Effect of limpets on the fouling of ships in the Mediterranean

Limpets reduce the cover of algae and barnacles on intertidal rocks, but do not inhabit ship-fouling communities. Patella caerulea (L.) from Israeli Mediterranean shores were successfully transplanted onto 20x20 cm initially non-fouled steel panels in 1983–1984, hung vertically in a commercial port at depths of 1 and 5.5 m. The limpets (15 individuals of ca 20 to 25 cm in length on each panel) controlled the fouling organisms that settled on the panels throughout a month of lowest settlement (December) and throughout a month of highest settlement (August). After 7 d of immersion the limpets restricted the total cover of fouling organisms from 2.4 and 4.8% to 0.6 and 0.2% (at 1 and 5.5 m depths, respectively), and brought down the barnacle density from 1.2 and 2.6 to 0.3 and 0.4 individuals per cm² (at 1 and 5.5 m depth, respectively). After 26 d the equivalent figures were a cover of 72 and 92% reduced to 14 and 9% and a density of 2.9 and 1.1 reduced to 0.3 and 0.2 individuals per cm². The limpets presumably achieved this by preventing the attachment of propagules and by removing already settled organisms through their movements during grazing excursions.     

黄棕壤镉污染的电动修复及肥力的提升

近些年来,有关施加电场以去除土壤中污染物的报道较多,但是关于电动力学对土壤肥力的影响方面的报道很少。文章研究了电动力学(1V·cm-1)对土壤肥力的影响。修复前后测量的指标有土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾。镉质量分数约为100mg·kg-1的模拟污染土壤经电动力学处理60h后,镉的平均去除效率为71%。土壤中的有效氮、速效磷和速效钾分别平均增加38.49%、47.55%和26.81%,同时TOC也增加了7.96%。总之,电动力学修复后,土壤的肥力有了明显的提升。研究结果表明,电动力学在有效去除土壤中镉的同时还能提升土壤的肥力,是一种可行的土壤修复技术。     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙土改土保肥的作用

采用在实验室培养和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺对沙土水稳性团粒结构改良作用,对氮、磷、钾养分保肥的作用以及其合理施用量.实验过程是对加入相同量肥料的沙土湿润培养1周后,再分别加入相同体积不同质量分数聚丙烯酰胺溶液继续培养3d,分别测定水稳性团粒,采用淋洗管法测定养分淋湿量.结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺用量小于2.00g.kg-1土时,土壤中大于0.25 mm的水稳性团粒含量随聚丙烯酰胺用量提高而提高,用量再增加对继续提高水稳性团粒没有显著作用;聚丙烯酰胺施用量小于0.2 g·kg-1土时,对减少氮、磷、钾养分淋失没有显著效果,当用量在0.2～1.5 g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高土壤淋洗液中氮、磷、钾淋出量显著降低,但是用量>1.5g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高淋洗液养分含量没有显著差异.结论:聚丙烯酰胺对改善沙土水稳性团粒结构和保肥具有显著作用,明确了聚丙烯酰胺作为沙土改良剂合理用量为1.5-2.00 g·kg-1土.     

Effect of electrokinetic transport on the vulnerability of PAH-degrading bacteria in a model aquifer

There has been increasing interest in employing electro-bioremediation, a hybrid technology of bioremediation and electrokinetics, to overcome the low bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOC) by homogenizing sorption-retarded HOC and immobilised microorganisms. Present electro-remediation approaches mainly aim at macroscale pollutant extraction and tend to neglect possible impacts of direct current (DC) on the physiology of microorganisms. The effect of weak electric fields (X = 1 V cm⁻¹) on the fitness of electrokinetically dispersed fluorene-degrading Sphingomonas sp. LB126 in bench-scale model aquifers was investigated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide (PI) as an indicator that distinguishes between PI-permeable (cells with porous membranes, i.e. dead or vulnerable) and PI-impermeable bacteria. After 15.5 h of DC treatment 56% of all cells recovered were dispersed at the centimetre scale relative to 29% in the absence of DC. There was no overall negative effect of the 15.5-h DC treatment on cell vulnerability, as 7.0% of the DC-treated bacteria exhibited PI-staining compared to 6.5% of the control population. Minor differences were observed in the subpopulation that had been mobilised by electroosmosis with an approximately twofold increase in the percentage of PI-stained cells relative to the control. Enhanced PI staining did not correlate with reduced culturability of the cells on rich-medium agar plates. Relative to the control, DC-treated cells mobilised by electroosmosis were threefold more culturable, confirming earlier data that that PI-cell membrane permeability does not always indicate reduced viability of oligotrophic environmental bacteria. Our findings suggest that electrokinetics is a valuable mechanism to transport viable and culturable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria in soil or sediments.     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。     

UV-B辐射与酸雨胁迫对生菜生理特性及品质的影响

酸雨和紫外辐射的增强是全球环境问题之一,也是目前研究的热点。以生菜(lactuca)为实验材料,在大田条件下,研究了UV-B(280~320nm)辐射与模拟酸雨(AR)的胁迫对生菜生理特性和品质的影响。实验结果表明:UV-B辐射的增加降低了生菜植株的蒸腾速率、叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a b的质量分数,且下降幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。UV-B辐射的增加提高了生菜叶片中类黄酮的含量,其增加幅度随紫外辐射的增强而增大。酸雨对生菜的蒸腾速率、叶绿素的质量分数也均有不同程度的影响,酸雨对类黄酮含量的影响不大.品质研究结果表明,随着UV-B辐射的增加,叶片中的水的质量分数持续降低,而抗坏血酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数均先增加后减小,说明存在一个使品质发生突变的阈值范围.酸雨使得生菜中抗坏血酸的质量分数增加,并且增加幅度随pH值的减小而增大;随着酸雨酸度增强,植株中水质量分数持续降低;酸雨使生菜中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的质量分数先减小后增加。在UV-B和酸雨的共同作用下,只有对类黄酮的影响具有明显的协同作用,其他指标表现不明显,但是可以看出复合作用下指标含量下降幅度明显大于单一因子的胁迫,并且下降幅度受UV-B辐射强度和酸雨pH的影响。     

栀子黄色素对小鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的 探讨扼子黄色素对高脂膳食小鼠血脂水平的影响.方法 将30只小白鼠随机分为三个组：对照组,高脂模型＋扼子黄色素组、高脂模型＋柠檬黄组（0.2、0.5 mg/g体重）,喂养180 d后,眼球采血测定血清TC、TG、MDA含量.结果 扼子黄色素组血清MDA、TC、TG升高幅度较高脂模型＋柠檬黄组明显减少.结论 扼子黄色素对高脂膳食致血脂升高有阻抑作用.表2,参6.     

Effect of predation threat on repeatability of individual crab behavior revealed by mark-recapture

The persistence of behavioral types in situ and the drivers of persistence are central to predicting the ecological effects of intraspecific behavioral variation. We surveyed individual refuge use of mud crabs (Panopeus herbstii), a behavior related to the strength of a trait-mediated trophic cascade in oyster reefs, in the absence and presence of toadfish (Opsanus tau) predation threat. We then released these crabs into the field and using mark-recapture, measured the repeatability of this behavior in the absence and presence of threat, and how behavioral change was affected by time in the field (a month on average, up to 81 days), crab size, and sex. Because crabs exhibited some evidence of a circatidal rhythm in refuge use, we also tested how tidal height during observation influenced behavioral change. Predation threat increased refuge use, and small crabs used the refuge more than large crabs, particularly under threat. In recaptured crabs, refuge use was more repeatable under threat. Neither time in the field, crab size, crab sex, nor tidal height had any effect on behavioral change. Our results support the non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that (1) prey organisms in the presence, rather than absence, of predation threat should exhibit less behavioral variability because the fear of dying (a severe fitness consequence) should take precedence over less immediately important influences on behavior (e.g., hunger) and that (2) individual behaviors tied to fixed traits (e.g., the body size dependence of refuge use under threat in this study), rather than variable traits, should be more repeatable over time.     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Effect of water temperature on the courtship behavior of the Alpine newt Triturus alpestris

Temperature is expected to have an effect on the behavioral patterns of all organisms, especially ectotherms. However, although several studies focused on the effect of temperature on acoustic displays in both insects and anurans, almost nothing is known about how environmental temperature may affect ectotherm visual courtship displays and sexual performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the sexual behavior of Alpine newts (Triturus alpestris). We subjected T. alpestris to two different temperatures in controlled laboratory conditions. Temperature had a major effect on both male and female behaviors: at low temperature, the frequencies of several displays, including tail-raising during sperm deposition, are lowered. This variation is caused indirectly by temperature because it is due to female responsiveness, which is temperature-dependent. However, the fanning movement of the males tail during its main courtship display is independent of female behavior: at lower temperatures, the tail beats at a lower rate, but for a longer time. The similar reproductive success (i.e. sperm transfer) at the two temperature ranges indicates that breeding in cold water is not costly but instead allows males and females to mate early in the season. This is particularly adaptive because, in many habitats, the reproductive period is shortened by drying or freezing conditions, which may impair survival of branchiate offspring. This study also demonstrates the necessity of considering environmental parameters when modeling optimality and characteristics of ectotherm behaviors.Communicated by W. Cooper     

复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及保护酶活性的影响

通过水培实验研究了SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg复合污染对水稻幼苗细胞膜透性及部分酶活性的影响.结果表明:SDBS、EDTA、Cd、Hg的共同作用对水稻幼苗的叶片和根部蛋白质的合成的影响均大于对照,但相互之间由于处理的不同产生的影响也不同.不同复合处理水稻幼苗的叶片和根的MDA含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响也不同.水稻通过保护酶系统对伤害有一定的适应和抵抗能力.     

模拟酸雨对土壤-辣椒系统中Hg的化学行为的影响

以桂林市典型的河流沉积沙土(穿山)和砂岩风化土(尧山)为供试土壤,在盆栽条件下种植辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.),设置不同土壤Hg水平,配制不同pH的模拟酸雨,研究土壤-蔬菜系统中Hg的化学行为.结果表明:不同浓度的土壤Hg处理对地上部分没有表现出明显的毒害作用,植株各部位Hg含量随土壤Hg含量的增加而升高,与对照相比,10 mg·kg-1 Hg处理的辣椒可食部位Hg含量是对照的2.4倍(0.031 mg·kg-1),是食品卫生质量标准(0.01 mg·kg-1)的3倍多.相同条件下穿山土壤处理的辣椒各部位Hg含量大于尧山土壤的处理.模拟酸雨与Hg的复合污染环境效应大于这两种污染物的单因素效应.模拟酸雨主要影响水溶态Hg、交换态Hg、腐殖酸络合态Hg,表现为随处理pH值的降低其分配系数增高.在处理pH = 3.5时影响到碳酸盐铁锰氧化物态Hg,有机物结合态Hg随酸雨pH降低略有减少趋势,对残渣态Hg没有明显影响.     

Effect of sulphur dioxide inhalation on serum Na and K+ ion concentration in albino rat

A study was carried out to assess the effect of 60 ppm and 120 ppm exposure of sulphur dioxide gas for one hour daily for 2 and 4 week on serum sodium(Na+) and potassium (K+) ion concentration in albino rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout). The present findings reveal that serum sodium (Na+) ion concentration increased significantly after 4 week exposure to 120 ppm of sulphur dioxide, while serum potassium ion (K+) concentration decreased significantly after 4 week exposure to 120 ppm of sulphur dioxide.     

Effect of temperature on activity and social behavior of the adult tautog Tautoga onitis under laboratory conditions

Experiments were conducted on the effects of high, sublethal temperature on activity, social behavior, and feeding in the adult tautog Tautoga onitis held under controlled laboratory conditions. Norms of these behaviors were established during acclimation to temperatures at which these fish are commonly found. During acclimation, the fish were active and feeding throughout the day. A dominance hierarchy, based primarily on size, was established for each group, with subordinate fish being displaced from all areas of the aquarium. Under elevated temperature, changes in established norms of these behaviors were observed, with activity, feeding, aggression, and the spacing between fish showing a decrease. Following return to pre-rise temperatures, although aggression remained reduced, activity, interfish distance, and feeding approached levels established during acclimation. A comparison of these results with previous ones on young tautog is made and the significance of the findings is discussed.This work was supported, in part, by a grant from the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration No. E(49-7) 3045.     

Effect of sperm depletion and starvation on female mating behavior in the water strider,Aquarius remigis

The resolution of intersexual conflict over mating should be dependent on the current state of each individual. In this study, I used a factorial design to examine the influence of two physiological factors, sperm depletion and food deprivation, on resistance to mating by females of the water strider, Aquarius remigis. Females employ several different mate-resisting tactics during an encounter with a male. Five measures of female resistance to mating were identified: jumping, rolling, dunking, time spent dunking, and struggle duration. Jump, roll, and dunk rates were highly correlated with each other and combined into one metric of resistance to mating (PC1) using principal components analysis. Time per dunk (T/D) and struggle duration were also analyzed. Discrete male behaviors during the struggle could not be identified. Two measures of female resistance, PC1 and T/D, were significantly lower in sperm-depleted females than in sperm-replenished females. Struggle duration did not differ between the two treatments. Starvation had no effect on any of the measures of resistance. Sperm depletion significantly enhanced the probability of mating (54% vs. 24% for replenished females), while starvation had no effect on the probability of mating. I pooled all the females and compared females that mated with those that did not mate. Nonmating females resisted significantly more than mating females in all three measures of resistance. Path analysis indicated that PC1 was the only measure of resistance that was significantly negatively related to the probability of mating. Almost half (46%) of sperm-depleted females showed no resistance to males, while only 3% of sperm-replenished females were nonresistant. When nonresisters were removed from the analysis, sperm depletion had no effect on any of the measures of female resistance to mating and no effect on the probability of mating. In A. remigis, female resistance appears to be a yes/no phenomenon with respect to sperm depletion and not affected directly by starvation. Received: 2 September 1994/Accepted after revision: 9 September 1995     

Effect of pair-bonding with adults on the ontogenetic manifestation of aggressive behavior in a primate,Saguinus fuscicollis

Summary Injurious aggression, scent marking and some visual displays shown in situations analogous to territorial defense were studied in young saddleback tamarins who had lived with nonrelated adult and juvenile social partners from 6 months of age under the experimental conditions outlined below. Twenty male and 20 female tamarins were removed from their natal families when 6 months old, and were used to form pairs and trios of the following composition: (1) one juvenile female and one juvenile male (10 pairs); (2) one juvenile female and one adult male (4 pairs); (3) one juvenile female, one juvenile male, and one adult male (6 trios); (4) one adult female and one juvenile male (4 pairs). These groups cohabited permanently and when the subjects were between 10 and 12 months old, their social interactions with adult conspecific strangers were studied, using series of 10-min social encounter tests. During these tests injurious aggression (attacks, fights, chases), a number of visual hostile displays (threat face, ruffle, arch) and scent marking were recorded.Young males and females living with adults of the opposite sex showed more injurious aggression against strangers and scent marked more frequently than young subjects living with partners of their own age. Males living with adult females also showed more facial threat than males living with young females (Figs. 1 and 2). Young males living in trios with adult males and young females scent marked less frequently than males living only with a young female. Aggression, scent marking and facial threat shown by subjects living with adult sex partners were at the level of socially and sexually experienced, pair-bonded adults (Fig. 3). No differences in ruffling and arching scores were found. The injurious aggression scores of the subjects were correlated with those of their mates. These results show that tamarins can fulfill the behavioral roles of pair bonded adults and also breed (Epple and Katz 1980) at an unexpectedly early age, when they live under the influence of an adult sex partner. Young animals cohabiting with an adult of the same sex, on the other hand, show a trend toward inhibition of adult-like behaviors.     

增强UV-B辐射下一氧化氮对小球藻氮素代谢和类囊体的保护作用

由于到达地球表面的紫外线B辐射不断加强,生物生长受到了威胁.UV-B的增强改变了生物体赖以生存的环境,影响了藻类生物生长,抑制了其光合作用.以BG11为培养基,在室内培养的条件是光照强度为60 μmol·m-2s-1(昼夜比为12 h:12 h),温度为26℃,研究了一氧化氮(NO)在增强uv-B(强度为0.2J·m-2s-1)辐射下的对小球藻的作用.测定了小球藻的硝酸还原酶(NR,nitrate reductase)、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR,nitrite reductase)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GS,glutamine synthetase)、谷氨酸一草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT,Glutamine aminotransferase)的活性变化,并对小球球藻进行了显微结构观察.结果显示:在增加UV-B辐射下,一氧化氮能够提高其氮素代谢酶类活性,保护内囊体膜避免UV-B的损伤.结论是UV-B辐射下一氧化氮对小球藻具有保护作用.     

Effect of pesticides carbaryl and phorate on serum cholesterol level in fish,Clarias batrachus (Linn)

Freshwater edible catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) was treated with sublethal concentration of two different groups of pesticides- carbaryl, a carbamate and phorate, an organophosphate for 24 ,72 ,120 and 168 h. The disorders of lipid metabolism were observed in serum. Cholesterol levels in the serum decreased significantly throughout the exposure period with both the pesticides. These results indicate one significant manifestation of the toxic response from the fish under the stress of pesticide exposure.     

Effect of trypanosomes infection on blood ascorbic acid and serum aldolase levels on the fresh water fishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustus fossilis

The trypanosomes presence has been found to decrease blood ascorbic acid levels in fishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustus fossilis by 55.7% and 54.70% respectively. The infection also showed significant increase in serum aldolase level of three fishes by 50.19% and 48.06% respectively.     

Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on behavior and predation rates on red sea bream Pagrus major larvae by the jellyfish Aurelia aurita and by juvenile Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius

A shift in outcomes of predator-prey interactions in plankton community may occur at sublethal dissolved oxygen concentrations that commonly occur in coastal waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate how a decline in dissolved oxygen concentration alters the predation rate on fish larvae by two estuarine predators. Behavior and consumption of larval fish by moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita (103.1±12.4 mm in bell diameter) and by a juvenile piscivore, Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius (30.1±2.1 mm in standard length: SL), were observed under four oxygen concentration treatments (1, 2 and 4 mg l^–1 and air-saturated: 5.8 mg l^–1). Larvae of a coastal marine fish species, red sea bream Pagrus major (7.21±0.52 mm SL), were used as prey for the experiment. Bell contraction rate of the jellyfish did not vary among the oxygen concentrations tested, indicating a tolerance to low oxygen concentration. Gill ventilation rate of the Spanish mackerel increased and swimming speed decreased as the oxygen concentration decreased, indicating that oxygen concentrations 4 mg l^–1 are physiologically stressful for this species. The number of larvae consumed in 15 min. by jellyfish increased whereas those consumed by Spanish mackerel decreased with the decrease in oxygen concentration. Low oxygen concentrations that are commonly observed in coastal waters of Japan during summer have the potential to increase the relative importance of jellyfish as predator of fish larvae and to change the importance of alternative trophic pathways in estuarine ecosystems.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate