Infectivity and efficacy of Glomus aggregatum and growth response of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. in flyash amended sterile soil

In the present investigation a pot culture experiment was conducted using sterile, phosphorus deficient soil to study the effect of flyash at 3 different concentrations (10g, 20g and 30g flyash/kg soil) on the infectivity and effectiveness of VAM fungus Glomus aggregatum in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) cv Maruti. The flyash amendment in soil at all the 3 different concentrations was found to affect significantly the intensity of VAM fungal colonization inside the plant roots and also suppressed the formation of VAM fungal structure (vesicles and arbuscules) completely at higher concentration (30g flyash/kg soil). The response of the pigeonpea plants, as judged by their higher and dry weight, under the influence of flyash amendment in VAM fungus infested soils was found to be considerably less (though not significant enough) when compared to the control plants (without flyash) that have otherwise shown significant increase in growth over the plants without Glomus aggregatum inoculation. However, flyash amendment without VAM inoculation was also found to enhance the growth of plants as compared to control plants (without flyash and VAM inoculum).     

不同磷效率基因型小麦对VAM真菌依赖性的影响因子及机理

以高、中、低效３ 个磷效率基因型小麦为试材,在ｗ（Ｐ２Ｏ５） ＝２０ ｍｇｋｇ 和６０ ｍｇｋｇ 的水平下,接种或不接种两个ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,研究了影响小麦菌根依赖性的因子及机理．结果表明,在低磷水平下,小麦菌根依赖性的大小顺序为中效＞ 低效＞ 高效;对Ｇ． ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍ 的依赖性大于对Ｇ． ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 的依赖性;而在高磷水平下,接种菌根表现出不同程度的生长抑制作用．相关分析发现,菌根依赖性与根冠比、根长、根毛长度、根毛密度、磷利用效率之间的相关性不显著;在低磷水平下,菌根依赖性与磷效率、根吸收效率之间呈极显著的负相关,与韧皮部蔗糖运输速率之间呈显著或极显著的正相关．认为影响不同磷效率基因型小麦菌根依赖性的主要因子是根的吸收效率;菌根依赖性、磷效率和韧皮部蔗糖运输速率均受根吸收效率影响     

泡囊丛枝菌根对红三叶草根际土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

以三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了缺磷土壤上施用植酸时接种３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ,Ｇｌｍｏｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ）对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。三叶草生长６０ｄ后,收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性,结果表明,接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ菌     

接种Glomus versiforme对红三叶草利用有机磷的影响

以红三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究接种菌根真菌Glmous versiforme对土壤有机磷及外加有机磷化合物植酸钠（Na-Phytate)、核糖核酸（RNA）和卵磷脂（Lecithin)的利用效率,植株生长7wk后收获测定植标干物重、含磷量和根系菌根侵染率,结果表明：接种菌根真菌能明显增加植株干物重、含磷量和吸磷总量,与各有机磷处理相比,无机磷（KH2PO4）处理生长效应最好,施用有机磷化合物各处理与CK相比均明显促进了植株生长,但不同有机磷处理之间没有显著差异,在植株吸磷量上,各接种处理均为相应CK处理的2倍以上,其中磷酸二氢钾处理吸磷量最高,菌根对照植物的根外菌丝虽然被限制在有限的空间内,但其吸磷量也达到不施磷的CK－M处理的2倍多,这说明由于菌根的形成植物能利用土壤因有的有机磷来满足自身生长的需要,表3参10     

污泥堆肥利用中AM对稗草生长及Cu、Pb吸收的影响

在滨海盐渍土中分别混加质量分数为0%、20%、40%和60%的污泥堆肥,作为盆栽基质,研究摩西球囊霉（Glomusmosseae）和根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices）2种AM真菌对稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）生长及其吸收Cu、Pb的影响,分别以不接种AM真菌的处理为各自的对照。结果显示：添加污泥堆肥处理中稗草接种苗菌根侵染率均显著高于纯盐泽土处理。同时,随着盐渍土中污泥堆肥含量增加稗草生物量上升,其中在含有40%和60%污泥堆肥处理中接种AM真菌稗草的地上及地下部生物量显著高于未接种苗。接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草Cu、Pb富集总量;接种AM真菌显著提高了稗草地下部Cu富集量,却降低了地下部Pb累积量,提高了Pb向地上部的转运,增加了地上部Pb累积量。这些结果表明污泥堆肥中接种AM真菌可以促进稗草的生长和提高对重金属Cu、Pb的富集能力。     

Mycorrhizal species differentially alter plant growth and response to herbivory

Plants simultaneously interact with multiple organisms which can both positively and negatively affect their growth. Herbivores can reduce plant growth through loss of plant biomass and photosynthetic area, while plant mutualists, such as mycorrhizal fungi, can increase plant growth through uptake of essential nutrients. This is the first study examining whether species-specific associations with mycorrhizal fungi alter plant tolerance to herbivory. We grew Plantago lanceolata plants with three species of mycorrhizal fungi previously shown to have differential impacts on plant growth and subjected them to herbivory by the specialist lepidopteran herbivore, Junonia coenia. Association with mycorrhizal fungus Glomus white provided the greatest growth benefit but did not alter plant response to herbivory. Alternatively, association with Archaeospora trappei provided less growth promotion but did lead to tolerance to herbivory in the form of an increased growth rate. Finally, an association with the fungus Scutellospora calospora led to neither plant growth promotion nor tolerance to herbivory. In fact, an association with S. calospora appeared to reduce plant tolerance to herbivory. An association with all three species of mycorrhizae resulted in a pattern of growth similar to that of plants grown only with Glomus white, suggesting that growth promotion by multiple mycorrhizal species is driven by the inclusion of a "super fungus," in this case, Glomus white. This work illustrates that plant response to herbivory depends upon the mycorrhizal fungal mutualist with which a plant is associated.     

Assessment of the pulp and paper mill effluent on growth,yield and nutrient quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Assessment of agropotentiality of the effluent coming out from century pulp and paper mill, Ghanshyamdham, Lalkua (Uttaranchal) has been made on wheat (Triticum aestivum var. UP-2329) crop grown in two soils differing in texture with different effluent concentrations. Diluted effluent increased the chlorophyll content, plant height, shoot and root biomass, grain yield, protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents in wheat grains, while undiluted effluent caused inhibition in plant growth resulting in a sharp decline of yield. Pure soil provided better growth and yield results than those soil mixed with sand.     

土壤重金属污染对丛枝菌根真菌产孢量的影响

以沈阳附近重金属矿区自然和农田土壤为研究对象，对土壤重金属含量、植物类型、AMF种群及孢子密度进行了调查，并对污染的农田、荒地土壤进行了比较．结果表明：调查污染区土壤中球囊霉属为优势类群，无梗囊霉属为少见类群，盾巨孢囊霉属为偶见类群，无梗囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属对重金属污染特别是铜污染较为敏感；丛枝菌根真菌重金属污染土壤中分布广泛．在综合污染指数达到28．03的严重污染土壤中仍能生存，其孢子密度在不同污染程度的土壤中变异很大，轻、中度污染土壤中较高，随重金属污染程度的增加而锐减；矿区重金属污染土壤中土壤污染程度、土壤pH值、土壤利用情况及宿主植物都影响AMF产孢．图4表4参32     

Screening for plants and rhizospheral fungi with bioremediation potency of petroleum-polluted soils in a Tehran oil refinery area

The contamination of soils by toxic and/or hazardous organic pollutants, especially with crude oil, is a widespread problem. This study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated area in a Tehran oil refinery to find petroleum-resistant plants and their rhizospheral fungal strains with bioremediation potency. The plants growing in the oil-polluted area were collected and determined taxonomically. Root samples of the plant species were collected from a polluted area and fungal strains determined by laboratory methods and taxonomical keys. The growth ability of the isolated fungal strains was studied in media containing 1%–15% crude oil. Results showed that seven plant species were of the highest density in the contaminated area: Alhagi persarum, Hordeum marinum, Peganum harmala, Phragmites australis, Prosopis farcta, Salsola kali, and Senecio glaucus. The root-associated fungi were isolated and showed that the fungal variation in the oil-polluted area is higher than that in a non-polluted area. The growth assay of isolated fungal strains showed that all studied fungal strains were able to form colonies at the applied concentrations but Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp. were the most resistant ones. Some plants were resistant to oil pollution, which also had positive effects on the fungal strains.     

Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on the seedling growth of three Pistacia species

The experiment was undertaken to test the efficiency of inoculation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on the seedling growth of three Pistacia species used as rootstocks. The stratified Pistacia seeds were inoculated with VAM fungi. The highest rate of inoculated roots was 96.7% in P. khinjuck seedlings with G. clarum and G. etunicatum, 83.3% in P. vera seedlings with G. caledonium and 73.3% in P. terebinthus seedlings with G. caledonium. Mycorrhizal inoculations improved seedling height only in P. terebinthus. Certain mycorrhizal inoculations increased the leaf N, but not P and K contents. Seedlings inoculated with G. caledonium had higher reducing sugar contents. It was concluded that pre-inoculated Pistacia seedlings could have a better growth in the harsh field conditions.     

VA菌根真菌对玉米生长及根际土壤微生态环境的影响

用两种不同的VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomuscaledonium接种玉米进行盆栽试验。结果表明,两种菌株均能侵染玉米,促进玉米生长．其中以Glomus caledonium的侵染率和作用较为明显。接种后,根区土壤中的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量和微生物生物量明显增加,但真菌的数量则稍有下降。此外．菌根的形成也改善了根区土壤的微生态环境,为下一造作物的生长积累了养分基础。     

云南会泽废弃铅锌矿区植物丛枝菌根和深色有隔内生真菌研究

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对云南省会泽县者海镇废弃铅锌矿区的17科21种植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查,结果发现,15种植物形成典型的丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的71%;2种植物不确定是否形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的10%;4种植物没有形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的19%.用湿筛沉淀法从这些植物根际土壤中共分离鉴定出了4属20种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),即无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种,球囊霉属(Glomus)14种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspo-ra)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种;其中,球囊霉属分离频率为77%,是样地的优势属.在AMF中,疣突球囊霉(G.verruculosum)分离频率最高,在20种植物的根际土中都有发现;此外,聚生球囊霉(G.fasciculatum)的相对多度最大,为56%,具有最强的产孢能力.同时,在13种植物的根中发现了深色有隔内生真菌(DSE),占调查植物的62%,其中,10种植物同时被DSE和AMF感染.本调查研究表明,AMF和DSE能普遍存在于Pb、Zn重金属污染土壤中.     

Impact of paper mill effluent on growth and development of certain agricultural crops

The physico-chemical characteristics of paper mill industry effluent were measured and some were found to be above the permissible limits prescribed by Indian irrigation water standard. A study was conducted in pots to investigate the effects of different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100%) of paper mill effluent on growth and production of rice, mustard and peafor three years. The study reveals that the paper mill effluent has deleterious effect on the growth of crop at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentration (viz. 10 to 40% in rice, 10 to 50% in mustard and 10 to 60% in pea) of effluent, beneficial impact on general welfare of the crops was noticed. Growth and development was increased with increasing the concentration of the effluent up to 30% in rice, 40% in mustard and 50% in pea. Investigation showed that the growth and production of rice, mustard and pea was found maximum at a concentration of 30, 40 and 50% effluent respectively.     

VA菌根菌剂的生产及其接种潜力的测定

VA菌很是由球囊霉目的结合菌与植物根组织形成的一类共生联合体，在农林业生产中具有巨大的应用前景．众多研究表明，VA菌根真菌是一种亟待开发利用的微生物资源．本文详细介绍了VA菌根真菌的繁殖方法，探讨了VA菌根菌剂的生产途径；文中还讨论了测定菌剂接种潜力的评价方法，重点介绍了最或然数测定法．     

菌根在污染土壤生物修复中的作用

菌根是土壤真菌 -植物根系形成的共生体 ,广泛存在于自然界中 ,它能增强植物的吸收能力 ,改善植物的生长 ,提高植株的抗逆能力和耐受能力等。所以 ,菌根化植物可作为很好的生物修复载体。本文主要从无机、有机以及放射性污染 3方面对国内外关于菌根在污染土壤生物修复中的作用进行了综述     

Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils: Pre-screening for suitable plants and rhizospheral fungi

A field study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated site in Kermanshah refinery (Iran) to find the petroleum-resistant plant species and the rhizospheral fungi for being used in bioremediation. Results showed that the amounts of petroleum pollution in non-vegetated areas is 6.8% and in vegetated areas is 2.2%. Plant samples were collected from petroleum-polluted areas and determined using morphological characters. It was found that eight plant species were growing on the contaminated sites: Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus retroflexus, Noea mucronata, Alhaji cameleron, Crozophora heirosolymitrana, Poa sp., Convolvulus arvensis and Trifolium repense. The rhizospheral fungi of the plants were collected and determined using microscopic studies and taxonomical keys. The results determined the presence of 21 species in the rhizosphere of the plants growing in the polluted areas; three of these species were common in all of the plants and the others have species-specific distribution within the plants. The highest number of rhizospheral fungi (11 species) were determined for P. aviculare in non-polluted areas and nine species in polluted areas. It seems that the plant is the best candidate for using phytoremediation. However, the variation of fungi in petroleum-polluted areas was more than non-polluted zones. The culture of fungi in oil-contaminated media showed that, although all the studied fungi were resistant to low petroleum pollution (1% v/v), a few species, especially Fusarium species, showed higher resistance to petroleum pollution (10% v/v) and hence they may be suitable for mycoremediation in highly polluted areas.     

镉铜污染尾矿土中添加耐镉铜菌剂J5后微生物区系多样性的变化

采用酶解法和化学裂解法相结合的方法从安徽铜陵镉铜污染尾矿土中提取出土壤微生物基因组总DNA,并应用PCR-DGGE技术对比研究尾矿土中添加外源硫酸镉、硫酸铜和耐镉铜菌剂J5(Pseudomonassp.)后微生物区系多样性的变化.结果表明,尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA分子量大小为21kb左右,未复垦的尾矿砂中微生物总DNA量较少,CdSO4处理后的尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA量明显下降,而添加菌剂J5的尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA量上升.DGGE电泳图谱进一步显示,尾矿土样中添加镉离子使图谱条带减少,分析表明尾矿土中的细菌种类数减少;而添加菌剂J5使图谱中条带明显增加,表明菌剂J5可提高尾矿土中土著微生物的活性和群落丰富度,可用于复合重金属污染尾矿区的生态恢复.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Cellular damage of plant pathogenic fungi by antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus spp. isolates

The use of microorganisms as biological control agents (BCAs) has become an effective alternative to chemical means of controlling plant pathogens. The antagonistic and inhibitory activity of 71 Bacillus spp. strains, which were isolated from different Mexican sites, were tested against several phytopathogen fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium avenaceum, Bipolaris spp. and Alternaria spp. From the antagonism study, the strain ELI149 showed a marked inhibition of growth against all tested fungi; therefore crude metabolites from this strain were extracted using ethyl acetate and amberlite resin and probed against the same fungi as well as strains of Mucor sp., Penicillium spp. and Paecilomyces spp. The results indicated that amberlite was more suitable for extraction of secondary metabolites with antifungal activity. Finally, observation of cell damage in the tested pathogenic fungi showed marked morphological changes on reproductive structures in all tested fungi indicating that antibiosis was the mechanism of the antagonistic effect. These results suggest that metabolites from the Bacillus strains have a wide spectrum of antibiotic activities, which can be used as biocontrol agents for controlling fungal plant diseases of agricultural importance.