PCR-DGGE技术用于处理苯乙烯废气的生物滴滤塔中微生物优势菌种解析

采用生物滴滤塔能够有效去除含苯乙烯恶臭气体,塔内微生物中含有大量的球菌和杆状菌。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究处理苯乙烯恶臭气体的生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物,结果表明,去除苯乙烯生物滴滤塔中有5种菌为降解苯乙烯的优势菌种;通过16S rDNA基因扩增测序同源性比对,结果显示嗜甲基杆菌属(methylophilus)丰度为50.5%,2种变形菌属(alpha proteobacterium、delta proteobacterium)相对丰度分别为16.9%和11.6%。     

脱氮塔中一株异养硝化真菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

在微生物净化燃煤烟气技术研究中,NO、NOx的脱除效率不高,达不到工艺要求。国内外对于微生物法净化燃煤烟气NO、NOx的细菌作用研究较多,而对真菌的作用却研究很少。为了提高微生物法对燃煤烟气NO、NOx的脱除效率,对脱氮塔生物膜中的异养硝化作用真菌进行了分离、纯化及鉴定,通过摇瓶实验研究了真菌对亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的作用特征,在脱氮塔中对NOx的脱除效率进行了实验验证。实验结果：从脱氮塔生物膜中分离纯化的真菌为木霉属的棘孢木霉Trichodema asperellum（简称：1LNL菌株）;该1LNL菌株能直接将NO2-氧化为NO3-,在实验周期为10 d的条件下,细菌对照组硝化率为31.5%、空白对照组硝化率为8.4%,1LNL菌株的硝化率能达到25.0%,实验证明真菌1LNL菌株具有一定的硝化作用;将1LNL纯菌株扩大培养液400 mL投加到脱氮塔中,NO的脱除率平均提高了4.39%,NOx的脱除率平均提高了4.00%,真菌1LNL能显著提高脱氮柱NO、NOx的脱氮效率。在微生物净化烟气中NO、NOx的研究实践中,真菌的作用应加以重视并应展开更加深入、系统的研究。     

生物滴滤法净化低浓度磷化氢及其微生物群落分析

采用生物滴滤法净化低浓度磷化氢气体,探讨填料种类、进气量、氧浓度、进气磷化氢浓度等因素对净化过程的影响。复合填料能促进气态磷化氢的吸附,但微生物对磷化氢的净化起决定性作用。进气负荷高于300 mL·min~(-1)(空间速度为8.2 h~(-1))时,滴滤塔内磷化氢去除率下降明显;进气中氧含量不足时,生物氧化进程受到抑制,磷化氢净化效果变差。在进气流量200 mL·min~(-1)、氧体积分数8.2%、磷化氢入口浓度20 mg·m~(-3)条件下,磷化氢脱除率可高达76.8%,定期废弃的吸收液中总磷含量均低于1.0 mg·L~(-1)。生物滴滤塔内具有较高的微生物种群多样性,细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)最为丰富,主要的细菌种属有:鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)、甲醇杆菌(Methylobacterium)、嗜甲基菌(Methylophilus)及伯克氏菌(Burkholderia)。     

铁氧化物多孔陶粒生物滴滤塔净化硫化氢气体

采用装有凹凸棒石基铁氧化物多孔陶粒作为填料的生物滴滤塔,进行了长期实验室H2S脱臭实验。结果表明,该生物滴滤塔H2S的进气浓度低于500 mg/m3 时,循环营养液喷淋量高于1.5 L/h,气体最佳停留时间为54.9 s,去除率在95 % 以上。代谢产物以SO42-为主,转化速率在52.42 g/(m3·d)左右。该滴滤塔系统可稳定而有效运行。生物相观察表明,滴滤塔填料表面附着大量微生物,铁氧化物陶粒具有化学和生物惰性,有利于微生物的附着。     

喷淋条件对生物滴滤塔去除含H2S废气的影响

以竹炭为填料,采用高效生物滴滤塔（BTF）中试装置处理污水提升泵站产生的以H2S为主的废气,考察了喷淋时间和喷淋频率对塔内轴向H2S去除率、滤出液中SO42-浓度和pH、塔内压降的影响。结果表明：当生物滴滤塔系统的空塔停留时间为6.43 s,喷淋时间和喷淋频率分别为1 min·次-1和1次·（60 min）-1,BTF对H2S去除效果最好,去除率达99.0%以上,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级厂界排放标准;BTF滤出液中的pH值稳定在2.0~3.0之间,塔内的微生物为嗜酸性硫氧化菌;BTF对H2S的降解符合Michaelis-Menten动力学模型,在适宜喷淋条件下,BTF内的表观半饱和常数（Ks）和最大表观去除速率（Vm）分别为86.8 mg·m-3和22.3 g·（m3·h）-1,系统具有较高的抗负荷冲击能力。     

NOx在高岭土表面非均相转化的影响因素

利用自制气溶胶反应器通过实验研究了不同相对湿度（RH）、光照对NOx在高岭土表面的非均相转化过程和NO3-生成量的影响,探讨了SO2、NH3及SO2/NH3共存对NOx转化的影响。结果表明：随着RH的增加,高岭土表面NOx转化量及NO3-生成量均显著降低,其中NOx转化量最大降幅可达433%;光照增加对高岭土表面NOx的转化及NO3-的生成有促进作用,NOx转化量和NO3-生成量的相对增幅最高可分别达到167%和200%;SO2、NH3分别存在及共存时会促进NOx在高岭土表面的转化,其中NH3存在时对NOx转化和NO3-生成的协同作用最为显著。     

对柴油机集成后处理系统催化性能的数值模拟

为研究柴油机集成后处理系统的催化性能,应用CFD软件建立包括尿素水溶液分解、一氧化氮氧化和NOx选择性催化还原化学反应的数值计算模型,计算在SCR催化器上游加装DOC和CDPF催化器后不同排气温度和氨氮比时系统的催化效率。结果表明：当温度达到300℃以上时,尿素分解效率可达81%左右;NO的氧化效率基本维持在45%~60%,系统具有很好的低温催化性能,200℃时NOx催化效率可达76.6%;当氨氮比为1.0时,大多数工况下NOx催化效率均高于90%,最高可达98.7%。通过台架实验验证了模拟结果与实验数据绝对误差在5%以内,表明模拟计算结果可靠,可为后处理系统的设计提供理论指导。     

微生物对化学物质的降解(Ⅶ)——聚酯的生物分解

本章以各种高分子化学物质中的聚酯为例,介绍微生物对各种聚酯的降解。 1 聚酯的生物分解各种高分子物质中的蛋白质、核酸、多糖等天然高分子物质较易生物分解。正像人们说的那样:“由生物制成的东西,容易被生物分解”。如果把生物换成微生物则更清楚了。因此,能够分解由微生物制成的聚酯之一——聚-β-含氧酪酸(PHB,聚-β-羟基丁酸)的细菌可以从土壤中大量分离出来。下面报告用天然聚酯PHB分解菌来分解各种合成聚酯,研究其构造和生物分解性。     

有机碳源和溶解氧对亚硝酸盐生物硝化的影响研究

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中纯化分离到高活性硝化菌株N-20（Nitrobacter sp．）,在一种新型材料Carbon Foam的表面挂膜;通过对菌株N-20进行摇瓶试验,选择添加有机碳源的种类,将其在pH7．5～8．0、温度28℃的条件下,分别以NaNO2和K2HPO4为氮源和磷源,通过生物滤塔中的液相连续试验,考察在不同DO的条件下有机碳源对硝化作用的影响规律。结果表明,以葡萄糖作为有机碳源,DO≥2mg／L,葡萄糖低于20mg／L时,生物滤塔内可进行正常硝化,NO2^--N的硝化去除率维持在90％左右,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,硝化去除率下降到70％;DO≤2mg／L,葡萄糖对硝化作用的抑制增强,当葡萄糖为200mg／L时,生物滤塔中NO^2-—N的硝化去除率仅为32％。     

鼓泡反应器中Na2S对低浓度NOx的吸收

实验研究了在鼓泡反应器中硫化钠溶液吸收低浓度NOx的吸收特性,分析了NOx、O2、Na2S和NaOH浓度对吸收过程的影响,以及被吸收NO2的形态。结果显示,Na2S浓度在15.8和47.5 mmol·L-1时,气相中NO2浓度变化对吸收率影响不明显,但在0.30~3.25 mmol·L-1时,NO2浓度变化对吸收率有较大影响。气相中的O2会加速吸收反应,但同时也引起吸收剂的额外消耗。当Na2S溶液中加入NaOH,浓度达到0.1%时,可强化NO2的吸收。NOx中NO含量增加会导致吸收率下降,即使有NaOH的条件下,也未观察到NOx氧化度为0.5时NO与NO2的协同吸收效应。Na2S溶液将被吸收的NO2一部分还原为N2,一部分还原为NO2-。     

The Statistical Form for the Ambient Participate Standard Annual Arithmetic Mean vs Annual Geometric Mean

Abstract

The long-term stability of a biofilter loaded with waste gases containing NH₃ concentrations larger than 100 ppmv was studied in a laboratory-scale compost reactor. At an empty bed residence time (τ) of 21 sec, elimination capacities of more than 300 g NH₃/m³/day were obtained at elimination efficiencies up to 87%. Because of absorption and nitrification, almost 80% of the NH₃-N eliminated from the waste gas could be recovered in the compost as NH₄+-N or NO₂ ^?/NO₃ ^?-N. The high elimination capacities could be maintained as long as the NH₄+/NO_x concentration in the carrier material was less than 4 g NH₄+/NO_x ^?-N/kg wet compost. Above this critical value, osmotic effects inhibited the nitrifying activity, and the elimination capacity for NH₃ decreased. To restore the biofilter performance, a carbon source (methanol) was added to reduce NH₄+/NO_x ^? accumulated in the compost. Results indicate that methylotrophic microorganisms did convert NH₄+/NO_x ^? into biomass, as long as the NO₃ ^? content in the compost was larger than 0.1 g NO₃ ^?-N/kg compost. Removal efficiencies of CH₃OH of more than 90% were obtained at volumetric loads up to 11,000 g CH₃OH/m³/day. It is shown that addition of CH₃OH is a suitable technique for regenerating the compost material from osmotic inhibition as a result of high NH₃ loading. The biofilter was operated for 4 months with alternating loading of NH₃ and CH₃OH.     

石家庄市道路交通环境NO_x污染水平及ARMA模型预测

选择石家庄市区代表性路段作为研究对象,对其交通环境空气中NOx的污染水平进行现状监测。基于Matlab软件建立拟合模型,对下一时期的NOx污染趋势进行预测。结果表明,石家庄市交通环境中NOx小时浓度介于0.047~0.237 mg/m3之间,呈早晚高,且下午明显低于上午的日变化规律;NOx日均浓度介于0.076~0.211 mg/m3之间,其浓度与车流量呈明显的正相关性。利用matlab软件建立的ARMA模型能够较好地预测道路交通环境空气中NOx的浓度变化趋势。     

青萍(Lemna minor L.)对氮磷的吸收特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了青萍对不同浓度硝态氮和磷酸盐的吸收特征。结果表明,硝态氮浓度在1～10 mg/L范围内,青萍对硝态氮有较好的吸收效果,M-M方程可以较好地描述硝态氮浓度与青萍对硝态氮的吸收速率之间的关系,通过M-M方程拟合得到青萍对硝态氮的最大吸收速率为0.1167 mg/(g FW.h),亲和力常数为6.9274。磷酸盐浓度在0.1～1.0 mg/L范围内,青萍对磷酸盐也有较好的吸收效果,二次多项式回归可以较好地描述青萍吸收速率与磷酸盐浓度的关系,回归方程得到青萍对磷酸盐的最大吸收速率为0.0193 mg/(g FW.h),对应磷酸盐浓度为0.6 mg/L。     

基于功能基因表达的高氯酸盐与硝酸盐氮修复

为更好地研究环境中高氯酸盐离子(ClO-4)与硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)混合污染的共同降解。选用pcrA、cld基因表征参与高氯酸盐降解的细菌,NirS基因表征反硝化细菌,16S rRNA基因表征整个细菌群落的活性。通过对高浓度硝酸盐氮与高氯酸盐混合污染降解体系内不同时间点不同种基因的表达分析,实时定量的反应复杂环境中混合污染物生物降解机理。结果表明,在外源添加足够的醋酸盐作为电子供体条件下,NO-3-N与ClO-4质量浓度比为5∶1时,硝酸盐氮的存在不会完全抑制ClO-4的降解,当NO-3-N降解完全时,可以加快ClO-4的降解过程。在有硝酸盐氮存在的混合降解体系内,pcrA和cld基因与ClO-4的浓度变化之间的相关性不是很高,证明该功能基因对复杂环境中特定生物群落的表征有一定局限性。     

Biological Removal of Gaseous Ammonia in Biofilters: Space Travel and Earth-Based Applications

ABSTRACT

Gaseous NH₃ removal was studied in laboratory-scale biofilters (14-L reactor volume) containing perlite inoculated with a nitrifying enrichment culture. These biofilters received 6 L/min of airflow with inlet NH₃ concentrations of 20 or 50 ppm, and removed more than 99.99% of the NH₃ for the period of operation (101, 102 days). Comparison between an active reactor and an autoclaved control indicated that NH₃ removal resulted from nitrification directly, as well as from enhanced absorption resulting from acidity produced by nitrification. Spatial distribution studies (20 ppm only) after 8 days of operation showed that nearly 95% of the NH₃ could be accounted for in the lower 25% of the biofilter matrix, proximate to the port of entry. Periodic analysis of the biofilter material (20 and 50 ppm) showed accumulation of the nitrification product NO₃ ^- early in the operation, but later both NO₂ ^- and NO₃ ^- accumulated. Additionally, the N-mass balance accountability dropped from near 100% early in the experiments to ~95 and 75% for the 20- and 50-ppm biofilters, respectively. A partial contributing factor to this drop in mass balance accountability was the production of NO and N₂O, which were detected in the biofilter exhaust.     

Differences between Weekday and Weekend Air Pollutant Levels in Southern California

Abstract

Ambient air quality data were analyzed to empirically evaluate the effects of reductions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions on weekday and weekend levels of ozone (O₃; 1991–1998) and particulate NO₃ ^- (1980–1999) in southern California. Despite significantly lower O₃ precursor levels on weekends, 20 of 28 South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) sites (28 of all 78 southern California sites) showed statistically significant higher mean O₃ levels on Sundays than on weekdays (p < 0.01); 49 of the remaining 50 sites showed no significant differences between mean weekday and Sunday peak O₃ levels. We also observed no statistically significant differences between mean weekday and weekend concentrations of particulate NO₃ ^- or nitric acid (HNO₃, the precursor of particulate NO₃ ^-). Averaged over sites, the mean Sunday NO_x and nonmethane hydrocarbon concentrations were 25–41% and 16–30% lower, respectively, than on weekdays. Site-to-site differences between weekend and weekday mean peak hourly O₃ levels were related to whether O₃ formation was limited by the availability of NO_x. A thermodynamic equilibrium model predicts that particulate NO₃ ^- levels would decrease in response to a reduction of HNO₃, and that particulate ammonium NO₃ ^- formation was not limited by the availability of ammonia. The similarity of mean weekday and weekend levels of NO₃ ^- therefore did not result from limitations on the formation of particulate NO₃ ^- from its precursor, HNO₃.     

混合固定化硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌处理焦化废水

对传统的聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化方法进行了改进,试制了加入麦秸粉末的固定化球和以活性炭纤维膜为载体膜固定化细胞产品。混合固定化硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌对经过厌氧折流板反应器酸化后的焦化废水进行脱氮,焦化废水在厌氧折流板反应器中经过18 h的酸化后,pH在8.0左右,开始进入好氧槽进行脱氮。在有效容积为5 L好氧槽中经过12 h的曝气处理,加入麦秸粉末的固定化球对氨氮的去除率高达94.3%;纤维膜固定化细胞产品对氨氮的去除率为85%。整个脱氮过程无NO^-₂-N和NO^-₂-N的积累,实现了好氧条件下的同时硝化和反硝化。     

耐低温贫营养好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性及安全性

针对微污染水体强化原位生物脱氮技术同时面临低温、贫营养及好氧问题,对实验室已分离筛选的贫营养好氧反硝化菌和耐低温好氧反硝化菌进行菌源重组,构建出高效耐低温贫营养好氧脱氮功能菌群T1(Y3+F3+H8)和T2(Y3+F4)。研究不同投菌量条件下菌群的脱氮特性,结果表明,投菌量对T1脱氮效果有一定影响,0.1、0.2和1.0 mg/L投量对NO3--N去除率为71%、91%和100%,总氮去除率为56%、34%和52%;T2菌群,当投量为0.2 mg/L时,对NO3--N、总氮去除率最大可达66%和59.48%。对菌群T1、T2进行生物安全性分析,采用次氯酸钠进行消毒,其生物灭活率均达到99.9%以上。     

Phosphorus removal in a sulfur–limestone autotrophic denitrification (SLAD) biofilter

The sulfur–limestone autotrophic denitrification (SLAD) biofilter was able to remove phosphorous from wastewater during autotrophic denitrification. Parameters influencing autotrophic denitrification in the SLAD biofilter, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent nitrate (NO₃ ^?), and influent PO₄ ^3? concentrations, had significant effects on P removal. P removal was well correlated with total oxidized nitrogen (TON) removed in the SLAD biofilter; the more TON removed, the more efficient P removal was achieved. When treating the synthetic wastewater containing NO₃ ^?-N of 30 mg L^?1 and PO₄ ^3?-P of 15 mg L^?1, the SLAD biofilter removed phosphorus of 45 % when the HRT was 6 h, in addition with TN removal of nearly 100 %. The optimal phosphorus removal in the SLAD biofilter was around 60 %. For the synthetic wastewater containing a PO₄ ^3?-P concentration of 15 mg L^?1, the main mechanism of phosphorus removal was the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates.     

土壤渗滤介质系统去除雨水径流污染物

利用昆明当地的土壤在室内填装一个土柱渗滤系统,使用配水浓度模拟昆明市区雨水径流污染物浓度,进行去除雨水径流污染物的实验研究,考察系统对COD、TN、NH4＋、NO3^-、NO2^-和TP的去除效果。实验结果表明,该土壤渗滤系统对COD平均去除率为82．04％,对TN的平均去除率为22．64％,对NH;平均去除率为94．26％,但是对NO3^-、NO2^-去除效果较差,对TP平均去除率为96．95％;另外,系统长期运行导致下渗速度降低,出水效果反而变好。