Does collaboration affect the duration of environmental permitting processes?

While collaborative governance has many benefits for environmental planning and management, those benefits are not politically feasible if they impact on process efficiency. This study assesses collaboration's effect on the duration of water permitting processes, specifically the United States’ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's hydropower relicensing process. Collaboration was measured using a survey of participants in 24 recent hydropower relicensing processes. A Cox proportional hazards model with mixed effects assessed the relationship between collaboration, regulatory framework, hydropower facility characteristics, and relicensing process duration. Collaboration was not associated with time to license. Instead, process duration depended on the regulatory framework (especially the switch to the Integrated Licensing Process and presence of endangered species) and facility characteristics (generating capacity and facility type). The results suggest that agencies should consider engaging collaboratively during planning and permitting, given that collaboration's benefits to decision quality do not incur a cost on overall process time.     

污泥接种量对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响研究

考察了污泥接种体积分别为25％、50％和75％的反应器有效容积情况下的污泥颗粒化特征。结果发现,25％体积的污泥接种量利于颗粒污泥的形成和成长,其颗粒化程度高、平均粒径大且粒径分布范围广,而50％和75％体积的污泥接种量只能形成少量细小的颗粒污泥。分析认为,悬浮分散污泥是颗粒化的一个较大障碍,较少的接种量能够提供较大的自由沉淀空间,使污泥能够实现重力分层,进而排除与颗粒污泥竞争底物的悬浮不沉降污泥,从而利于颗粒化。污泥颗粒化的直接影响因素不是沉淀时间而是自由沉淀空间。沉淀时间的缩短使自由沉淀空间增加,从而影响了污泥颗粒化进程。     

PDW-Ⅱ型石油钻井污水处理机的研制与应用

本文介绍了PDW-Ⅱ型石油钻井污水处理机的开发研究及现场试验结果。该机采用一步絮凝沉淀的工艺过程,适用于低色度、低浊度石油钻井污水的处理。试验表明：处理后出水达到国家综合污水二级排放标准,可以排放或回用于井场。     

Effective Efficiency as a Tool for Sustainable Water Resources Management1

Abstract: The sufficiency and usefulness of Effective Efficiency (EE) as a water resources index is shown through conceptual formulation of a generalized EE and practical applications. Two EE models are proposed: one is based on water quantity and the other on quantity and quality, with the possibility of considering water reuse (recycling) in both. These models were developed for two scales: the first is called Project EE and the second Basin EE. The latter gives the influence of the project on the water resources systems of the basin while the former does not make such connection to the whole basin. Such considerations give proper signals as to the adequacy of any intervention to increase efficiency. A crucial distinction is made between depletion and diversion water savings. Classical Efficiency (CE) models are analyzed and compared with the various EE models. CE results in values that are less than EE because of not considering water reuse and water quality in its calculation. Some authors, pointing to these problems – particularly the first problem – have advocated the use of hydrological “fractions” instead of efficiency concepts. This paper defends the use of a proper efficiency model such as EE and suggests putting an end to the use of the CE indicators. To test the models, they are applied to five cases of irrigation and city water use in the United States and Egypt. The analysis of the results demonstrates all the points mentioned above and the potential of the EE models to adequately describe the water resources efficiency and sustainability at a location.     

絮凝沉淀法在城市内河水质净化中的应用

通过多种内河水质净化方法的对比,分析了絮凝沉淀法净化内河水质的优势,阐述了絮凝剂投加和絮凝沉淀设备选用的要点,并以福州市安泰河水质净化工程为例,介绍了絮凝沉淀法净化内河水质的应用效果。     

皮革废水除铬碱剂筛选

化学沉淀是处理含有高浓度铬的皮革废水的有效方法，碱剂的选择至关重要．其决定因素为所生成的铬泥的沉降性能与纯度，而铬泥性质的报导较少。本文比较了五种碱剂：NaOH、MgO、CaO、NaHCO3、Na2CO3，发现它们的Cr去除率均达到99％以上．但铬泥性能差别很大。MgO的铬泥沉降性能非常优越，而NaHCO3、Na2CO3的铬泥很差。铬泥纯度与沉降性能基本正相关。在NaOH和CaO中掺入部分MgO可以较大的改善所生成铬泥的性能．CaO／MgO效果更好而且更经济。CaO最大掺入量可达80％(重量比)，最佳投药量以投加后pH=8．3为宜。     

吉林油田稠油热采污水处理絮凝剂实验研究＊

在含油污水水质分析的基础上,采用烧杯实验和分光光度法研究絮凝剂的絮凝效果。筛选出以无机絮凝剂硫酸铝与两性高分子聚合物CE-3090的复配体系,同时研究了影响絮凝效果的因素并探究了其影响机理。结果表明:在温度为40℃,pH为7.72,170 r/min时高速搅拌1 min,然后50 r/min低速搅拌5 min,硫酸铝的加量为90 mg/L、CE-3090的加量为0.5 mg/L,絮凝沉降30 min后其絮凝效果较好。实验证明:该复配处理剂处理含油污水后,含油量和杂质含量都达到了SY/T 5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》油田污水回注的要求。     

油毡造纸污水治理技术探索

采用单一成分絮凝剂和多种成分絮凝剂按不同配比多种方法对污水进行处理。对所用药剂加以筛选,优化组合。结果表明用高分子絮凝剂成本低,沉降速度快。     

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Of the 1,700 streams located in the state of Florida, the northwest area contains approximately 1,000 streams and three of the five largest rivers, namely the Apalachicola, the Choctawhatchee, and the Escambia. This 11,200 square-mile area contains 11 drainage basins and receives an average annual rainfall which ranges from 53 inches in the east to 67 inches in the west. Basin water yields range from a high of 3,376 cfs (2,180 mgd) to a low of 672 cfs (434 mgd). Individual basin outflows range from a high of 25,743 cfs (16,630 mgd) to a low of 844 cfs (545 mgd). Approximately 67 percent of the total northwest Florida basin outflows to the Gulf of Mexico, or 36,805 cfs (23,766 mgd), are received in the form of surface water inflows from Alabama and Georgia. In the absence of any interstate mechanism for water management between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the basin outflow estimates presented in this paper depend greatly on the upstream usage in the neighboring states. The establishment of a tri-state water management program could eliminate the uncertainty involved in predicting water availability in northwest Florida and ensure sufficient quantities of flows in the streams.     

新疆水电资源开发与清洁发展机制(CDM)项目开展

新疆水利资源丰富,具有开发水电的天然资源优势。清洁发展机制是建立在《京都议定书》下的国际合作机制。发达国家和发展中国家可以通过清洁发展机制,实现温室气体的减排和可持续发展。结合目前水电开发面临的实际形势,并根据我区能源开发总体规划布局,对水电CDM项目开发活动进行统筹协调,进一步促进新疆水电的快速、有序、均衡、协调发展。     

新安江流域生态补偿财政支出效率研究

在水环境保护长期受到高度重视的背景下,开展流域生态补偿试点是我国保护流域水环境的重要手段。目前我国多为政府主导型流域生态补偿,补偿资金全部来源于财政资金,提高财政支出效率可以让有限的财政资金发挥其最大效用。为明确流域生态补偿试点中的财政支出效率,本文以我国首个跨省界流域生态补偿试点——新安江流域生态补偿试点为案例对象,构建流域生态补偿财政支出效率评价模型,并建立评价指标体系。通过选取试点在2012—2017年的生态补偿财政支出进行效率测算与效率评价,结果显示,财政支出纯技术效率6年均值处在0.9以上的高水平,总体表现较好,但仍有改进空间;规模效率值较低是造成财政支出效率表现不佳的主要原因,生态补偿财政资金的配置规模急需完善。建议提高财政资金的管理水平,有针对性地实施生态补偿项目,建立流域和区域相结合的流域治理体系。     

含油污水中硫化物的处理技术

含油污水中的S2-穿透力强,易使管壁穿孔,破坏管线系统,干扰正常生产。介绍了油田污水中硫化物的处理方法,如加氯法、中和法、曝气法、氧化法、沉淀法。选用氧化法与沉淀法对双河站含硫污水进行了除硫实验,在实验中加入了自制的氧化型药剂Y-1、Y-2及沉淀型药剂F-1、F-2。实验结果表明,采用氧化法时,用Y-1处理剂的效果更好,除硫率均达到93%以上;而采用沉淀法时,用F-1与F-2处理剂的效果相当。当加药量达到最大时,除硫率全部达到99%以上。     

水电资源开发特许权经营的探讨

在分析了我国实施水电资源开发特许权经营的可行性和必要性的基础上，认为实施水电资源开发特许权经营是市场经济发展的必然要求，是加快发展水电的需要，是水电发展的制度创新，它充分体现了公开、公正、公平的原则，有利于提高资源配置效率。     

Study of the evolution of aerosol emissions from coal-fired power plants due to coagulation, condensation, and gravtitational settling and health impact

This paper studies the scavenging efficiencies of aerosol emissions from coal-fired power plants under different removal mechanisms (coagulation, heterogeneous nucleation and gravitational settling) as a function of time. It also analyses the ‘health impact’ of the aerosol before and after the above dynamic mechanisms by comparing the respirable dust fractions. The well-known equations of evolution are applied to an average PSD that represents the exhaust particulate emissions from coal-fired power plants (i.e. Aboño power plant in Asturias that belongs to Hidrocantábrico Group, S.A.). From this study it is inferred that respirable dust is scavenged with the greatest difficulty and when compared with the initial volume of respirable dust, roughly 20% remains after 18 h of gravitational settling. Therefore, gravitational settling is the main removal mechanism of respirable dust compared to condensation and coagulation.     

How integrated is river basin management?

Land and water management is increasingly focused upon the drainage basin. Thirty-six terms recently used for schemes of “integrated basin management” include reference to the subject or area and to the aims of integrated river basin management, often without allusion to the multiobjective nature. Diversity in usage of terms has occurred because of the involvement of different disciplines, of the increasing coherence of the drainage basin approach, and the problems posed in particular parts of the world. The components included in 21 different approaches are analyzed, and, in addition to showing that components related broadly to water supply, river channel, land, and leisure aspects, it is concluded that there are essentially five interrelated facets of integrated basin management that involved water, channel, land, ecology, and human activity. Two aspects not fully included in many previous schemes concern river channel changes and the dynamic integrity of the fluvial system. To clarify the terminology used, it is suggested that the termcomprehensive river basin management should be used where a wide range of components is involved, whereasintegrated basin management can signify the interactions of components and the dominance of certain components in the particular area.Holistic river basin management is advocated as a term representing an approach that is both fully comprehensive and integrated but also embraces the energetics of the river system and consideration of changes of river channels and of human impacts throughout the river system. The paradigm of working with the river can be extended to one of working with the river in the holistic basin context.     

A SEPARABLE LINEAR ALGORITHM FOR HYDROPOWER OPTIMIZATION1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic, separable, linear algorithm is presented for maximizing aggregate hydropower production. The method is iterative and amenable to solution using standard LP software. The utility of the technique is demonstrated using several test applications involving a hypothetical single-purpose hydropower reservoir and a monthly increment 20-year flow record from the Gunpowder River in Maryland. The separable linearized forms solved quickly using MPSX on a variety of IBM hardware: 3090-400 VF, 3084 QX, dual processor 4381-3, and an AT/370 personal computer. For comparison purposes, the original nonlinear nonseparable version of the model was also solved using MINOS. This yielded a value of aggregate hydropower marginally higher than that using MPSX. The separable, linearized methodology proved to be a useful and an efficient means of generating good starting points for MINOS. The use of these warm starts effected substantial reductions in MINOS execution times.     

梯级电站开发对生态环境的影响及保护措施——以瓦岗河水电规划为例

采用现场调查及类比分析等方法,结合瓦岗河水电规划成果,本文围绕小型河流水电梯级开发对环境影响的特点,重点分析瓦岗河水电梯级开发对植被、水土保持、水生生物、水质的影响。针对不利的影响,本文提出适合小型河流水电开发的环境减缓和补救措施。通过对环境不利影响采取相应的保护措施后,如下泄生态流量、外购鱼苗放流等,规划实施带来的不利环境影响将得以有效控制和减缓。     

生态脆弱地区水电的可持续开发

西部生态脆弱地区水电资源丰富,目前开发利用程度低,远远不能满足国民经济快速发展的需求.水电开发对生态脆弱地区的环境保护和社会经济发展具有重要的促进作用,加快西部生态脆弱地区水电资源开发是实现可持续发展的战略任务.