络合萃取技术分离制药废水中的金刚烷胺

以P204为络合剂萃取水溶液中的金刚烷胺,研究了正辛醇和煤油2种稀释剂对萃取效果的影响,分析了萃取过程的络合机理和热力学过程,并考察了该萃取体系对实际制药废水中金刚烷胺的萃取效果。结果表明,采用P204/正辛醇=3：2的复配萃取剂,在初始pH为8.0,在油/水相比为1：1的条件下,金刚烷胺的萃取效率可以达到99.8%以上;以2.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,可以将51.1%的负载金刚烷胺反萃回收;红外光谱分析表明,P204对金刚烷胺的萃取遵循离子交换和离子缔合成盐机制;萃取过程为放热过程,低温条件下有利于萃取反应的进行;P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对实际制药废水中的金刚烷胺也具有很高的萃取效率。     

再生水中内分泌干扰物质的存在及处理现状

随着污水回用大力开展,人们与再生水的接触机会增加,必须保障再生水的水质安全.资料调研发现,作为再生水水源的污水处理厂出水中含有多种内分泌干扰物质,活性炭吸附、超滤、高级氧化技术及膜技术可有效去除再生水中的内分泌干扰物质,但鉴于经济和管理上的困难,目前仍不能全面推广.中国常用的澄清(混凝沉淀)/过滤工艺不能有效去除污水处理厂二级出水中的内分泌十扰物质,这对接触人群的健康产生潜在威胁,对生物种群也有一定的影响.生物处理方法未来有可能成为去除内分泌干扰物质很有前途的方法.     

低浓度三氯生废水的电化学去除效能

以钌铱电极做阳极、石墨片做阴极,建立了电化学反应器处理三氯生模拟废水,重点考察了电流密度、pH、电解质硫酸钠浓度对电化学反应器去除水中微量三氯生效能的影响规律。研究发现,随着电流密度增大,三氯生去除率会有所提高,但存在一定限度;总体上酸性或碱性条件下的处理效果优于中性条件,电解质浓度过高或过低都不利于三氯生的去除。计算出不同电解质浓度和电流密度下的能耗,探讨了三氯生的电化学去除机制。电化学反应器对三氯生模拟废水有较好的处理效果,当三氯生初始浓度为4 mg·L-1、电流密度为10 mA·cm-2、电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.025 mg·L-1、中性条件下反应时间2 h,三氯生去除率达70.7%,能耗为26.4 kWh·g-1。     

Carbamazepine, carbamazepine epoxide and dihydroxycarbamazepine sorption to soil and occurrence in a wastewater reuse site in Tunisia

Although a number of manufactured nanoparticles are applied for the medical and clinical purposes, the understanding of interaction between nanomaterials and biological systems are still insufficient. Using nematode Caenorhabditis elegans model organism, we here investigated the in vivo toxicity or safety of hydroxylated fullerene nanoparticles known to detoxify anti-cancer drug-induced oxidative damages in mammals. The survival ratio of C. elegans rapidly decreased by the uptake of nanoparticles from their L4 larval stage with resulting in shortened lifespan (20 d). Both reproduction rate and body size of C. elegans were also reduced after exposure to 100 μg mL⁻¹ of fullerol. We found ectopic cell corpses caused by apoptotic cell death in the adult worms grown with fullerol nanoparticles. By the mutation of core pro-apoptotic regulator genes, ced-3 and ced-4, these nanoparticle-induced cell death were significantly suppressed, and the viability of animals consequently increased despite of nanoparticle uptake. The apoptosis-mediated toxicity of nanoparticles particularly led to the disorder of digestion system in the animals containing a large number of undigested foods in their intestine. These results demonstrated that the water-soluble fullerol nanoparticles widely used in medicinal applications have a potential for inducing apoptotic cell death in multicellular organisms despite of their antioxidative detoxifying property.     

餐饮业含油污水处理技术与设备

本文阐述了饮食业含油污水的产生途径及对环境的危害 ,分析了含油污水的性质及动植物油在污水中的存在形态 ,介绍了饮食业含油污水处理新技术及新设备     

Fate and transport of carbamazepine in soil aquifer treatment (SAT) infiltration basin soils

The transport and fate of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) were investigated in the Dan Region Reclamation Project (SHAFDAN), Tel-Aviv, Israel. Soil samples were taken from seven subsections of soil profiles (150 cm) in infiltration basins of a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system. The transport characteristics were studied from the release dynamics of soil-resident CBZ and, subsequently, from applying a pulse input of wastewater containing CBZ. In addition, a monitoring study was performed to evaluate the fate of CBZ after the SAT. Results of this study indicate adsorption, and consequently retardation, in CBZ transport through the top soil layer (0-5 cm) and to a lesser extent in the second layer (5-25 cm), but not in deeper soil layers (25-150 cm). The soluble and adsorbed fractions of CBZ obtained from the two upper soil layers comprised 45% of the total CBZ content in the entire soil profile. This behavior correlated to the higher organic matter content observed in the upper soil layers (0-25 cm). It is therefore deduced that when accounting for the full flow path of CBZ through the vadose zone to the groundwater region, the overall transport of CBZ in the SAT system is essentially conservative. The monitoring study revealed that the average concentration of CBZ decreased from 1094 ± 166 ng L⁻¹ in the recharged wastewater to 560 ± 175 ng L⁻¹ after the SAT. This reduction is explained by dilution of the recharged wastewater with resident groundwater, which may occur as it flows to active reclamation wells.     

废纸造纸废水处理工程应用

报道了自制混凝剂产品处理废纸造纸废水的工程应用情况。经过 1年多的运行结果表明 ,当进水CODCr、悬浮物浓度分别为 972mg/L、82 5mg/L以及色度为 3 0 0倍时 ,采用该工艺处理后 ,CODCr去除率平均为 95 .7% ,SS去除率平均为 98.9% ,色度去除率平均为 99.3 % ,出水水质远低于国家一级排放标准 (GB3 5 44 - 92 ) ,并且工厂实践表明 ,对生产有显著的效益 ,从而证明该方法对于废纸造纸废水的处理是可行的。该处理工艺设备简单 ,系统运行稳定 ,操作方便 ,成本低     

城市污水处理厂微生物群落特征与群体感应调控

微生物群落在活性污泥中发挥有重要作用,为了解采用活性污泥法的城市污水处理厂微生物群落特征和群体感应调控作用,采集天津市某城市污水处理厂活性污泥样品,采用高通量测序对其微生物群落特征进行解析,并分析其群体感应调控作用。结果表明,该污水处理厂一年间活性污泥样品的微生物多样性和微生物群落结构存在一定差异性,主要是由于冬春季节发生了污泥膨胀。Ferruginibacter、f_Saprospiraceae_unclassified、Terrimonas、f_Blastocatellaceae_unclassified和metagenome等是该污水处理厂中主要优势菌属,冬春季节引发污泥膨胀的主要菌属是Candidatus Microthrix。群体感应调控作用分析表明C6-HSL能够抑制污泥膨胀,3OC12-HSL能够调控促进多糖的产生,f_Saprospiraceae_unclassified、f_Caldilineaceae_unclassified、SWB02、OLB12是主要的C6-HSL产生菌,f_Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17_unclassified是3OC12-HSL的群体淬灭菌。基于高通量测序的Tax4fun功能预测分析表明5月份污水处理厂的脱氮除磷性能均略逊于其他月份。     

Method development and application for triazine herbicides analysis in water,soil and sediment samples from KwaZulu-Natal

Penoxsulam is a triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide group of rice herbicide. The phototransformation of penoxsulam was studied under UV light (λ_max ≥ 290 nm) and sunlight in aqueous methanol and acetonitrile solvent system using TiO₂ as sensitizer. The rate of photodegradation of penoxsulam in different solvent systems followed first-order kinetics and calculated half-lives was found to be in the range of 51.89–73.41 h and 62.70–97.09 h for UV light and sunlight respectively in the presence or absence of sensitizer. From this study, a total of six photoproducts were identified and characterized on the basis of Q-Tof micromass spectral data. The plausible mechanism of phototransformation involved were hydrolysis, photo oxidation of the sulfonamide group, breaking of sulfonamide bond, loss of amino and sulfonic acid group.     

禽类屠宰加工废水处理技术

介绍了厌氧水解酸化 循环活性污泥系统在禽类屠宰加工废水中的工程应用。结果表明 ,禽类加工废水在进水SS、CODCr、BOD5分别为 75 2mg/L、16 4 7mg/L、76 4mg/L的条件下 ,经该工艺处理后 ,外排废水的SS、CODCr、BOD5分别为 5 0mg/L、6 5mg/L、10 .1mg/L。该工艺具有占地面积小 ,处理效率好 ,运行费用低等特点 ,能广泛应用于禽类屠宰加工废水的处理。     

汽车电泳磷化废水的特点及处理

汽车工业电泳磷化废水成分复杂、COD值高、可生化性差。聚合氯化铝 (PAC)对乳化油珠的电中和破乳及其凝絮对高分子有机物的吸附起主要作用 ;选择阳离子高分子絮凝剂 ,由于其水解产物带有正电荷铵盐基团 ,加强了残存COD的吸附 ,完善了絮凝分离过程。选用恰当的混凝剂和设计合理的工艺流程 ,采用以混凝为基础的物理化学方法 ,可以进行有效的处理。     

兰炭废水中酚类物质萃取及回收效果

为了去除并回收兰炭废水中的高浓度挥发酚类物质,实验研究了甲基异丁酮溶剂在不同条件下对兰炭废水中挥发酚的萃取及回收效果。结果表明,萃取时间为10 min,温度为35℃,pH低于8.0,萃取体积比(萃取剂体积/兰炭废水体积)在大于1:5时,经过萃取后废水中挥发酚浓度由6 385 mg/L降至230 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%,有效减轻了后续生化处理的负担。而萃取剂经过蒸馏分离后,挥发酚的回收率可达95%以上,甲基异丁酮的损耗率为0.18%~0.2%。实验表明,甲基异丁酮是一种可以长期循环使用的工业萃取剂,显示了良好的应用前景。     

水产养殖废水处理技术及应用

主要综述了国内外水产养殖废水的物理化学处理和生物处理 2方面的技术 ,并总结了水产养殖废水循环使用的水处理工艺流程和生物工程在水产养殖废水处理中的应用 ,表明了水产养殖废水的综合利用和无害化排放技术为今后发展方向。     

基于水足迹理论的污水处理厂评估

水足迹作为一种水资源评估指标,广泛运用于国家、区域、流域等大范围内,而鲜见于小范围内的研究,因此,将水足迹理论运用于小范围内的污水处理厂评估是一种全新的理念和方法。基于水足迹理念对太原市某污水厂进行水足迹核算和可持续评估。研究结果表明：污水厂能大幅降低COD（WFgrey（COD））和NH3-N（WFgrey（NH3-N））灰水足迹;若对污水厂进行技术改造,可进一步降低WFgrey（COD）和WFgrey（NH3-N）。日均WFgrey（COD）和WFgrey（NH3-N）变化趋势一致;2015年3月WFgrey（COD）和WFgrey（NH3-N）小于2014年3月;污水厂关键污染物灰水足迹由NH3-N决定的天数多。2014年和2015年3月污水厂均有灰水足迹不可持续的天数,但2015年3月灰水足迹可持续情况好于2014年3月。根据研究结果,制定了污水厂水足迹响应方案,同时阐述了污水厂水足迹未来的研究方向。     

造纸制浆集中生产及其碱回收与综合废水治理工艺设计

本文介绍了滑县锦华纸业集团新建漂白草浆集中制浆工艺、碱回收及全厂综合废水治理工艺设计。     

土地处理技术在污水资源化中的应用

简述了污水资源化的现状与常规技术及土地处理技术的特点 ,结合工程实例分析了土地处理技术在污水资源化中的应用条件、应用方向 ,指出土地处理技术是我国污水资源化的重要组成部分     

Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures

Twenty-four pharmaceuticals were measured in wastewater from 12 municipal wastewater treatment plants (M-WWTPs), four livestock WWTPs (L-WWTPs), four hospital WWTPs (H-WWTPs) and four pharmaceutical manufacture WWTPs (P-WWTPs). The total concentration of pharmaceuticals in the influent samples was highest in the L-WWTPs followed by the P-WWTPs, H-WWTPs and M-WWTPs. The effluents had different patterns of pharmaceuticals than their corresponding influents because of the different fate of each compound in the WWTPs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant in the influents from the M-WWTPs and P-WWTPs, while antibiotics were dominantly detected in the L-WWTP. In the H-WWTP influents, NSAIDs, caffeine and carbamazepine were dominant. In the P-WWTPs, the distribution of pharmaceuticals in the effluents varied with sampling sites and periods. The M-WWTP influents had the highest daily loads, while the effluents showed somewhat similar levels in all source types.     

固定化微生物在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种有效的废水生物处理技术 ,与普通生物处理法相比有许多优点。本文对固定化微生物技术、微生物的固定化方法、固定化载体及固定化技术在废水处理中的应用及研究进展状况进行了综述 ,并对其以后的发展作了探讨     

Presence and fate of coliphages and enteric viruses in three wastewater treatment plants effluents and activated sludge from Tunisia

Purpose

The role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases is well defined; it may act as a reservoir of different types of pathogens. Enteric viruses can survive and persist for a long time in water, maintaining infectivity in many instances. This suggests the need to include virus detection in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters.

Methods

In this study, enteric viruses (enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV)) were investigated by RT-PCR and coliphages (known as indicators of viral contamination) were enumerated with the double-layer technique agar in effluents and sewage sludge from three Tunisian wastewater treatment plants.

Results and discussion

The molecular detection of enteric viruses revealed 7.7% of positive activated sludge samples for enteroviruses. None of the samples was positive for HAV. Molecular virus detection threshold was estimated to be 10³?PFU/100?ml. All samples contained high concentrations of coliphages except those of dry sludge. Reductions in the concentrations of bacteriophages attained by the wastewater treatment plants are of the order of magnitude as reductions described elsewhere. Peak concentrations in raw wastewater were associated with winter rains and suspended materials rate in analysed samples. Our data which is the first in North Africa showed that similar trends of coliphages distribution to other studies in other countries.

Conclusion

No clear correlation between studied enteric viruses and coliphages concentration was proved. Coliphages abundance in collected samples should raise concerns about human enteric viruses transmission as these residues are reused in agricultural fields.     

厌氧动态膜生物反应器处理冷轧平整液废水

平整液废水作为碱性含油废水,一直是冶金行业较难处理的废水之一。搭建了一套厌氧动态膜生物反应器（AnDMBR）,通过梯级驯化的方式,处理COD为2 500 mg·L-1左右的平整液废水。经过88 d的启动驯化,在膜通量为6 L·（m2·h）-1,HRT为2.5 d的条件下,出水稳定在500 mg·L-1左右,甲烷产率约0.151 L·g-1,动态膜的一个运行周期可以分为成膜阶段、稳定阶段和堵塞阶段3个阶段。成膜阶段出水浊度随动态膜的逐渐形成而下降;而后动态膜形成,出水浊度稳定,为稳定阶段;最后为堵塞阶段,跨膜压差激增,出水浊度上升。同时对驯化及稳定运行阶段的污泥进行了微生物菌群分析,在细菌群落中主要的微生物菌群为Clostridia（梭状芽胞杆菌纲）、Bacteroidia（拟杆菌纲）、Anaerolineae（厌氧绳菌纲）、OP8_1和Spirochaetes（螺旋体纲）,其中拟杆菌纲是处理平整液废水的优势细菌菌群。在古菌群落中,Methanolinea（甲烷绳菌属）和Methanosaeta（甲烷鬃毛菌属）为主要菌种,随着反应器的长期驯化和运行,甲烷鬃毛菌逐渐成为反应器中优势菌群。