发根农杆菌转化海边香豌豆及转化体的体细胞胚胎发生

将海边香豌豆无功苗的子叶和下胚轴切段在附加ρ（2,4-D)=1mgL^-1,ρ（6BA)=0.5mgL^-1的MS培养基上预培养3d，然后与发根农杆菌A4菌液共培养30min。洗涤之后，在附加羧苄青霉素的无激素的MS培养基上培养。7－10d后，外植体切面处长出许多毛状根。继代培养时生长旺盛，且产生许多侧根和分枝。志状根的诱导频率与无菌苗培养天数和外植体来源部位有关。子叶切块的诱导率明显高于下胚轴，16d龄无菌苗的子叶切块诱导毛状根的频率最高。乙酰丁香酮处理菌液可以有效提高子叶外植体的毛状根诱导频率。将毛状根切段培养在含有ρ（2，4－D）＝1.0mgL^-1的MS培养基上可诱导出愈伤组织。该种愈伤组织转移到含有ρ（2，4－D）＝0.3mgL^-1的MS培养基上培养时，诱导出了许多早期体细胞胚。检测的转化组织均含有农杆碱和甘露醇。图2表1参19     

黄姜组培快繁技术试验研究

分别以黄姜茎段、叶片、块根为外植体,进行无菌系建立、芽分化、生根等试验,探讨黄姜组培快繁技术.结果表明:(1)茎段在①MS BA1.0 mg.L-1 NAA0.2 mg.L-1(单位下同);③MS BA2.0 NAA0.2;⑤B5 BA1.0 NAA0.2;⑦B5 BA2.0 NAA0.2四个培养基上培养,均能诱导出愈伤组织,但尤以⑦号培养基长势最佳;而在这四个培养基上接种的叶片因为全被污染,无愈伤组织形成.(2)块根在②MS BA1.0 NAA0.5;④MS BA2.0 NAA0.5;⑥B5 BA1.0 NAA0.5;⑧B5 BA2.0 NAA0.5四个培养基上均不能诱导成愈伤组织.(3)愈伤组织在①~⑧号共八个培养基上均能分化出芽,但分化率不一,以③号最高(达100%),④号最低(25.0%).(4)当丛生芽长至高约3~4 cm时,转接到以MS或1/2MS为基本培养基、附加有不同浓度NAA和IBA的培养基中,进行生根培养.生长素NAA与IBA配合均能诱导生根,NAA的浓度增高对根的诱导有抑制作用,而且使苗的生长受阻,出现叶片卷曲现象,用1/2MS与用MS相比,用1/2MS生根更粗壮.(5)将经过炼苗的生根试管苗移栽到混有河沙和砻糠灰(体积比为1:2)的复合基质中,移栽后35 d成活率达到87%以上.     

香花槐组培苗快繁体系的建立及工厂化育苗的主要影响因素

建立了香花槐组培苗快繁无性系．在改良MS培养基中添加ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．35～0．5、ρ(NAA)／mg L^-1=0．05～0．08，ρ(GA3)／mg L^-1=0．07～0．1作为生长培养基．在丛生芽诱导培养基中，ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．8～1．4，其余成分同生长培养基．两种培养方法同时使用，保证了组培苗繁殖系数为5左右．生根培养基中大量元素为MS基本培养基的1／4，ρ(IBA)／mg L^-1=0．1～0．5、ρ(IAA)／mg L^-1=1．7～2．5，香花槐组培苗的生根率为90％．炼苗后组培苗的移栽成活率为85％，且植株表型未见变异．将MS基本培养基中硝酸钾的含量由1.9g／L提高至2．199～2．931g／L，可满足每代香花槐试管苗生长25～35d期间对钾的需求．将培养基中6-BA的含量降至0．4mg／L，并采用合适的组培容器，在连续培养2、3代后，可将超度含水态苗的发生频率控制在10％以下，在6mo内生产100万株香花槐组培移栽苗．图1表1参16     

马尾松幼胚培养愈伤组织诱导的初步研究

取优良的马尾松幼胚作为外植体,在添加不同BA、NAA浓度配比的1/2MS培养基上于室温25±2℃进行组织培养.研究表明,以1/2MS为基本培养基时,进行愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为1/2MS BA1 NAA0.1 0.6%琼脂 30/L蔗糖.愈伤组织大多为白色或白绿色的颗粒状,质地疏松半透明而有光泽.NAA是诱导愈伤组织的必需因子,但量过多又不利于外植体不定芽的产生.图1,表2,参24.     

麻疯树成熟胚乳再生植株及其气孔分析

对麻疯树成熟胚乳进行组织培养获得胚乳再生植株,并对其气孔进行分析.麻疯树成熟胚乳在25℃、12 h光照条件下培养7 d愈伤组织诱导完成,2,4-D浓度为2.0 mg L-1的MS培养基愈伤诱导效果最好,诱导率达89.29%.愈伤组织在含BAP的改良培养基上培养至黄绿色后转入分化培养基,在含IAA 0.25 mg L-1和ZT 1.5 mg L-1的WPM培养基上不定芽分化率达32.50%.将分化的不定芽从愈伤组织上剥离后转入含IBA、BAP和GA3的培养基上进行芽伸长培养.取胚乳不定芽叶片接种在含IBA 0.1 mg L-1、BAP 0.5 mg L-1和TDZ 0.5 mg L-1的MS培养基上诱导生芽后,再转入含IAA 0.25mgL-1、KT 0.5mg L-1、BAP 1.0 mg L-1和GA3 0.25 mg L-1的培养基上进行丛生芽的诱导,成芽率为85.2%.这些芽在含0.1 mgL-1 IBA的1/2 MS培养基上生根,大约有37.5%的芽生了根,平均有5.2条根系形成.与母本植株相比,再生的胚乳植株保卫细胞更大,且气孔密度减小.图2表6参24     

槐树组织培养中超度含水态苗发生与防止的研究

对槐树（Sophorajaponica）花药愈伤组织在培养条件下形成超度含水态苗的条件研究表明：短期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较低ρ（BA）的培养基上多形成正常苗,而经长期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较高ρ（BA）的培养基上产生了大量的超度含水态苗;在MS附加ρ（IAA）0．2mg／L、ρ（BA）5．0mg／L的培养基上,愈伤组织经连续1．5a以上的继代培养后,其表面产生的芽均为超度含水态芽;将这种愈伤组织和超度含水态芽转人含不同浓度和种类植物激素及生长调节剂的培养基后发现：BA和高ρ（KT）明显促进了超度含水态苗的形成;而一定ρ（NAA）和ρ（2,4-D）则显著地促进了正常苗的形成．对培养过程的观察显示：在各种培养基上形成的正常菌中,有一部分是由超度含水态的芽和苗转化而来,即由其顶端或腋生分生组织进一步发育转化而来,而另一些则由愈伤组织上重新产生．     

菊花组培快繁技术研究

以菊花嫩茎段为材料,进行无菌系建立、芽分化、生根等试验,探讨菊花组培快繁技术.结果表明:(1)以MS BA2.0 mg.L-1 NAA0.1 mg.L-1(单位下同)为培养基,分别置于普通培养室(不开灯,200~500 lux)与人工气候箱中培养,在前者条件下基本上不诱导芽的形成,25天后有部分黄白色愈伤组织形成;而在人工气候箱中培养则产生丛生芽,每茎段在30 d后可形成8~10个丛生芽.(2)分别以①MS BA1.0 NAA0.1,②MS BA2.0 NAA0.1,③MS BA3.0 NAA0.1为增殖培养基,培养25 d后芽增殖3.65~5.90倍.(3)在a.1/2MS NAA0.2;b.1/2MS IAA0.2;c.1/2MS IBA0.2共三个培养基中进行生根培养,生根率均达100%,但前两个培养基中长出的根系细长、数量少,而后一个培养基则根系粗短、数量多.     

麻疯树愈伤组织的诱导及快速繁殖

以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)的种子、叶柄、叶片为实验材料进行愈伤组织的诱导及快速繁殖的实验．用不同浓度的BA和IBA对其不同外植体进行试验，发现用MS培养基加0．5mg／LBA和1mg／L IBA对叶片的效果最佳．在相同BA浓度处理条件下，减小IBA浓度会对下胚轴愈伤组织的出芽产生明显的效果．叶柄要求的浓度更低，0．1mg／L BA和0．1mg／L IBA为最佳．不定芽在无激素的MS培养基中进行生根培养，通过几天的练苗过程，就能转到土壤中生长．图1表2参13     

几种裸子植物胚乳愈伤组织的诱导

取裸子植物未成熟胚乳作为外植体，在改良MS、添加不同种类激素和不同浓度配比的培养基上．分别予以热激、光培养、暗培养和刻伤胚乳等多种处理进行培养．结果表明：刻伤胚乳和适时暗培养有利于愈伤组织发生；经过25～30d的培养，在ρ（NAA）＝0．5～0．75mg／L、ρ（2，4－D）＝0．2～0．5mg／L、蔗糖浓度5％的培养基上，油松、白皮松、青、华北落叶松以附加ρ（KT）1．0～2．0mg／L以及白、侧柏在BA与KT配合使用的培养基上，热激后暗培养，愈伤组织诱导频率可达86．4％．     

红江橙器官发生及其影响因素

以红江橙（CitrussinensisOsbeckcv.‘Hongjiang’）实生苗的根尖、下胚轴、子叶、上胚轴、茎段及叶片为材料进行培养,结果表明：上胚轴、茎段出芽率较高,分别为978％（45／46）及70．7％（29／41）.ρ（MT＋BA）1mg·L-1对上胚轴出芽效果较好,ρ（BA）升高,出芽率随之下降红江橙愈伤组织的诱导,其适宜的培养基为MT＋2,4-D05＋BA（KT）1（ρ／mg·L-1）NAA与BA（或ZT）结合有利于红江橙愈伤组织的分化,低浓度的BA效果较好些,随BA浓度升高,分化率下降红江橙不同外植体诱导的愈伤组织,分化能力也有差异,子叶愈伤组织更易分化,分化率可达357％（15／42）;胚诱导的愈伤组织次之,其分化能力随着分化前培养时间的延长而下降无根苗诱导生根,其适宜的培养基ρ（MT＋NAA）1mg·L-1．     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).