Organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments and suspended particulate matters from the Yangtze estuary, China

Total HCHs' and total DDTs' levels in surface sediments (SS) ranged from 0.5 to 17.5 ng g⁻¹ and from 0.9 to 33.1 ng g⁻¹, averaged 6.0 and 8.2 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Total HCHs' and total DDTs' levels in suspended particulate matters (SPM) varied from 6.2 to 14.8 ng g⁻¹ with a mean value of 12.3 ng g⁻¹ and were from 3.4 to 25.7 ng g⁻¹ with an average of 16.4 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Lindane is the main HCHs' source and continuing use in the Yangtze Delta areas of ‘pure’ γ-HCH (lindane) rather than technical HCH (a mix of largely α- and some γ-HCH). DDTs in SS are mainly accumulated in history. However, high DDT fractions in SPM are indicators of new input of typical dicofol type DDT from 2002 to 2004. It can be seen that most samples from the Yangtze estuary were in ranges where adverse biological effects are expected, either occasionally or frequently.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental composition in Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) snow/firn

In May 2005, a total of 14 surface snow (0–10 cm) samples were collected along the climbing route from the advanced base camp to the summit (6500–8844 m a.s.l.) on the northern slope of Mt. Everest (Qomolangma). A 108 m firn/ice core was retrieved from the col of the East Rongbuk Glacier (28.03°N, 86.96°E, 6518 m a.s.l.) on the north eastern saddle of Mt. Everest in September 2002. Surface snow and the upper 3.5 m firn samples from the core were analyzed for major and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Measurements show that crustal elements dominated both surface snow and the firn core, suggesting that Everest snow chemistry is mainly influenced by crustal aerosols from local rock or prevalent spring dust storms over southern/central Asia.There are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to local crustal aerosol inputs or redistribution of surface snow by strong winds during the spring. Seasonal variability in snow/firn elements show that high elemental concentrations occur during the non-monsoon season and low values during the monsoon season. Ca, Cr, Cs, and Sr display the most distinct seasonal variations. Elemental concentrations (especially for heavy metals) at Mt. Everest are comparable with polar sites, generally lower than in suburban areas, and far lower than in large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Everest atmospheric environment. Everest firn core REE concentrations are the first reported in the region and seem to be comparable with those measured in modern and Last Glacial Maximum snow/ice samples from Greenland and Antarctica, and with precipitation samples from Japan and the East China Sea. This suggests that REE concentrations measured at Everest are representative of the background atmospheric environment.     

Spatial character of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil and respirable particulate matter in Taiyuan, China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Taiyuan is affected by heavy chemical industry and manufacture of chemical products, and faces pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the PCB concentrations in various environmental media in Taiyuan. We collected 15 soil samples, 34 respirable particulate matter (PM) samples (17 of PM_2.5 and 17 of PM₁₀) from urban areas of Taiyuan, and measured a total of 144 PCB congeners (including some coeluting PCB congeners). The total PCB concentrations were 51–4.7 × 10³ pg g⁻¹ in soil, 27–1.4 × 10² pg m⁻³ in PM_2.5 and 16–1.9 × 10² pg m⁻³ in PM₁₀. Of the PCB homologues, the dominant PCBs detected in the various media were all tri-CBs. Soil was relatively the most polluted media. Furthermore, principal-component analysis revealed that the major PCB source in Taiyuan may be associated with the main commercial PCB through long-range transmission. Toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations (based on ten dioxin-like PCBs) ranged from N.D. to 5.9 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ g⁻¹ in soil, 2.0 × 10⁻⁴–3.4 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ m⁻³ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴–1.2 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ m⁻³ in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively. In previous studies, PCBs were not a severe component of contaminant in Taiyuan; however, this study suggested there is a potential threat of human exposure to PCBs for residents of Taiyuan.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haihe Plain, China

A dynamic fugacity model was developed to simulate the spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in Haihe Plain, China. The calculated and measured concentrations exhibited good consistency in magnitude with deviations within a factor of 4 in air and 2 in soil. The spatial distributions of PAHs in air were mainly controlled by emission while the seasonal variations were dominated by emission and gas-particle partition. In soil, the spatial distributions of PAHs were controlled by the soil organic carbon content while the seasonal variations were insignificant. The severest soil contamination was observed in Shanxi and followed by the southwest of Hebei province. Transfer fluxes of total PAHs between air and soil were calculated. The spatial distribution of air-to-soil flux was closely related to the landcover while the soil-to-air flux changed with soil organic matter content. Monte Carlo simulation was done to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated results in air.     

湿式电除尘器对烟气中颗粒物的去除特性

当前,中国以PM2.5为代表的灰霾污染形势依然严峻,采取更为严格的措施进一步降低燃煤电厂等重点大气污染源排放已成必然趋势。湿式电除尘器(WESP)由于具有去除PM2.5等细颗粒物的能力而被越来越多的电厂选用。对上海长兴岛第二发电厂烟气中可过滤颗粒物(FPM)、可凝结颗粒物(CPM)、SO3、液滴等关键指标进行了测试分析。结果表明,在湿式电除尘器停运和运行时,烟囱中总颗粒物(TPM)排放浓度分别为30.31 mg/m3和15.74 mg/m3,FPM排放浓度分别为20.31 mg/m3和6.09 mg/m3,PM2.5排放浓度分别为4.06 mg/m3和2.50 mg/m3,CPM分别占TPM的33%和61%,SO3排放浓度分别为4.51 mg/m3和3.06 mg/m3,液滴排放浓度分别为114 mg/m3和102 mg/m3。测试证明,湿式电除尘器的投运对颗粒物和液滴的去除均有明显效果。     

光散射颗粒物监测仪在环境空气监测中的适用性

为了研究光散射颗粒物监测仪在环境空气监测中的适应性,参照《环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)连续自动检测技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 653-2013),在北京秋季使用PQ200(滤膜采样器)对DustTrak8530、LD-6S、HBKLW-2共3种光散射仪器进行比对测试.结果表明,3种光散射仪器的平行性都达标;在监测PM10时,3种仪器与PQ200的线性相关系数都达标,斜率只有HBKLW-2达标,截距除HBKLW-2略微超标外都与标准相差较远;在监测PM2.5时,3种仪器与PQ200的线性相关系数都达标且优于PM10,斜率只有HBKLW-2和LD-6S达标,截距绝对值相比PM10有所减小,但只有HBKLW-2达标;经校正因子修正后,3种仪器与PQ200的线性回归斜率达标、相关系数不变、监测PM2.5的截距相比PM10更加接近标准值,故光散射仪器更加适用于环境空气PM2.5监测.     

室内空气中颗粒物污染特征研究

为获得室内空气颗粒物污染特征,2009年8月18～24日在某单位工作及生活区选取4个室内点和1个室外点进行颗粒物采样和成分分析.结果表明,室内粗颗粒(PM10)符合<室内空气质量标准>(GB/T 18883-2002),而细粒子(PM2.5)的浓度水平较高,表明室内PM2.5的污染较重;室内与室外PM2.5比值显示,P...     

Spatial and seasonal variations of the contamination within water body of the Grand Canal, China

To delineate the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal, China, a three-year study (2004-2006) was conducted to investigate variations the water quality in the canal. Results showed that the variation of water quality within the Grand Canal was of there is remarkable spatial and seasonal heterogeneity regarding water quality within the Canal. Values of contaminants in dry-season were obviously higher than those in wet-season. Sites influenced strongly by industry and urbanization showed higher contents of nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen in water body; moreover these sites were severely polluted by dissolved metals with the contents of cadmium, chromium and copper exceeding the Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC), US EPA. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested nutrient and dissolved metals pollution was the dominant environmental problems within the Canal. Anthropogenic influences played a dominant role in the character of contaminations in the Grand Canal.     

柴油车排气微粒捕集用复合金属丝网的制备与性能研究

论述了用于柴油车排气微粒捕集器的复合金属丝网的制备和测试过程 ,讨论了丝网层数和涂层负载对复合金属丝网过滤性能的影响 ,并分析了其捕集机理     

Levels of particulate air pollution,its elemental composition,determinants and health effects in metro systems

The aim of this study was to review and summarise the levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, its determinants, and its potential health effects in metro systems. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the levels of particulate matter and its chemical composition in metro systems. The monitoring equipment used varied and may have led to different reporting and makes it more difficult to compare results between metro systems. Some of the highest average levels of particulate matter were measured in the London metro system. Whereas some studies have reported higher levels of particulate matter in the metro system (e.g. London, Helsinki, Stockholm) compared to other modes of transport (London) and street canyons (Stockholm and Helsinki), other studies reported lower levels in the metro system (e.g. Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Mexico City). The differences may be due to different material of the wheel, ventilation levels and breaking systems but there is no good evidence to what extent the differences may be explained by this, except perhaps for some elements (e.g. Fe, Mn). The dust in the metro system was shown to be more toxic than ambient airborne particulates, and its toxicity was compared with welding dust. The higher toxicity may be due to the higher iron content. Although the current levels of particulate matter and toxic matter are unlikely to lead to any significant excess health effects in commuters, they should be reduced where possible. It will be difficult to introduce measures to reduce the levels in older metro systems, e.g. by introducing air conditioning in London, but certainly they should be part of any new designs of metro systems.     

PM2.5在线监测样品采集的除湿调温系统及其性能

根据国家标准要求,PM2.5的监测需要对采集的颗粒物在15~30℃范围内某一温度下、（50±5）%的相对湿度下进行恒重。因此,PM2.5在线监测时,宜对样品进行即时除湿、调温处理。设计、制作了一套数控气体除湿调温装置,研究了影响该装置运行效果的因素,以优化系统运行的主要参数。结果表明：随着样品气在除湿调温系统内停留时间增长,其除湿量也相应增大,停留时间为27 s时除湿达到平衡;干燥气与样品气的流量比对样品气的除湿有重要影响,流量比从0.5增大到1.17时,除湿率随流量比的增大而上升,流量比为1.17时除湿率最大,达到50.97%,流量比增大到1.33以后直到2.0,随着流量比的增大除湿率反而逐渐降低;系统运行参数的优化设置,即样品气在除湿调温系统内停留时间为27 s,干燥气与样品气流量比的最大值设置为1.17,通过改变干燥气与样品气的流量比来实现对除湿量的精确控制;对含湿量在63.70 g·m-3以下的样品气进行除湿调温处理都可使样品气出气的含湿量符合PM2.5监测的国家标准要求,该除湿系统可满足我国PM2.5日常在线监测对样品气处理的需求。     

Spatial and temporal variations in traffic-related particulate matter at New York City high schools

Relatively little is known about exposures to traffic-related particulate matter at schools located in dense urban areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of diesel traffic proximity and intensity on ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and black carbon (BC), an indicator of diesel exhaust particles, at New York City (NYC) high schools. Outdoor PM_2.5 and BC were monitored continuously for 4–6 weeks at each of 3 NYC schools and 1 suburban school located 40 km upwind of the city. Traffic count data were obtained using an automated traffic counter or video camera. BC concentrations were 2–3 fold higher at urban schools compared with the suburban school, and among the 3 urban schools, BC concentrations were higher at schools located adjacent to highways. PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly higher at urban schools than at the suburban school, but concentrations did not vary significantly among urban schools. Both hourly average counts of trucks and buses and meteorological factors such as wind direction, wind speed, and humidity were significantly associated with hourly average ambient BC and PM_2.5 concentrations in multivariate regression models. An increase of 443 trucks/buses per hour was associated with a 0.62 μg/m³ increase in hourly average BC at an NYC school located adjacent to a major interstate highway. Car traffic counts were not associated with BC. The results suggest that local diesel vehicle traffic may be important sources of airborne fine particles in dense urban areas and consequently may contribute to local variations in PM_2.5 concentrations. In urban areas with higher levels of diesel traffic, local, neighborhood-scale monitoring of pollutants such as BC, which compared to PM_2.5, is a more specific indicator of diesel exhaust particles, may more accurately represent population exposures.     

Heavy-metal ion complexation by particulate matter in the leachate of solid waste: a multi-method approach

The metal ion binding characteristics of particulate matter obtained from column experiments on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste were studied using a titrimetric approach. The experimental set-up allowed us to study the dynamics of particle bound ligand concentrations during digestion processes typically found in landfills.We developed a continuous titration method by simultaneously using a Cd-sensitive and pH electrode and combining metal and acid/base titrations. This technique allows for a more precise determination of pK_a-log K_M pairs for each ligand than metal titrations alone. The results were compared with titration methods using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with longer equilibration times in order to further characterize ligand properties such as reaction kinetics, the electrochemical lability of the respective complex during DPASV, the distinction between metal adsorption to particulate matter and metal complexation by soluble ligands adhered to particles, reversibility of the binding process by competition studies, and resistance against purging with nitrogen gas.The properties of seven major metal binding ligands were identified and assignments to the most likely functional groups were made. The most important ligand properties are for ligand A: pK_a ≈ 9.2, log K_cd ≈ 7.0 fast reaction kinetics (mercapto groups); ligand B: pK_a = 4.8, log K_Cd ≈ 6.0, slow reaction kinetics (chelates with 3 or 4 carboxylic groups); ligand C: pK_a ≈ 6.0, log K_Cd ≈ 13.0, irreversible metal binding at basic pH-values (uptake inside bacterial cells); ligand D: pK_a = 7.7, log K_Cd = 4.0, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter with digestion time (primary amines neighboring oxo groups); ligand E: pK_a ≈ 12.0, log K_Cd = 9.0, runs parallel to P content of particulate matter (phosphate); ligand F:pK_a > 9.0, log K_{Cdf = pKa + 0.4}, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter (primary amines neighboring SH groups); and ligand G: pK_a ≤ 4.8, log K_Pb ≈ 4.3, strong Pb²⁺ ligand, even at low pH-values.Metal ions were found to be irreversibly bound by ligand C at low heavy-metal concentratins, whereas at higher concentrations the binding is reversible and can be predicted using the mass of the digestion process (methanogenic phase). All other ligands have their concentration maximum in the transition phase between acetogenic and methanogenic phase.     

重庆城区PM2.5化学组分特征及季节变化

2014年7月-2015年5月典型季节期间在重庆城区选择典型站点开展PM2.5样品采集,并测量质量浓度,分析样品中水溶性离子、无机元素、OC和EC等组分,在此基础上对组分化学组成进行了质量重构。结果表明：观测期间PM2.5年均值为76.4 μg·m-3,浓度季节变化为冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季;组分方面,以二次转化为主的SO42-、NH4+、NO3-和OC是PM2.5组分中最主要成分,OC/EC比值4个季度均大于2,表明城区二次有机碳生成显著;硫氧化率（SOR）分析,气态污染物SO2的二次转化效率较高,大气存在明显的二次转化过程。PM2.5质量重构后主要组成为有机气溶胶（OM）、二次无机离子（SNA）和矿物尘,重庆城区应协同控制一次排放的颗粒物和气态污染物SO2和NOx,从而控制二次组分浓度。     

机械工业废水中重金属离子的处理工艺研究

研究了过氧化钙处理剂对机械工业废水中重金属离子锰、铜、锌、铬的处理工艺，以及过滤方法对重金属离子去除率的影响。处理的最佳条件为：过氧化钙用量0．1％～0．2％，处理时间30min，处理温度为室温，处理过程中不需调整pH。     

关中地区机动车颗粒物排放清单

利用本地化修正的MOVES模型模拟确定了关中地区不同类型车辆的颗粒物排放因子,结合实地调研的保有量和行驶里程数据测算了该地区的机动车颗粒物年排放总量,并从季节、城市、车型和燃油等多个角度详细分析了颗粒物的排放分担率。结果表明：关中地区2012年的机动车颗粒物排放总量分别为PM2.5 4.06×103 t,PM10 5.52×103 t;关中五市一区中西安市的颗粒物排放量最高,PM2.5和PM10排放分别占到该地区的46.53%和48.39%;不同类型车辆中,重型货车的排放分担率最高,其次为中型货车,二者之和占到颗粒物总排放的50%以上;不同燃油车辆中,柴油车的排放分担率远远高于汽油车,是颗粒物的主要贡献者;因此中型和重型柴油货车是关中地区控制颗粒物排放污染的重点车型。     

Levels and seasonal variations of organochlorine pesticides in urban and rural background air of southern Ghana

Urban, suburban and rural background air samples were collected in southern Ghana in 2008 employing polyurethane foam disc passive air samplers (PAS). PAS were analysed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), namely hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane including metabolites (o,p'- and p,p'-DDT, DDE and DDD), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrins (endrin, endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone), isodrin, heptachlors (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A and heptachlor epoxide B), chlordanes (α-, β-chlordane, oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor), endosulfans (α- and β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate), methoxychlor and mirex using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The levels of OCPs ranged for the individual pesticides from below limit of quantification to 750 pg m(-3) (for α-endosulfan), and current agricultural application seemed to be the main primary source of most abundant pesticides. Re-volatilization of previously used pesticides from contaminated soils could not be ruled out either as potential secondary source of contamination, especially in warm and dry seasons and periods of intensive agricultural activities. Higher atmospheric concentrations were observed in November and December during the dry season compared to lower concentrations observed in June, July and August when the country experiences heavy rains. The highest seasonal variation was observed for currently used pesticides as α-endosulfan. A p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratio suggested recent inputs of fresh technical DDT.     

电压强度对污泥电脱水效能及滤液有机物特征的影响

为优化污泥电脱水过程控制及明确其关键影响因素,考察了不同电压强度（0、15、35和55 V）对污泥电脱水效果的影响,并基于三维荧光光谱和分子质量分布的分析,研究了阴阳两极滤液中溶解性有机物的含量和组分变化。研究结果表明,随着电压强度增加,污泥脱水效果得到提升,在55 V电压强度下,阳极脱除滤液量相较于无电压作用下的48 mL增加到60 mL,阴极滤液量由对照的90 mL增加到102 mL。电场的作用可使污泥絮体中蛋白质类大分子有机物向阴极迁移。因此,电场辅助具有提升机械压滤脱水效果的作用,这种作用与电场作用下污泥絮体中蛋白质类有机物的迁移有关,并且,电压越强,这种作用越显著。而蛋白质的迁移导致其对水分子的束缚以及絮体间的静电平衡的改变,可能是污泥机械脱水效率得到提升的重要原因。     

改性膨润土颗粒对微污染水中有机物和氨氮的吸附

采用粘结剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)、造孔剂碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和微波强化Al改性膨润土(以下简称M-Al-Bt)制备改性膨润土颗粒(以下简称MBG),研究MBG对微污染水中有机物和氨氮(NH4-N)的吸附效果,考察了不同投加量、反应时间、pH值对腐殖酸(HA)和NH4-N的去除效果影响.结果表明,投加量3 g/L,反应时间20 min,pH=7时,MBG对微污染水中20 mg/L HA和5mg/L NH4-N的去除率分别可达98%和20%以上.HA和NH4-N共存时,存在竞争吸附,HA影响了MBG对NH4-N的去除.     

The seasonal and spatial variations in diatom communities and the influence of environmental factors on three temperate reservoirs in Shandong province,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Diatoms play an important role as ecological indicators, and some species of diatoms can easily cause water blooms, thereby decreasing the production...