJ/mol,挥发的动力学方程则分别为α=f(T,t)=1-exp(-13.60exp(-7141/T)t)、α=f(T,t)=1-exp(-8.64exp(-5975/T)t). 相似文献
2.
为研究危险废物在锅炉协同处置过程中Pb和Cd的挥发特性,通过共燃烧和消解试验,研究了不同化合物形态下Pb、Cd的挥发率(α)、残留率(r)和表观活化能(E). 结果表明:以硫化物、氯化物、硫酸盐和氧化物存在的Pb、Cd的挥发率与温度(T)和停留时间(t)均呈正相关. 当温度低于950 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd挥发率相差较大,PbCl2在800 ℃下挥发率接近64%,而PbO仅为17%;温度高于1 250 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态下的Pb、Cd挥发率均大于95%,接近于完全挥发;1 400 ℃时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd在燃烧残渣中的残留率均低于0.3%. 结合化学反应动力学理论,对Pb、Cd在锅炉协同处置过程中的挥发特性进行动力学模拟,得到PbS、PbCl2、PbSO4、PbO 中Pb的表观活化能分别为23.64、18.44、65.79、61.35 kJ/mol,CdS、CdCl2、CdSO4、CdO中Cd的表观活化能分别为53.22、20.87、42.42、28.75 kJ/mol. 由表观活化能数据可以得出不同形态化合物的Pb、Cd挥发率随温度和停留时间变化的动力学方程α=f(T,t),并可预测锅炉协同处置危险废物过程中Pb和Cd的挥发率,确定适合锅炉协同处置的危险废物类别. 相似文献
3.
水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对重金属的固定效果比较 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
危险废物水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化,稳定化对废物中重金属的固定机理不同,固定效果因而有所差异.针对含As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属离子的上述2类试样平行开展浸出实验及连续提取实验,以重金属浸出浓度及化学形态为指标,比较分析了水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对废物中不同重金属的固定效果的差异.结果表明,对于As、Pb、Zn等重金属离子,水泥窑高温煅烧及后续水化作用有助于其更稳定化学形态的形成,固定效果优于水泥固化,稳定化,说明含Ag、Pb、Zn的危险废物能够在水泥窑得到有效处置.Cr3 在水泥窑煅烧过程中易被氧化为迁移性和毒性更强的Cr6 ,因而含Cr的废物不适合采用水泥窑协同处置方式.该研究能为不同种类重金属危险废物处置方法的选取提供依据,并为水泥窑协同处置重金属类危险废物的应用和发展提供科学的决策依据. 相似文献
4.
水泥窑协同处置危险废物过程中铅-镉的挥发动力学研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了考察含重金属类危险废物在水泥窑协同处置过程中,铅、镉随时间和温度变化的挥发特性,本研究选择铅、镉两种重金属元素的氯化物和硫化物开展挥发动力学实验.通过热重实验、水泥熟料煅烧及熟料消解实验,得到了重金属挥发率随时间及温度的变化规律.结果表明,两种重金属元素的挥发率在实验温度区间内均随温度的升高、时间的增加而增大;根据等温动力学及阿累尼乌斯方程对Pb、Cd的挥发率随温度和时间变化的规律进行动力学模拟,得到了较好的线性拟合效果,并得出了以氯化物和硫化物形态存在的铅和镉元素在水泥窑协同处置过程中的动力学方程.本实验结果可为预测水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属的挥发量提供支持. 相似文献
5.
为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率. 相似文献
6.
针对不同形态的含As化合物开展了热重实验、熟料煅烧以及熟料消解实验,研究了水泥窑共处置过程中砷在等温条件下随时间的挥发特性和可能的化学反应.结果表明,不同化学形态的砷挥发规律不尽相同,砷酸钠在水泥生产涉及的温度区间基本不挥发;硫化亚砷在水泥窑共处置的过程中,砷的挥发率随时间逐渐增大,25min以后基本不再挥发,低于1000℃时,砷的挥发率随温度的升高而增大,但高于1000℃时,挥发率随温度的增大而减小;亚砷酸钠在1000℃以上的挥发规律与硫化亚砷类似,挥发率随温度的升高而减小,25min以后基本不再挥发.硫化亚砷在1000℃以下煅烧时,挥发率随时间和温度变化的动力学方程为a =1-exp[-1.77exp(-3158/T)t],可以根据此方程计算不同温度和停留时间工况下砷挥发的理论值,进而控制含砷废物的投加量,避免对环境造成危害. 相似文献
7.
采用自主研发的静态实验设备和小型水泥回转窑模拟装置,分别模拟静态和动态条件下生料中不同类型重金属在不同温度、反应时间下的挥发特性及流向规律。重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的挥发率均随着温度升高而逐渐升高,同温度下窑煅烧气氛下生料中Pb、Zn、Cd及As的挥发率均低于空气气氛下的挥发率;As挥发率随温度升高先逐渐升高后逐渐减少,重金属氯化物挥发率较高。添加重金属的生料粉在800℃以下的温度煅烧后,物料中主要的晶相为CaCO_3、SiO_2及金属氧化物,CaMg(CO_3)_2的衍射峰主要存在600℃以下。由800℃开始,CaCO_3发生分解,并出现CaO衍射峰;从1 000~1 400℃下,生料粉在重金属作用下逐渐生成较为复杂的化合物。在动态模拟条件下,熟料中As、Cd、Pb及Zn的平均固化率分别为85.48%、83.19%、84.49%、85.20%。绝大部分重金属均存在于熟料中,而挥发到大气中的重金属仅为0.002%~0.2%。 相似文献
8.
对某垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧厂焚烧飞灰进行了采样,在对飞灰进行热重(TG-DTG)分析基础上,重点研究了飞灰水洗前后及其添加不同硫化物(S、NaS、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)经高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的挥发特性.结果表明,飞灰中重金属Zn、Pb含量较高,Ni的含量较低,而Cd含量达到29.4 mg·kg-1.飞灰水洗后Pb、Cu、Zn的含量均比原灰中高,而Cd的含量降低.飞灰TG-DTG曲线在579~732℃、949~1 200℃这2个温度范围失重率较大,拐点温度分别为690℃和1 154℃.焚烧飞灰中Pb表现出易挥发的特性,其挥发率超过80%,而Cu挥发性较小,其挥发率<30%.飞灰水洗后,重金属的挥发率有显著的降低,其中重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu.飞灰热处置过程中预先加入Na2SO3、Na2SO4后,重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)挥发率降低明显,而S的加入只能降低Zn的挥发率;Na2S加入后Cd、Zn挥发率下降.水洗飞灰添加Na2S后可降低4种重金属的挥发率,S及Na2SO3的加入分别降低了Cu和Zn的挥发率;4种硫化物的加入都可降低Cd的挥发率.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据. 相似文献
9.
焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
研究了垃圾与污泥掺烧后的焚烧飞灰在900℃、1 000℃高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性,并研究了添加剂氯化物(CaCl2、MgCl2、NaCl、FeCl3、AlCl3)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响.结果表明,没有添加氯化剂情况下,污泥焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别,其中Pb的挥发率超过80%,而Cu的挥发率<30%,重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu.热处置过程中重金属的挥发率受温度的影响较大,而停留时间的延长对重金属挥发促进效果较小,并且易挥发元素Pb和Cd表现尤为明显.飞灰中添加氯化剂后,重金属的挥发性有显著的改变,并且难挥发元素Cu和Zn的挥发性增加较Pb和Cd显著.随着Cl含量的增加,重金属挥发率有增加的趋势,但不同种类的氯化物对重金属氯转化差异较大,其中NaCl对重金属Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的促进效果小于其它氯化剂.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据. 相似文献
10.
自矿山酸性废水中分离纯化得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans , T.f)与氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T.t),利用这2 种硫杆菌对广州郭村河涌底泥中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu 和Zn 6 种重金属进行序批式生物沥滤试验.结果表明,T.f 菌对重金属的浸出能力高于T.t 菌.对Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出率T.f 菌最高可达60%、45%、70%、90%和75%,T.t 菌则分别为45%、34%、50%、65%和55%.二者对Pb 的去除率相当,均在25%左右.向T.f 菌分别提供S 粉与Fe2+,2 种底物对Cd、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出效果无明显影响,而对Cr和Pb 的浸出,投加S 粉的浸出效果更好.同时向T.f 菌投加S 粉与Fe2+ 2 种底物,其浸出效果反而下降.可能是T.f 菌代谢生成的SO42-与Fe3+易生成黄铁矾等沉淀物质,与溶出的重金属发生共沉淀,从而降低其浸出效果. 相似文献
11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera. 相似文献
12.
Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XIA Yun-sheng CHEN Bao-dong CHRISTIE Peter SMITH F Andrew WANG You-shan LI Xiao-lin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1245-1251
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility. 相似文献
13.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites. 相似文献
14.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter. 相似文献
15.
Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation. 相似文献
16.
Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF... 相似文献
17.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway. 相似文献
18.
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations. 相似文献
19.
Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the
Taihu Lake region, China 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
WANG Fang JIANG Xin BIAN Yong-rong YAO Fen-xi GAO Hong-jian YU Gui-fen Jean Charles MUNCH Reiner SCHROLL 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(5):584-590
A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT >1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes. 相似文献
20.
Alisa Wangsongsak Suwimol Utarnpongs Maleeya Kruatrachue MathurosePonglikitmongko Prayad Pokethitiyook Thitinun Sumranwanich 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(11):1341-1348
Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue. 相似文献