新型CO2和CH4混合标气标校流程及方法

基于光腔衰荡法Picarro G-1301型甚高分辨率分析仪自组装新型CO2和CH4混合标气标校系统,研究建立了简便高效的标校流程和方法.该系统操作简便,运行稳定,工作标气消耗更少,线性好,对环境大气浓度范围的CO2和CH4的分析精度分别优于0.06×10-6 mol·mol-1和0.3×10-9mol·mol-1,准...     

石油厌氧降解促进CO2的CH4转化

CO2是主要的温室气体,利用油藏进行CO2封存,并结合原油厌氧生物降解产生的H2对其进行CH4转化,将提高原油采收率,减少封存CO2长久潜在的危害.本研究以高矿化度的青海油田油井采出液为研究对象,添加碳酸氢盐进行厌氧培养,以研究其中CO2进行CH4转化的可能性.结果显示,厌氧培养体系中检测到CH4产生.且在培养过程中,碳酸氢盐添加体系内CO2相对含量降低,甲烷相对产量升高,沥青质和芳香烃组分的相对含量降低,表明青海油田油藏中存在产甲烷菌及与产甲烷过程相关的菌群,同时CO2封存利于增强原油的流动性、提高采收率.定量PCR分析表明,碳酸氢盐的添加抑制了部分微生物的生长但古菌在整个体系生命活动中的作用并未减弱,且产甲烷古菌占古菌的相对丰度明显升高.因此,在青海油田利用油藏微生物进行CO2封存并产生新甲烷能源,同时提高原油采收率具有可能性.     

DNDC模型对川中丘陵区稻田CH4、N2O排放的模拟对比分析

利用IKONOS高分辨率(1m)卫星遥感图,进行典型抽样和地形→土地利用→土地覆盖→综合信息提取的方法,选定了代表川中丘陵区类特征的四川省金堂县为研究区域,通过对研究区域中不同固定耕作制度下代表性田块的选取,于2005年5月—2006年5月对田块管理者进行作物田间管理、作物产出等农业生产实际情况调查和分析,进行土壤理化性状、水样的测定,并结合当地的气象资料,利用DNDC模型模拟川中丘陵区不同耕作制度下稻田温室气体的排放情况。结果表明:冬水田-水稻田(PF)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为2.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,占年排放量的80.73%;水稻生长期和冬闲期N2O通量分别为0.033和0.003 6 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期排放量为4.28 kg.hm-2,占年总排放量的83.59%。CH4和N2O排放量在水稻整个生季节存在明显的互为消长关系。油菜-小麦田(RR)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.16 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的20.71倍,水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的90.48%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.070和0.027 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为8.01 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的54.19%。小麦-水稻田(RW)水稻生长期CH4排放通量为1.24 kg.hm-2.d-1,是休闲期的21.02倍。水稻生长期CH4排放量占年排放量的89.75%;水稻生长期和非水稻生长期N2O排放通量分别为0.089和0.030 kg.hm-2.d-1,水稻生长期N2O排放量为9.61 kg.hm-2,占年排放量的55.23%。PF年CH4排放量是RR和RW的近3倍,且少一季作物产量,应尽量将冬水田改为两季田。     

缓释氮肥对菊芋生长季土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

设置尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DCD)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+HQ)、脲甲醛(UF)、钙镁磷肥包膜尿素(CM-CU)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包尿素(SCU)6种缓释氮肥处理以及普通尿素(U)处理,在江苏大丰进行小区试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法同步观测沿海滩涂能源植物——菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)生长季土壤的CH4和N2O排放通量及其减排潜力。结果表明,在2010年整个菊芋生长季,U、PCU、UF、SCU、CMCU、U+HQ和U+DCD处理土壤CH4排放总量依次为1.25、0.59、0.43、0.27、0.25、0.26和-0.21 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,除U+DCD处理外,其余施用缓释氮肥处理可使CH4排放量减少53%～80%。生长季PCU、SCU、CMCU、U、UF、U+HQ和U+DCD处理的N2O排放总量分别为2.94、2.44、2.27、2.24、1.77、1.47和1.34 kg.hm-2。与普通尿素处理相比,施用化学型缓释氮肥(U+DCD、U+HQ和UF处理)使N2O排放量减少21%～40%,而施用物理型缓释氮肥(CM-CU、PCU和SCU处理)则使N2O排放量增加1%～31%。从全球增温潜势看,各化学型缓释氮肥处理均表现出显著的减排效果。     

太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响

轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm^-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N₂O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm^-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N₂O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH₄排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH₄排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。     

香格里拉本底站大气CO2浓度及变化特征初步研究

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy,CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2010年9月—2011年8月在云南香格里拉大气本底站对大气CO2进行了初步观测.该站春、夏、秋、冬季CO2平均本底浓度分别为394.78×10-6(物质的量之比,下同)、386.82×10-6、386.46×10-6和390.74×10-6.全年浓度在4—5月最高,7月份最低,全年月均值振幅约12.22×10-6.四季浓度日平均高值出现在上午7∶00左右,最低值出现在14∶00—17∶00.日变化振幅在冬季最小,夏季最大,分别为1.51×10-6和21.82×10-6.四季西南来向的地面风对CO2浓度均有明显的降低作用.通过四季每日整点后向轨迹聚类计算,结合浓度资料分析发现,该站春、夏、秋季来自于西南方向的气团降低了观测的CO2浓度,而在冬季未起到明显的降低作用,主要因该站局地植被生态系统排放减少所致.     

艾比湖湿地典型植物群落土壤剖面CO2、CH4和N2O扩散通量研究

于2015年10月—2016年9月在艾比湖湿地鸟岛站,选取典型植物群落芦苇(Phragmites communis)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和裸地对照组,每个月份通过气体原位采集系统对4个不同深度(0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60 cm)的土壤CO2、CH4和N2O进行采集,利用气相色谱...     

TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用反相微乳法,制备了TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂,运用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等分析方法对催化剂进行表征.在紫外光(λ=365 nm)照射下,以2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)作为目标污染物,用P-25型TiO2作对照,研究了TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂光催化降解2,4-DCP的特性.结果表明,制备的TiO2/Li4Ti5O12/Na2Ti6O13复合催化剂成带状纳米结构,其长度大于5μm,宽度约60 nm,厚度小于30 nm,结晶良好,分散性高,在紫外光照射下,50 min内对20 mg·L-1的2,4-DCP降解率达到了99.8%,表现出了比P-25型TiO2更高的光催化活性.     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100&Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明:4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林(3.35μmol.m-2.s-1)>针阔叶混交林(2.66μmol.m-2.s-1)>乡土树种恢复林(2.09μmol.m-2.s-1)>常绿阔叶林(1.86μmol.m-2.s-1);旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大(3.49),尾叶桉人工林Q10最小(1.95)。     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RS+L)、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率(RS),利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RL)及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论:(1)4种群落的RS+L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS+L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。(2)RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落>甘草群落。(3)RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落;对RS+L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落>冰草群落>沙蒿群落>赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS+L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS+L的平均贡献量(以CO2计)在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

Sunlight-controlled CO2 separation resulting from a biomass-based CO2 absorber

Renewable solid sorbents for CO₂ capture and storage have shown great potentials for the sake of gaseous separation, tail gas treatment,environmental regulation and climate governance. However, current existed preparation and reusability of solid sorbents are generally subject to high energy consumption and complicated procedure. Herein, a light-controlled CO₂ separation system with high working temperature resulting from natural sawdust combined with polyethyleneimine is f...     

Thin versus Thick CO2 Market

The idea that trading is more costly the thinner the market is is common in most studies of market exchange with frictions. Surprisingly, this element is lacking from previous attempts to allow for frictions in pollution permit markets. This paper considers a CO₂ cap-and-trade model where trading costs develop endogenously as a function of the market size. The pre-trade allocation of permits determines whether the market size can be strongly influenced by expectations that have a role because of adjustment costs. The pre-trade allocation also sets preconditions for endogenously vanishing trading costs and thus has nonstandard effects on long-run trading levels and market allocations.     

Catalytic oxidation of CO over Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts: Tuning O2 activation and CO adsorption

• Strong metal-support interaction exists on Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. • Pt metal particles facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. • Fe₃O₄ supports enhance the strength of CO adsorption on Pt metal particles. The self-inhibition behavior due to CO poisoning on Pt metal particles strongly impairs the performance of CO oxidation. It is an effective method to use reducible metal oxides for supporting Pt metal particles to avoid self-inhibition and to improve catalytic performance. In this work, we used in situ reductions of chloroplatinic acid on commercial Fe₃O₄ powder to prepare heterogeneous-structured Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts in the solution of ethylene glycol. The heterogeneous Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts achieved a better catalytic performance of CO oxidation compared with the Fe₃O₄ powder. The temperatures of 50% and 90% CO conversion were achieved above 260°C and 290°C at Pt/Fe₃O₄, respectively. However, they are accomplished on Fe₃O₄ at temperatures higher than 310°C. XRD, XPS, and H₂-TPR results confirmed that the metallic Pt atoms have a strong synergistic interaction with the Fe₃O₄ supports. TGA results and transient DRIFTS results proved that the Pt metal particles facilitate the release of lattice oxygen and the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. The combined results of O₂-TPD and DRIFTS indicated that the activation step of oxygen molecules at surface oxygen vacancies could potentially be the rate-determining step of the catalytic CO oxidation at Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. The reaction pathway involves a Pt-assisted Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism.     

Evaluating CO2 reduction strategies in the US

We constructed a model to simulate emissions of CO₂ from electricity generation in the US and, using the model, we developed 20-year projections of emissions under various regulatory scenarios.     

KMnO4/H2SO4引发制备淀粉改性絮凝剂的研究

以高锰酸钾为引发剂,制备淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物.研究酸浓度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、温度和加料方式对接枝反应的影响.结果表明,少量KMnO4(0.45mmol·l-1)和H2SO4(0.8mmol·l-1)可有效引发淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应,接枝效率达到90%以上,分子量大大提高,对高岭土的絮凝效果较好.     

包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx、CO2影响的研究

为了研究包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx和CO2的影响,采用水稻盆栽的方法,探讨了在水稻不同生育期内不同种类包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx和CO2的影响。结果表明,包膜尿素处理对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx和CO2均具有抑制作用,与普通尿素相比,包膜尿素LP40、LPSS、BB、SC60 NH3的挥发总量降低了5.4%~19.3%,NOx的挥发总量降低了8.1%~23.4%,CO2的挥发总量降低了1.6%~13.0%;施用包膜尿素能够抑制水田土壤NH3、NOx和CO2的排放。     

SO2-4/TiO2对SO2-C7H16-TiO2复相光化学反应的影响

研究了TiO2与SO2,C7H16复相光化学反应的光催化活性.在SO2-C7H16-O2-TiO2光催化反应过程中,TiO2表面可形成SO2-4/TiO2结构,它的存在可提高庚烷的光催化氧化速率,利用IR和XPS研究了反应过程中TiO2表面形成的SO2-4/TiO2结构.     

Dealing with microtopography of an ombrotrophic bog for simulating ecosystem-level CO2 exchanges

Peatlands contain approximately 25% of the global soil carbon (C), despite covering only 3% of the earth's land surface. In order to evaluate the role of peatlands in global C cycling, models of ecosystem biogeochemistry are required, but peatland ecosystems present a number of unique challenges, particularly how to deal with the large variability that occurs at scales of one to several metres. In models, spatial variability is considered either explicitly for each individual unit and the outputs averaged, referred to as flux upscaling, or implicitly by weighting model parameters by the fractional occurrence of the individual units, referred to as parameter upscaling. The advantage of parameter upscaling is that it is much more computationally efficient: a requirement for hemispheric scale simulations. In this study we determined the differences between modelling a raised bog peatland with hummock-hollow microtopography using flux and parameter upscaling. We used the McGill Wetland Model (MWM), a process-based ecosystem C model for peatlands, configured for hummocks and hollows separately and then a weighted mixture of both. The simulated output based on flux and parameter upscaling was compared with eddy-covariance tower measurements. We found that net ecosystem production (NEP) for hollows was much larger than that for hummocks because total ecosystem respiration (TER) for hummocks was greater while gross primary production (GPP) did not differ significantly between the two topographic features. However, despite differences in components of NEP between hummocks and hollows, there was no statistically significant difference between the NEP based on flux and parameter upscaling using the MWM. Both flux and parameter upscaling show equivalent capability to capture the magnitude, direction, seasonality and inter-annual variability. The root-mean-square-errors (RMSE) are 0.66, 0.45, and 0.49 g C m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.67, 0.44, and 0.48 g C m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. The degree of agreement (d*) is 0.96, 0.97, and 0.88, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.96, 0.97, and 0.89, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. This result suggests that differences in processes caused by peatland microtopography scale linearly, which means an ecosystem-level model set-up (i.e. parameter upscaling scheme), is sufficient to simulate the C cycling.