河南马沟洞石笋记录的早中全新世气候和环境变化

基于河南省禹州市马沟洞2支石笋(MG-1与MG-40)24个~(230)Th年龄和1988个氧同位素数据,建立了研究区13.1—4.9 ka BP分辨率为2—14 a的石笋氧同位素时间序列。马沟洞石笋δ~(18)O的时间序列揭示季风降水在11.2—9.1 ka BP时段在波动中逐渐增加,9.1—4.9 ka BP季风降水显著波动但无明显长期趋势变化。YD事件、9.3 ka事件、8.2 ka事件记录与其他石笋δ~(18)O记录的一致性揭示末次冰消期—早全新世百年—千年尺度气候突变事件的大范围存在和共同的驱动因子。马沟洞全新世大暖期的δ~(18)O记录中检测出的13个数十年尺度的弱季风事件进一步证实全新世大暖期气候的不稳定性。与大气⊿~(14)C记录、NGRIP冰芯δ~(18)O记录的对比及周期分析揭示,太阳活动引起的太阳辐射变化和北半球高纬气候状况共同影响着亚洲季风的变化,ENSO活动及气候系统内部的相互作用也对东亚夏季风降水产生重要的影响。     

重庆金佛洞石笋δ13C记录的全新世千年尺度气候振荡

基于重庆市金佛洞石笋J119铀系测年数据和碳同位素数据重建了全新世9.6～1.6 ka B.P.时段的古气候演化序列。分析结果显示:在早全新世的9.6～7.4 ka B.P.期间,J119δ~(13)C记录呈现出偏负趋势,表明此时段内季风逐渐加强,气候开始变暖湿;中全新世的7.4～4.2 ka B.P.期间,J119δ~(13)C值整体偏负,与全新世大暖期相对应;在4.2 ka B.P.附近δ~(13)C记录出现较大幅度的迅速偏正,并持续到约2.5 ka B.P.,随后石笋δ~(13)C值出现偏负趋势,表明在4.2 ka B.P.以后气候持续处于干冷状态直到2.5 ka B.P.才有所转暖。在全新世期间,重庆金佛洞石笋清晰地记录了7次千年尺度气候震荡事件,分别发生在大约2.7 ka B.P.、4.2 ka B.P.、5.5 ka B.P.、8.3 ka B.P.、9.4 ka B.P.附近,与大西洋染赤铁矿记录的冷事件2、3、4、5、6相对应。除此之外,J119δ~(13)C记录显示在7.0～6.7 ka B.P.、7.8～7.3 ka B.P.时段也存在千年尺度震荡,这些突变事件与董哥洞石笋氧同位素记录的弱季风事件(2.7 ka B.P.、4.4 ka B.P.、5.5 ka B.P.、6.3 ka B.P.、7.2 ka B.P.、8.3 ka B.P.)也存在一定的对应关系。因此,本文研究表明金佛山石笋δ~(13)C记录能够反映全新世千年尺度的气候事件,并可以与石笋δ~(18)O记录进行相互对比和验证。     

贵州七星洞石笋文石-方解石序列记录的气候变化

文石-方解石型石笋的矿物相变化可能与气候环境变化存在联系,但中国季风区有关此类石笋的古气候研究比较匮乏.本文对七星洞一个文石-方解石型石笋开展了岩石学鉴定和氧、碳同位素组成分析,发现其文石层的出现与δ18O值、δ13C值的显著偏正存在联系,通过对文石形成的可能机制和δ18O、δ13C值变化的一般规律进行综合分析,验证了该类石笋中文石层出现指示气候干旱的论点.将石笋校正后的方解石δ18O序列与董哥洞δ18O记录进行对比,发现七星洞石笋QXZ文石层指示的干旱事件与董哥洞记录中的弱季风事件存在一定的对应关系,因此,研究该类型石笋的矿物相变化对于全面认识研究区季风变化历史具有重要意义.     

贵州七星洞石笋记录的最近2300年气候和环境变化

基于贵州都匀七星洞石笋(QX-3)8个~(230)Th年代数据和414个δ~(18)O数据建立了研究区过去2360年、分辨率约为5年的石笋氧同位素时间序列。七星洞石笋QX-3δ~(18)O记录与灰度记录高度相关,表明石笋灰度值的变化亦可作为重建古气候和古环境的一个替代指标。功率谱分析显示石笋QX-3δ~(18)O序列具有显著的24~20 a和12~10 a周期,与树轮Δ~(14)C周期有很好对应,为太阳辐射驱动气候变化假说提供又一重要证据。亚洲季风区万象洞、黄爷洞、和尚洞、七星洞和董哥洞的δ~(18)O年代序列曲线对比显示,在长时间尺度上各洞穴的δ~(18)O记录均表现出较一致的气候环境变化特征;但在百年到数十年尺度上存在一定差异,这可能指示了区域降水对亚洲季风变化的响应差异。     

小兴安岭过去500O年的泥炭δ13C记录

小兴安岭植物体中δ13C不仅受区域湿度变化控制,也受温度变化控制.泥炭纤维素的δ13C曲线,较好地响应了小兴安岭地区过去5000年来气候,特别是温度和湿度的演变过程.5.1～3.0 ka BP、3.0～1.8 ka BP、1.8ka BP迄今,小兴安岭经历了3个千年尺度的气候波动,气候演变过程为温暖湿润→温凉较湿→冷凉较湿.在千年尺度的气候波动上,又叠加着百年尺度的气候变化,在3.0 kaBP以来更为显著.相应的,泥炭发育也经历了从富营养、中营养到贫营养阶段.     

石笋灰度和同位素对末次冰期气候事件的响应

对石笋多指标的研究有利于全面理解季风气候事件的变化特征和机制。以湖北永兴洞YX55石笋为研究对象,通过高精度U/Th定年和多指标分析重建了65~35 ka B.P.石笋灰度和稳定同位素的变化序列。在65~40 ka B.P.时段,石笋灰度、δ¹³C与δ¹⁸O都呈现出数个千年至亚千年尺度的变化,但δ¹³C变化幅度比δ¹⁸O小得多。这说明灰度和δ¹³C这类代表局域气候的指标,都响应于δ¹⁸O指示的Heinrich（H）事件和Dansgaard-Oeschger（DO）旋回,但响应的程度各不相同。H4期间,石笋δ¹³C和灰度呈现不一致变化：δ¹³C不像在其他H事件一样小幅振荡,而是大幅正偏（相当于其他H事件2~3倍）;灰度则显示出和DO旋回一致的特征。这种δ¹³C/灰度与δ¹⁸O异常响应关系可能的机制是：H4期间季风强度急剧减弱,使得洞穴上覆土壤覆盖率大幅降低,从而削弱或阻止了土壤—岩溶系统的过滤能力,使石笋中杂质含量异常增加。     

重庆黑风洞石笋灰度记录的全新世季风气候变化

基于重庆地区黑风洞石笋HF01的~(230)Th年代数据、灰度数据、氧同位素数据和Fe含量数据,重建了长江中上游地区全新世季风变化历史。结果显示石笋HF01的灰度值主要响应东亚季风变化,石笋灰度序列能够记录东亚全新世季风气候变化历史,即全新世早中期东亚夏季风增强,在6 ka B.P.以后季风逐渐减弱。石笋HF01的灰度序列清晰地记录了一系列的Bond事件,显示石笋灰度值对气候环境变化敏感,是可靠的气候环境信息载体;也进一步证明东亚季风不仅受太阳辐射驱动,还受高纬地区千年尺度的气候变化影响。石笋HF01灰度序列功率谱所呈现的55 a周期与太平洋数10 a尺度涛动(PDO)的50~70a周期一致,45、25、23、22、18、12 a周期接近于太阳活动周期,说明在数十年至百年尺度上东亚季风可能受太平洋涛动和太阳活动的共同影响。     

利用Rb/Sr值、有机碳氮同位素及14C重建贵州喀斯特地区古环境变化

本文利用碳酸盐岩风化剖面土壤中Rb/Sr值、有机碳氮的稳定同位素值(δ~(13)C_(org)和δ~(15)N_(org))并结合~(14)C定年结果,讨论了贵州黔西南喀斯特地区晚更新世以来的植被和气候变化情况。结果表明:(1)晚更新世以来,研究区气候在千年尺度上经历了多个冷热、干湿循环过程,植被以C4植物为主;(2)研究区在14 750 a BP时期可能发生过较为极端的气候事件;(3)Rb/Sr值和δ~(13)C_(org)值可以用来指示古环境变化情况,高Rb/Sr值和高δ~(13)C_(org)值指示湿热气候,低Rb/Sr值和低δ~(13)C_(org)值指示干冷气候。     

江汉平原湖相沉积物元素地球化学记录揭示的12.8 cal. ka BP 以来气候环境演变

以江汉平原JZ-2010湖相沉积剖面为研究对象,AMS ¹⁴C年代数据为框架,通过对湖相沉积物的元素地球化学记录进行综合分析与对比研究,重建了江汉平原冰消期末至全新世以来的古环境演化过程,并探讨了区域气候变化的可能驱动因素。结果表明：12.8—9.1 cal. ka BP,研究区气候总体上温凉偏干,但有逐渐向暖湿变化的趋势;9.1—6.3 cal. ka BP,气候温暖湿润,水热配置均匀;6.3—4.4 cal. ka BP,气候前期较为暖湿,后期有逐渐向干旱转变的趋势;4.4—1.3 cal. ka BP,气候经历4.2 ka冷干事件后逐渐向温暖湿润转变。硅铝率、CIA和Rb/Sr指标的变化趋势与太阳辐射量、北大西洋赤铁矿染色颗粒及底栖有孔虫壳体δ¹³C记录之间存在较好的对应关系,揭示出江汉平原12.8 cal. ka BP以来的气候变化受控于北大西洋深水流的变化,同时,中晚全新世以来气候变化趋势与北半球夏季太阳辐射变化趋势较为吻合,太阳辐射主要通过季风环流间接影响区域气候变化。     

云南拱王山地区全新世以来的环境变化记录

对云南小江流域拱王山狐狸房峰南北两侧的老碳房(海拔3 597 m)及石板塘(海拔3 689 m)冰川湖泊沉积剖面进行地球化学元素和孢粉分析,结合14C年代,探讨了研究区全新世以来的气候环境。结果表明,该区全新世主要经历了6次较明显的气候波动,即8.4~7.7 ka气候凉湿;7.7~6.5ka气候冷湿;6.5~4.7 ka气候冷干;4.7~2.1 ka气候凉湿;2.1~1.0 ka气候温湿;1 ka至今气候以暖湿为主。此分析结果反映了本区全新世以来各个不同时段的气候变化与东南季风、西南季风的双重影响印记,与目前中国全新世新冰期与高温期交替及其气温变化规律有一定的耦合与差异。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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