水中微量氰化物的可见光分光光度测定法进展

鉴于氰化物所具有的明显的毒性和电镀、炼焦、造气及其他化工等含氰废水对环境水体的污染,水中微量氰化物的监测一直是人们所重视的项目。 水中微量氰化物的测定方法报导颇多。尤其近年来,采用仪器分析手段,诸如气相     

AA3流动注射仪快速测定地表水中的总氰化物

在反复实验的基础上建立了运用Bran+Luebbe AutoAnalyzer 3流动注射分析仪快速测定地表水中总氰化物的分析方法。结果表明,该方法与传统的分光光度法相比,具有自动进样、分析速度快、测定成本低等优点。与经典的分析方法相对照,结果无显著性差异,能够满足大批量地表水监测的要求。在测试系统中引入了恒温槽,进一步提高了测试的精密度和准确度。     

电混凝处理电镀综合废水

采用电混凝法处理酸性电镀综合废水,首先研究了不同电流密度对总氰化物、重金属和化学需氧量（COD）去除率的影响。实验结果表明,电混凝可有效去除酸性电镀综合废水中的氰化物与重金属。随着电流密度的增大,总氰化物与重金属的去除率逐渐提高。当电流密度为10mA／cm2时,废水中残留的总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋和Zn2＋ 的浓度分别为23．0、25．0、4．5、0．2和0．2mg／L。为了进一步提高去除率,在电化学体系中添加H2O2,随着H2O2投量的增大,总氰化物、重金属、COD去除率不断提高。当H2O2投量为3mL／L时,处理过废水中残留总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋、Zn2＋和COD的浓度分别为0．2、2．0、3．0、1．5、0．1和220mg／L。     

新的间接分光光度法测定废水中氰化物——利用Ni~(2+)-5-Br-PADAP的显色反应

光度法测定氰化物广泛采用吡啶—联苯胺法,吡啶—吡唑啉酮法,吡啶—巴比上酸法和异烟酸—吡唑啉酮法。这些方法有选择性好,灵敏度高的优点,但联苯胺系致癌物,吡咤异臭,影响操作人员的健康,而且试剂不稳定,操作条件严,不易掌     

地下水氰化物污染的修复技术简介

氰化物是一种有剧毒的化合物,然而因为它和金属有很强的亲和力,被广泛应用于冶金行业中,冶金工业废水中含有大量的氰化物。理论上来说,储存环境和工作流程都可以做到安全环保,不会发生泄漏,但当发生事故时,氰化物很容易造成严重的地表水和地下水污染。氰化物进入地下水后,会有3种形态:自由氰基、可分解性弱酸氰化物(WAD)和可分解性强酸氰化物(SAD)。重点介绍了几种可行性较好的备选地下水氰化物污染修复技术,并对其适用范围、污染种类作出比较分析。     

二氧化氯销毁氰化物的应用研究

在弱碱性条件下，二氧化氯消毒剂将氰化物氧化成无毒的氰酸盐（OCN）、二氧化碳和氮气。研究了影响二氧化氯销毁氰化物的几种因素：pH在8—11的范围内，不影响二氧化氯对氰化物的销毁率；在所试验的反应温度（0-40℃）内，温度对反应速率表现出有限的影响；二氧化氯与氰离子的最佳质量比为2：1；当氰离子最高使用浓度小于0．5g／L时，废水中氰离子浓度达一级以上的排放标准。     

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮显色液的改进

对异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定水和废水中氰化物的方法进行了改进。在不改变其它步骤的前提下,以去离子水代替二甲基甲酰胺所配制的吡唑啉酮溶液及异烟酸溶液作为显色剂。试验结果表明,改进后的新方法精密度RSD〈5％,加标回收率为92．0％～105．0％,通过电镀废水和标准样品的比对试验表明,改进后的方法与标准方法对同一样品的测定结果无显著性差异,满足监测分析要求。     

氰化物对油菜影响的研究

氰化物的毒性极大,在水体中氰化物含量超过0.02毫克/升时,即不宜作为渔业用水,若达到0.01毫克/升时,则不宜作为人、畜的饮用水。用含氰化物废水灌溉农田,在一定程度上会增加土壤含氰量,从而直接影响到农作物的生长和品质。废水中含氰化物量在多大范围内,才不致造成对环境的污染、对农作物的危害及人类可以食用。我们选择了一种地上部均     

炼焦废水生化处理技术研究进展

综述了近几年来炼焦废水及炼焦废水中主要成分(酚类、氨类物质、氰化物)的生化处理方法.其中废水中酚类物质的去除方法有投加有效菌、超滤法等;去除氨类物质的方法有A2/O法、纳滤法和反渗透法等;去除氰化物的方法有生物法和化学法等.综合处理炼焦废水的方法有双层生物膜法、生物脱氮法和含铁活性污泥处理技术等.     

氰化物蒸馏时的取样量对其测定结果的影响

氰化物(总氰)标准样的分析结果往往会明显低于它的实际真值。这除了与在蒸馏过程中有少量的氰化氢挥发有关外,还与蒸馏时取样量的多少(即氰化物含量的高低)有关。通过对一已知浓度的总氰化物标准样的分析,发现氰化物蒸馏时的取样量对其测定结果有一定的影响。将同一浓度(1毫升=0.486微克)的总氰化物标准样,分成不同体积,按《水和废水监测分析方法》(第三版)中的总氰化物蒸馏步骤同时进行蒸馏,然后取馏出液,用“异烟酸——吡唑啉酮比色法”进行分析,其各自测定结果见表。     

金矿开采引起砷污染的初步研究及治理措施

砷伴生于许多有色金属之中,随着含砷矿床的开采,导致砷由地层深处转至地表,改变了它们迁移的地球化学条件,容易释放到周围环境中。以辽宁某金矿为例,调查并阐述了金矿开采过程中的砷释放,以及尾矿渣的堆放,随废水排放造成对周围河流的砷污染情况,提出了适合金矿床开采的砷污染治理方法。     

Advances in polymer-based detection of environmental ibuprofen in wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Globally, ibuprofen is the third most consumed drug and its presence in the environment is a concern because little is known about its adverse effects...     

Simulated adsorption of iodine by an amino-metal-organic framework modified with covalent bonds

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Radioactive iodine in nuclear waste is increasingly harmful to the human body and the environment because of its strong radioactivity, high fluidity,...     

Mercury policy and regulations for coal-fired power plants

Introduction  

Mercury is a high-priority regulatory concern because of its persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment and evidence of its having serious adverse effects on the neurological development of children.     

SBR法的特点及其在生物脱氮中的应用

SBR兼有全混合反应器与推流式反应器的优点，物料混合均匀，耐冲击负荷，不存在物料返混，生化反应动力大，处理好，SBR法的整个过程可放置于一个构筑物内完成，工艺简单，操作灵活，此外，通过对SBR的适当调控，易形成好氧／缺氧交替的环境，为生物脱氮创造条件，近年来，SBR法得到了较大的发展，操作方式也得很大的改进。     

Managing air quality in a rapidly developing nation: China

As the world gets ready to begin the second decade of the twenty-first century, global climate change has been recognized as a real threat to civilization as we know it. The rapid and successful economic growth of developing nations, particularly China and India, is contributing to climate change. The route to initial economic success in China followed that of the developed nations through the development of industries. Unfortunately, China's environmental protection efforts have not been the same as in developed countries because China is vastly different culturally, socially, economically and, especially, politically from developed nations. When China started to deal with environmental concerns in the late 1970s, it took advantage of the experiences of other countries in establishing environmental standards and regulations, but it did not have a model to follow when it came to implementing these standards and regulations because of the abovementioned differences. Economically, China is transitioning from an agricultural base into an industrial base; however, even now, 60% of the population remains farmers. China has been and still is heavily dependent upon coal for energy, resulting in serious atmospheric particulate pollution. While growing efforts have been expended on the environment, at this juncture of its economic development, China would be well served to revisit the traditional “develop first and clean up later” approach and to find a balance between development and protecting the environment. Against this backdrop, a reflective look of the effort to manage air quality from 1949–2008 (with an emphasis on the past 30 years) in China is presented in this paper. The environmental component of the 2008 Olympic Games is examined as a special example to illustrate the current measures being used to improve air quality in China.     

Photoinduced reduction of divalent mercury in ice by organic matter

Reduction of divalent mercury and subsequent emission to the atmosphere has been identified as loss process from surface snow, but its mechanism and importance are still unclear. The amount of mercury that stays in the snow pack until spring is of significance, because during snow melt it may be released to the aquatic environment and enter the food web. Better knowledge of its fate in snow might further assist the interpretation of ice core data as paleo-archive. Experiments were performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions in a coated wall flow tube at atmospheric pressure and irradiated with light between 300 nm and 420 nm. Our results show that the presence of benzophenone and of oxalic acid significantly enhances the release of mercury from the ice film during irradiation, whereas humic acid is less potent to promote the reduction. Further it was found that oxygen or chloride, and acidic conditions lowered the photolytically induced mercury release in the presence of benzophenone, while the release got larger with increasing temperatures.     

The fate of endosulfan in aquatic ecosystems

Endosulfan, one of the major pesticides used in cotton-growing, is of environmental concern because of its toxicity to fish and its apparent persistence in the environment. This study examines the distribution and degradation pathways for endosulfan in an aquatic system and the processes by which it is removed. In the alkaline waters of the cotton region, hydrolysis is the dominant degradation process. By this mechanism alone, the expected half-lives for the alpha- and beta-endosulfan isomers were found to be 3.6 days and 1.7 days, respectively. Partitioning studies showed, however, that the major proportion of endosulfan would associate with the sediments (log Koc(alpha) 3.6 and log Koc(beta) 4.3). Field studies confirmed the presence of high concentrations in sediments. Microcosm experiments showed that loss of endosulfan was slower than predicted from hydrolysis rates. Models are presented to explain how desorption from sediment limits the loss of endosulfan from a system.     

Economic Feasibility Study for Phosphorus Recovery Processes

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater has become a necessity for sustainable development because phosphorus is a non-renewable essential resource, and its discharge into the environment causes serious negative impacts. There are no economic incentives for the implementation of phosphorus recovery technologies because the selling price of rock phosphate is lower than phosphorus recovered from sewage. The methodologies used to determine the feasibility of such projects are usually focused on internal costs without considering environmental externalities. This article shows a methodology to assess the economic feasibility of wastewater phosphorus recovery projects that takes into account internal and external impacts. The shadow price of phosphorus is estimated using the directional distance function to measure the environmental benefits obtained by preventing the discharge of phosphorus into the environment. The economic feasibility analysis taking into account the environmental benefits shows that the phosphorus recovery is viable not only from sustainable development but also from an economic point of view.     

Designing green plasticizers: influence of molecular geometry on biodegradation and plasticization properties

The plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites are considered ubiquitous contaminants, which have a range of implications on the environment and human health. This work considered several alternative compounds with structural features similar to DEHP. This added to the understanding of why DEHP is so poorly biodegraded once it enters the environment. These alternative compounds were based on 2-ethylhexyl diesters of maleic acid (cis-isomer), fumaric acid (trans-isomer) and succinic acid (saturated analogue). The rates of biodegradation by the common soil bacterium Rhodococcus rhodocrous were shown to be dependent on the structure of the central unit derived from the diacid used to make the ester. The diacid components of DEHP and the maleate both had a cis orientation and they were the two that were slow to biodegrade. Plasticizing properties were also compared and, because the ester of the saturated succinic acid was degraded quickly and also had good plasticizing properties, it was concluded that the succinic esters of straight chain alcohols would make the best green plasticizers. The maleate ester had excellent plasticizing properties but this is mitigated by a significant resistance to biodegradation.