Effect of protein on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane fouling behavior under different pH conditions: interface adhesion force and XDLVO theory analysis

To further determine the fouling behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on different hydrophilic PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membranes over a range of pH values, self-made atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probes were used to detect the adhesion forces of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA, respectively. Results showed that the membrane–BSA adhesion interaction was stronger than the BSA–BSA adhesion interaction, and the adhesion force between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVA membranes was similar to that between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVP membranes, which indicated that the fouling was mainly caused by the adhesion interaction between membrane and BSA. At the same pH condition, the PVDF/PVA membrane–BSA adhesion force was smaller than that of PVDF/ PVP membrane–BSA, which illustrated that the more hydrophilic the membrane was, the better antifouling ability it had. The extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory predicts that the polar or Lewis acid–base (AB) interaction played a dominant role in the interfacial free energy of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA that can be affected by pH. For the same membrane, the pH values of a BSA solution can have a significant impact on the process of membrane fouling by changing the AB component of free energy.

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Effect of chemical dose on phosphorus removal and membrane fouling control in a UCT-MBR

Phosphorus removal was enhanced effectively by dosing aluminum sulfate and effluent phosphorus concentration was lower than 0.5 mg/L. Sludge activity was not inhibited but improved slightly with addition of aluminum sulfate. EPS concentrations both in mixed liquid and on membrane surface were decreased, contributing to the effective mitigation of membrane fouling. To enhance phosphorus removal and make the effluent meet the strict discharge level of total phosphorus (TP, 0.5 mg/L), flocculant dosing is frequently applied. In this study, the performance of aluminum sulfate dosing in a University of Cape Town Membrane Bioreactor (UCT-MBR) was investigated, in terms of the nutrients removal performance, sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The results indicated that the addition of aluminum sulfate into the aerobic reactor continuously had significantly enhanced phosphorus removal. Moreover, COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal were not affected and effluent all met the first level A criteria of GB18918-2002. In addition, the addition of aluminum sulfate had improved the sludge activity slightly and reduced trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase rate from 1.13 KPa/d to 0.57 KPa/d effectively. The membrane fouling was alleviated attributed to the increased average particle sizes and the decreased accumulation of the small sludge particles on membrane surface. Furthermore, the decline of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in mixed sludge liquid decreased its accumulation on membrane surface, resulting in the mitigation of membrane fouling directly.     

不同形态铬离子与牛血清白蛋白结合的反应机制

利用亲和毛细管电泳法研究了不同形态铬离子与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)结合的反应机制并进行了比较分析.模拟生理条件下,构建配体Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与受体(BSA)相互作用模型,依据BSA有效淌度的变化,通过非线性模拟方程计算Cr(Ⅲ)-BSA和Cr(Ⅵ)-BSA结合反应的表观结合常数KCr(Ⅲ)-BSA、KCr(Ⅵ)-BSA,定量表征Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA结合反应的差异性.结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA的结合反应与金属离子形态之间存在明显的价态相关性,而同一形态金属离子随着Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的变化与BSA均存在量效关系,同时通过解析电泳谱图获得了Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)与BSA结合反应均为快平衡体系的结论.     

槲皮素修饰玻碳电极(Qu/GCE)的制备及铜离子-牛血清白蛋白结合反应机制研究

通过滴涂法制备槲皮素修饰玻碳电极(Qu/GCE,Quercetin/Glassy Carbon Electrode),并对修饰电极进行电化学性能表征;利用槲皮素修饰电极研究了Cu2+离子与牛血清白蛋白(BSA,Bovine Serum Albumin)的结合反应机制.循环伏安法测试结果显示该修饰电极具有准可逆氧化还原反应;将槲皮素修饰电极应用于测试重金属离子-血清白蛋白的结合反应机制,在pH 5.0 HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液体系中,使用槲皮素修饰电极测定Cu2+-BSA相互作用,显示出良好的线性响应关系.根据文献报道结合实验数据,本文建议了结合参数计算理论方程,并利用建议的理论方程计算了Cu2+-BSA的结合常数及结合位点数,相关研究结果可为槲皮素修饰电极研究非共价相互作用提供有益参考.     

A critical review on thermodynamic mechanisms of membrane fouling in membrane-based water treatment process

● Fundamentals of membrane fouling are comprehensively reviewed. ● Contribution of thermodynamics on revealing membrane fouling mechanism is summarized. ● Quantitative approaches toward thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are deeply analyzed. ● Inspirations of thermodynamics for membrane fouling mitigation are briefly discussed. ● Research prospects on thermodynamics and membrane fouling are forecasted. Membrane technology is widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies for wastewater treatment and reclamation in the 21st century. However, membrane fouling significantly limits its applicability and productivity. In recent decades, research on the membrane fouling has been one of the hottest spots in the field of membrane technology. In particular, recent advances in thermodynamics have substantially widened people’s perspectives on the intrinsic mechanisms of membrane fouling. Formulation of fouling mitigation strategies and fabrication of anti-fouling membranes have both benefited substantially from those studies. In the present review, a summary of the recent results on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with the critical adhesion and filtration processes during membrane fouling is provided. Firstly, the importance of thermodynamics in membrane fouling is comprehensively assessed. Secondly, the quantitative methods and general factors involved in thermodynamic fouling mechanisms are critically reviewed. Based on the aforementioned information, a brief discussion is presented on the potential applications of thermodynamic fouling mechanisms for membrane fouling control. Finally, prospects for further research on thermodynamic mechanisms underlying membrane fouling are presented. Overall, the present review offers comprehensive and in-depth information on the thermodynamic mechanisms associated with complex fouling behaviors, which will further facilitate research and development in membrane technology.     

黄棕壤镉污染的电动修复及肥力的提升

近些年来,有关施加电场以去除土壤中污染物的报道较多,但是关于电动力学对土壤肥力的影响方面的报道很少。文章研究了电动力学(1V·cm-1)对土壤肥力的影响。修复前后测量的指标有土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾。镉质量分数约为100mg·kg-1的模拟污染土壤经电动力学处理60h后,镉的平均去除效率为71%。土壤中的有效氮、速效磷和速效钾分别平均增加38.49%、47.55%和26.81%,同时TOC也增加了7.96%。总之,电动力学修复后,土壤的肥力有了明显的提升。研究结果表明,电动力学在有效去除土壤中镉的同时还能提升土壤的肥力,是一种可行的土壤修复技术。     

Effect of limpets on the fouling of ships in the Mediterranean

Limpets reduce the cover of algae and barnacles on intertidal rocks, but do not inhabit ship-fouling communities. Patella caerulea (L.) from Israeli Mediterranean shores were successfully transplanted onto 20x20 cm initially non-fouled steel panels in 1983–1984, hung vertically in a commercial port at depths of 1 and 5.5 m. The limpets (15 individuals of ca 20 to 25 cm in length on each panel) controlled the fouling organisms that settled on the panels throughout a month of lowest settlement (December) and throughout a month of highest settlement (August). After 7 d of immersion the limpets restricted the total cover of fouling organisms from 2.4 and 4.8% to 0.6 and 0.2% (at 1 and 5.5 m depths, respectively), and brought down the barnacle density from 1.2 and 2.6 to 0.3 and 0.4 individuals per cm² (at 1 and 5.5 m depth, respectively). After 26 d the equivalent figures were a cover of 72 and 92% reduced to 14 and 9% and a density of 2.9 and 1.1 reduced to 0.3 and 0.2 individuals per cm². The limpets presumably achieved this by preventing the attachment of propagules and by removing already settled organisms through their movements during grazing excursions.     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙土改土保肥的作用

采用在实验室培养和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺对沙土水稳性团粒结构改良作用,对氮、磷、钾养分保肥的作用以及其合理施用量.实验过程是对加入相同量肥料的沙土湿润培养1周后,再分别加入相同体积不同质量分数聚丙烯酰胺溶液继续培养3d,分别测定水稳性团粒,采用淋洗管法测定养分淋湿量.结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺用量小于2.00g.kg-1土时,土壤中大于0.25 mm的水稳性团粒含量随聚丙烯酰胺用量提高而提高,用量再增加对继续提高水稳性团粒没有显著作用;聚丙烯酰胺施用量小于0.2 g·kg-1土时,对减少氮、磷、钾养分淋失没有显著效果,当用量在0.2～1.5 g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高土壤淋洗液中氮、磷、钾淋出量显著降低,但是用量>1.5g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高淋洗液养分含量没有显著差异.结论:聚丙烯酰胺对改善沙土水稳性团粒结构和保肥具有显著作用,明确了聚丙烯酰胺作为沙土改良剂合理用量为1.5-2.00 g·kg-1土.     

Effect of electrokinetic transport on the vulnerability of PAH-degrading bacteria in a model aquifer

There has been increasing interest in employing electro-bioremediation, a hybrid technology of bioremediation and electrokinetics, to overcome the low bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOC) by homogenizing sorption-retarded HOC and immobilised microorganisms. Present electro-remediation approaches mainly aim at macroscale pollutant extraction and tend to neglect possible impacts of direct current (DC) on the physiology of microorganisms. The effect of weak electric fields (X = 1 V cm⁻¹) on the fitness of electrokinetically dispersed fluorene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LB126 in bench-scale model aquifers was investigated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide (PI) as an indicator that distinguishes between PI-permeable (cells with porous membranes, i.e. dead or vulnerable) and PI-impermeable bacteria. After 15.5 h of DC treatment 56% of all cells recovered were dispersed at the centimetre scale relative to 29% in the absence of DC. There was no overall negative effect of the 15.5-h DC treatment on cell vulnerability, as 7.0% of the DC-treated bacteria exhibited PI-staining compared to 6.5% of the control population. Minor differences were observed in the subpopulation that had been mobilised by electroosmosis with an approximately twofold increase in the percentage of PI-stained cells relative to the control. Enhanced PI staining did not correlate with reduced culturability of the cells on rich-medium agar plates. Relative to the control, DC-treated cells mobilised by electroosmosis were threefold more culturable, confirming earlier data that that PI-cell membrane permeability does not always indicate reduced viability of oligotrophic environmental bacteria. Our findings suggest that electrokinetics is a valuable mechanism to transport viable and culturable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria in soil or sediments.     

阴极pH控制对电动去除电镀污泥重金属的影响

采用电动修复装置,选用电镀污泥作为试验材料,试验设计了3个不同pH值的阴极缓冲液处理,施加直流电压32 V,运行7 d,研究了不同pH值阴极缓冲液对电镀污泥电动修复过程的影响.结果表明,阴极缓冲液pH值的变化,影响了电动过程中电流大小,pH较低时,电流较大;pH较高时,电流较小.电动修复后,各处理电镀污泥重金属的电动修复效果不同,其中,pH值控制为3时,Ni、Cu、Zn和Cr的去除率分别达到70%、59%、30%和29%,而Pb的去除率在pH值控制为5时去除率达46%.各处理截面重金属浓度较实验前都有不同程度的降低,其中Cu、Pb和Ni在不同污泥截面分布较均匀,而Cr和Zn在各截面分布波动较大.电动修复对各种形态的重金属都有不同程度的去除,对可交换态和铁锰氧化物态的去除效果较差,对碳酸盐结合态和残渣态有明显去除,有机硫化物态去除效果一般.     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器运行特性的影响

以膜生物反应器（MBR）处理模拟生活废水为研究体系,考察曝气强度对系统污染物去除效果、脱氢酶活性、胞外聚合物（EPS）组分和含量、Zeta电位、污泥粒径及跨膜压差等的影响.结果表明,随着曝气强度降低,COD去除率变化不大,均大于94.0%,脱氢酶活性明显降低,VSS/SS比值下降;污泥LB-EPS增加,Zeta电位降低,污泥平均体积粒径减小,膜通量下降速率增大.曝气强度为800—400 L.m-.2h-1的条件下,曝气产生的水力剪切力不是影响污泥粒径大小的主导因素,污泥Zeta电位则起着决定作用,但水力剪切力有利于缓解膜污染.     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。     

UV-B辐射与酸雨胁迫对生菜生理特性及品质的影响

酸雨和紫外辐射的增强是全球环境问题之一,也是目前研究的热点。以生菜(lactuca)为实验材料,在大田条件下,研究了UV-B(280~320nm)辐射与模拟酸雨(AR)的胁迫对生菜生理特性和品质的影响。实验结果表明:UV-B辐射的增加降低了生菜植株的蒸腾速率、叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a b的质量分数,且下降幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。UV-B辐射的增加提高了生菜叶片中类黄酮的含量,其增加幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。酸雨对生菜的蒸腾速率、叶绿素的质量分数也均有不同程度的影响,酸雨对类黄酮含量的影响不大.品质研究结果表明,随着UV-B辐射的增加,叶片中的水的质量分数持续降低,而抗坏血酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数均先增加后减小,说明存在一个使品质发生突变的阈值范围.酸雨使得生菜中抗坏血酸的质量分数增加,并且增加幅度随pH值的减小而增大;随着酸雨酸度增强,植株中水质量分数持续降低;酸雨使生菜中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数先减小后增加。在UV-B和酸雨的共同作用下,只有对类黄酮的影响具有明显的协同作用,其他指标表现不明显,但是可以看出复合作用下指标含量下降幅度明显大于单一因子的胁迫,并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度和酸雨pH的影响。     

Effect of nickel exposure on serum amylase activity in nickel-plating workers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nickel (Ni) exposure on serum amylase activity in nickel-plating workers in Bangalore (India). Sixty-nine subjects using Ni during the electroplating process formed the exposed group. An equal number of age- and sex-matched subjects working in the administration section formed the control group. Urine Ni levels were determined using a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Serum amylase activity was determined using spectrophotometric method with 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside as substrate. A significant increase in urine Ni and serum amylase activity was noted in nickel platers as compared with the control group. The level of serum amylase activity was positively and significantly associated with Ni content in urine of nickel platers. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the effects of Ni exposure, life style confounding factors and presence of gastrointestinal problems on serum amylase activity. The analysis showed that the subjects who had urine Ni levels beyond 10?µg?g^?1 of creatinine, nickel platers category, smoking and body mass index variables were significantly associated with serum amylase activity. The results of this study suggest that the increased serum amylase activity observed in nickel-exposed subjects could be used as a biomarker for investigating pancreatic function in Ni exposure.     

栀子黄色素对小鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的 探讨扼子黄色素对高脂膳食小鼠血脂水平的影响.方法 将30只小白鼠随机分为三个组：对照组,高脂模型＋扼子黄色素组、高脂模型＋柠檬黄组（0.2、0.5 mg/g体重）,喂养180 d后,眼球采血测定血清TC、TG、MDA含量.结果 扼子黄色素组血清MDA、TC、TG升高幅度较高脂模型＋柠檬黄组明显减少.结论 扼子黄色素对高脂膳食致血脂升高有阻抑作用.表2,参6.     

Effect of predation threat on repeatability of individual crab behavior revealed by mark-recapture

The persistence of behavioral types in situ and the drivers of persistence are central to predicting the ecological effects of intraspecific behavioral variation. We surveyed individual refuge use of mud crabs (Panopeus herbstii), a behavior related to the strength of a trait-mediated trophic cascade in oyster reefs, in the absence and presence of toadfish (Opsanus tau) predation threat. We then released these crabs into the field and using mark-recapture, measured the repeatability of this behavior in the absence and presence of threat, and how behavioral change was affected by time in the field (a month on average, up to 81 days), crab size, and sex. Because crabs exhibited some evidence of a circatidal rhythm in refuge use, we also tested how tidal height during observation influenced behavioral change. Predation threat increased refuge use, and small crabs used the refuge more than large crabs, particularly under threat. In recaptured crabs, refuge use was more repeatable under threat. Neither time in the field, crab size, crab sex, nor tidal height had any effect on behavioral change. Our results support the non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that (1) prey organisms in the presence, rather than absence, of predation threat should exhibit less behavioral variability because the fear of dying (a severe fitness consequence) should take precedence over less immediately important influences on behavior (e.g., hunger) and that (2) individual behaviors tied to fixed traits (e.g., the body size dependence of refuge use under threat in this study), rather than variable traits, should be more repeatable over time.     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Effect of water temperature on the courtship behavior of the Alpine newt Triturus alpestris

Temperature is expected to have an effect on the behavioral patterns of all organisms, especially ectotherms. However, although several studies focused on the effect of temperature on acoustic displays in both insects and anurans, almost nothing is known about how environmental temperature may affect ectotherm visual courtship displays and sexual performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the sexual behavior of Alpine newts (Triturus alpestris). We subjected T. alpestris to two different temperatures in controlled laboratory conditions. Temperature had a major effect on both male and female behaviors: at low temperature, the frequencies of several displays, including tail-raising during sperm deposition, are lowered. This variation is caused indirectly by temperature because it is due to female responsiveness, which is temperature-dependent. However, the fanning movement of the males tail during its main courtship display is independent of female behavior: at lower temperatures, the tail beats at a lower rate, but for a longer time. The similar reproductive success (i.e. sperm transfer) at the two temperature ranges indicates that breeding in cold water is not costly but instead allows males and females to mate early in the season. This is particularly adaptive because, in many habitats, the reproductive period is shortened by drying or freezing conditions, which may impair survival of branchiate offspring. This study also demonstrates the necessity of considering environmental parameters when modeling optimality and characteristics of ectotherm behaviors.Communicated by W. Cooper     

复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及保护酶活性的影响

通过水培实验研究了SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及部分酶活性的影响.结果表明:SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg的共同作用对水稻幼苗的叶片和根部蛋白质的合成的影响均大于对照,但相互之间由于处理的不同产生的影响也不同.不同复合处理水稻幼苗的叶片和根的MDA含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响也不同.水稻通过保护酶系统对伤害有一定的适应和抵抗能力.     

模拟酸雨对土壤-辣椒系统中Hg的化学行为的影响

以桂林市典型的河流沉积沙土(穿山)和砂岩风化土(尧山)为供试土壤,在盆栽条件下种植辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.),设置不同土壤Hg水平,配制不同pH的模拟酸雨,研究土壤-蔬菜系统中Hg的化学行为.结果表明:不同浓度的土壤Hg处理对地上部分没有表现出明显的毒害作用,植株各部位Hg含量随土壤Hg含量的增加而升高,与对照相比,10 mg·kg-1 Hg处理的辣椒可食部位Hg含量是对照的2.4倍(0.031 mg·kg-1),是食品卫生质量标准(0.01 mg·kg-1)的3倍多.相同条件下穿山土壤处理的辣椒各部位Hg含量大于尧山土壤的处理.模拟酸雨与Hg的复合污染环境效应大于这两种污染物的单因素效应.模拟酸雨主要影响水溶态Hg、交换态Hg、腐殖酸络合态Hg,表现为随处理pH值的降低其分配系数增高.在处理pH = 3.5时影响到碳酸盐铁锰氧化物态Hg,有机物结合态Hg随酸雨pH降低略有减少趋势,对残渣态Hg没有明显影响.