Teil II: Stoffstromnetze für Fruchtfolgen

The general results of material flow analyses for agricultural farms presented in Part I are now specified for three farms in Lower Saxony. For this, the existing material flow net for winter wheat is extended by the crops of winter barley, winter rye, summer barley, rape, sugar beets and potatoes. The assessment is essentially done regarding the impact categories of resource depletion, cumulated energy demand (CED) and emissions to atmosphere. Besides the assessment of single farms or crops, also the comparison, of different agricultural production systems is possible, whereby the choice of the functional unit and the basis of comparison (with reference to input or output) is of major importance. Additionally, as for agricultural means of production, the material flows and emissions resulting from the provision of carbolime — an often employed carbonate fertiliser as for sugar-beet cultivation — are derived completely within this article. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses on the subject of detail intensity of agricultural basic data are presented for the example of machine employment. The material flow nets are regarded as transferable to other farms with similar crop rotation systems, with an appropriate expenditure of information gathering and parameterisation. The complete net can be used as a module within further investigations, e.g. of the industrial processing of food, as a pre-production chain for agricultural resources being part of the production process (winter wheat — mill, brewing barley — brewery, sugar beets — sugar-factory).     

A simulation model of estuarine subsystem coupling and carbon exchange with the sea. II. North Inlet model structure,output and validation

A first-stage verified model of carbon/energy flux through the North Inlet (South Carolina) marsh—estuarine ecosystem is presented. The time series output for model compartments and overall septem carbon flow are compared with observed data collected over the past five to ten years. Results indicate that the model is stable and can broadly reproduce some of the major trends of a salt marsh—estuarine system. Further avenues of research are suggested.     

An atmospheric—terrestrial heavy metal transport model. II. Process equations

The process equations used by Wagenet et al. (1978) to describe the atmospheric— terrestrial transport of heavy metals are presented in detail. The accounting procedures allowing calculation of sediment eroded, heavy metal distribution, soil chemical reactions and precipitation are explained. The process equations for the atmospheric dispersion model of Wagenet et al. (1978) are not included.     

Generic framework for meso-scale assessment of climate change hazards in coastal environments

This paper presents a generic framework for assessing inherent climate change hazards in coastal environments through a combined coastal classification and hazard evaluation system. The framework is developed to be used at scales relevant for regional and national planning and aims to cover all coastal environments worldwide through a specially designed coastal classification system containing 113 generic coastal types. The framework provides information on the degree to which key climate change hazards are inherent in a particular coastal environment, and covers the hazards of ecosystem disruption, gradual inundation, salt water intrusion, erosion and flooding. The system includes a total of 565 individual hazard evaluations, each graduated into four different hazard levels based on a scientific literature review. The framework uses a simple assessment methodology with limited data and computing requirements, allowing for application in developing country settings. It is presented as a graphical tool—the Coastal Hazard Wheel—to ease its application for planning purposes.     

雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的在线富集方法

利用一维离子色谱建立了高氯酸盐的在线富集方法,以期为建立定量检测南极雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的离子色谱-串联质谱法奠定基础.选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,等梯度淋洗.考虑到南极雪冰样品量十分有限,选定5 mL为富集体积,对应的富集时间为10 min.高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5—50μg.L-1范围内,方法具有良好的线性（相关系数为0.9995）,检出限（以S/N=3计）为0.05μg.L-1.将浓度为0.5μg.L-1的标准溶液连续11次富集进样,所得峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.以人工配制的仅含有高氯酸盐的溶液实施了加标回收实验,回收率在85%—108%之间.     

A boundary value approach for estuarine water quality modelling with results for Jamaica Bay,New York

Results of water quality modelling for Jamaica Bay, a New York estuary with a large hydraulic circulation, are presented. The two-dimensional topology is approximated by a set of coupled one-dimensional subsystems. The long term steady state water quality problem is then reformulated as a multi-point boundary value problem for ordinary differential equations. Piecewise constant dispersion parameters are estimated from salinity data.A sequential algorithm based on parallel shooting is developed for solving the multipoint problem. The method, which simplifies handling of feedforward and feedback reaction kinetics, is equivalent to employing a high order finite difference technique with the subsequent enhanced accuracy.Results of model verification for uncoupled variables — salinity, coliform, total soluble phosphorus, and coupled variables for nitrogen (organic and ammonia) and BOD-DO for Jamaica Bay are discussed.     

Plume rise and spread in buoyant releases from elevated sources in the lower atmosphere

This study focuses on the influence of emission conditions—velocity and temperature—on the dynamics of a buoyant gas release in the atmosphere. The investigations are performed by means of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations. The aim is to evaluate the reliability of a Lagrangian code to simulate the dispersion of a plume produced by pollutant emissions influenced by thermal and inertial phenomena. This numerical code implements the coupling between a Lagrangian stochastic model and an integral plume rise model being able to estimate the centroid trajectory. We verified the accuracy of the plume rise model and we investigated the ability of two Lagrangian models to evaluate the plume spread by means of comparisons between experiments and numerical solutions. A quantitative study of the performances of the models through some suitable statistical indices is presented and critically discussed. This analysis shows that an additional spread has to be introduced in the Lagrangian trajectory equation in order to account the dynamical and thermal effects induced by the source conditions.     

镉胁迫下蚯蚓金属硫蛋白氧化修饰的研究(Oxidative Modification of Metallothionein in Earthworm under Cd Stress)

金属硫蛋白(MT)是生物体内的一类富含巯基(—SH)的蛋白,在细胞氧化还原调控和重金属解毒等方面具有重要作用.MT的—SH可以络合重金属,同时对氧化作用很敏感,重金属胁迫产生的活性氧物质(ROS)可以将其氧化成二硫键(S—S).为揭示镉(Cd)对蚯蚓MT的—SH含量及其氧化修饰的影响,将蚯蚓放入Cd浓度为0、100、300mg·kg-1的黄棕壤中胁迫21天,通过SBD-F标记和高效液相色谱(HPLC)结合的方法测定MT中—SH和S—S的含量.结果显示,随着Cd浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的—SH和S—S含量均逐渐增加,但S—S所占比例降低.这说明Cd诱导了蚯蚓体内MT合成,并且诱导量随着Cd胁迫的增强而增加,但—SH的氧化修饰程度有所下降.     

On the intrinsic structure of differential equation models of ecosystems

Some intrinsic properties of differential equation models of ecosystems are formulated. The properties, which are long-termed, are classified into fundamental, stability, and sensitivity substructures. An aspect of the ecological term “resilient” — asymptotic stability uniformly for all small parameter variations — is introduced in a mathematical setting. In the sensitivity substructure, bounded sensitivity and continuity of sensitivity with respect to solutions are recognized as intrinsic properties. Illustrations of these two properties are given.     

基于变化阶段特点的亚热带红壤硝化模式及其影响因素分析

在土壤最大持水量60%和温度30℃的实验室培养条件下,对采自江西的15个第三纪红砂岩母质发育的自然土壤（灌丛和林地）和农业利用土壤（茶园、旱地和水稻）进行了56 d实验室培养,研究了土壤NO3--N含量随时间的变化过程及阶段特点。结果显示,发生净硝化作用的14个土样NO3--N质量分数随时间的变化表现＂J＂型增长和＂S＂型增长2种模式。＂J＂型增长模式的6个土样,67%为自然土壤,其NO3--N质量分数增长具有15~35 d的延滞期,符合指数方程N=N0e kt（P〈0.001）,N0值与有效磷质量分数呈显著的指数关系（P〈0.05）。＂S＂型增长模式的8个土样,88%为农业利用土壤,NO3--N累积无明显延滞期,符合Logistic修正模型N=Np/（1＋e2.e-rt）（延滞期td=0,P〈0.001）,由模型获得的土样最大硝化速率vm与土壤全氮质量分数和全碳质量分数具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0.001）,达到最大硝化速率所需的时间tm与风干土的NO3--N质量分数呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。上述结果表明,农业利用措施,特别旱作种植可消除亚热带土壤硝化作用的延滞期,从而使铵态氮肥施入土壤后快速转化成为硝态氮,增大硝态氮淋失的风险。     

Emerging,diverging and converging paradigms on sustainable development

Sustainable development has been used in various contexts by theoreticians and practitioners from a number of disciplines. This review explores some of these contexts from basic and applied ecological sciences, social sciences and philosophical works. It is concluded that there is a need to develop a theoretical paradigm that helps to explain the reasons underlying human resource use—a fundamental question that has been ignored in many other studies. A theoretical, evolutionary approach and several premises derived from this approach are offered. The theoretical framework suggests that societal scale, social structure, interrelatedness of individuals, and reciprocal relations between individuals may all be important in determining the types of management programmes that promote sustainable resource use by humans. Examples of solutions to various sustainability issues at different scales, based on different kinds of incentive structures, are also presented.     

Is it only the regulatory status? Broadening the debate on cisgenic plants

In current debates on emerging technologies for plant breeding in Europe, much attention has been given to the regulatory status of these techniques and their public acceptance. At present, both genetically modified plants with cisgenic approaches—using genes from crossable species—as well as transgenic approaches—using genes from different species—fall under GMO regulation in the EU and both are mandatorily labelled as GMOs. Researchers involved in the early development of cisgenic GM plants convey the message that the potential use and acceptance of cisgenic approaches will be seriously hindered if GMO regulations are not adjusted. Although the similar treatment and labelling of transgenic and cisgenic plants may be a legitimate concern for the marketability of a cisgenic GM plant, there are concerns around their commercialization that reach beyond the current focus on (de)regulation. In this paper, we will use the development of the cisgenic GM potato that aims to overcome ‘late blight’—the most devastating potato disease worldwide—as a case to argue that it is important to recognize, reflect and respond to broader concerns than the dominant focus on the regulatory ‘burden’ and consumer acceptance. Based on insights we gained from discussing this case with diverse stakeholders within the agricultural sector and potato production in Norway during a series of workshops, we elaborate on additional issues such as the (technical) solution offered; different understandings of the late blight problem; the durability of the potato plant resistance; and patenting and ownership. Hence, this paper contributes to empirical knowledge on stakeholder perspectives on emerging plant breeding technologies, underscoring the importance to broaden the scope of the debate on the opportunities and challenges of agricultural biotechnologies, such as cisgenic GM plants. The paper offers policy-relevant input to ongoing efforts to broaden the scope of risk assessments of agricultural biotechnologies. We aim to contribute to the recognition of the complex socio-ecological, legal and political dimensions in which these technological developments are entangled as a means to acknowledge, discuss and respond to these concerns and thereby contribute to more comprehensive and responsible developments within agricultural biotechnology.     

Green,greener, greenest: Eco-label gradation and competition

This paper analyzes two common features of markets in which eco-label programs certify that products are “green”: gradation—single programs offering multiple certification standards (e.g., platinum, gold, silver)—and competition—multiple programs vying to certify to their respective standards. We find that, depending on whether programs are sponsored by industry, environmental groups, or a government, they have strikingly different incentives to grade or compete. Industry sponsors are indifferent about both; environmentalist sponsors optimally grade or compete with other environmentalist sponsors only if consumer preferences for green consumption are skewed in a specific way; and government sponsors׳ decisions depend on the relative importance of private vs. public benefits generated by the green market. We find also that it is no accident that green markets frequently have an environmentalist program competing with an industry one. For each of the cases examined, our analysis is consistent with casual empirical evidence.     

On measuring sustainable development indicators

Sustainable development, as proposed by the Brundtland Report, requires carefully managed change to improve environmental and economic conditions as well as the quality of life for all people. Some of the problems involved in this demanding challenge faced by individuals, local communities, nations and the international community are discussed. In particular, nine indicators of sustainable development—gleaned from economic, socioeconomic and environmental studies—are critically reviewed. It is argued that a programme of detailed theoretical and empirical research is needed to develop a series of measures or indicators of sustainable development for strategic decision making and detailed environmental management.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法在线观测大气中的氢氟碳化物和全氟化碳

利用组装的气相色谱-质谱联用系统(GC-MS)同时测定大气中6种氢氟碳化物(HFCs)和4种全氟化碳(PFCs),空气样品采样的时间分辨率120 min,精度范围0.15%—3.11%,准确度范围-1.52%—0.63%.对2011年2月在北京上甸子站的实验观测结果进行分析,获得HFC-23、HFC-32、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-125、HFC-152a、CF4、PFC-116、PFC-218、PFC-318的本底和非本底浓度,表明该系统适用于大气中HFCs和PFCs浓度在线观测.     

Modified Edman degradation applied to hemoglobin for monitoring occupational exposure to alkylating agents

A method that can be used for the monitoring of exposure to alkylating agents in the environment is presented. It is based on the quantification of alkylated N‐terminal valines in hemoglobin, using a modified Edman degradation procedure. The detection limit (GC/electron capture detector or GC/MS) is increased by two magnitudes of ten when using pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate instead of phenyl isothiocyanate in the derivatization step. As little as one nmole N‐(—2 hydroxyethyl)valine per gram hemoglobin can be detected under practical conditions.     

京津冀城市高温的气候特征及城市化效应

选取京津冀13个城市气象站点5—8月的日最高气温资料,用统计学方法分析了该区域城市高温日数的空间特征、年代际变化及跃变。采用城市站和城镇站对比方法,研究了京津冀不同区域高温的城市化效应。结论如下：（1）该区域城市高温日数的空间分布特征为,西南部存在一个高值中心,向东北方向递减,存在一个自石家庄市指向承德市的高值脊。（2）该区域城市高温日数的年代际变化为冀东北部城市1965—1998年是少高温期,1999—2010年是多高温期。冀西北部、冀中南部和京、津城市,1997—2010年是高温日最多时段,1960—1972年是次多时段,1973—1996年是最少时段。（3）冀东北部城市35℃以上高温日数,1991—1992年发生跃变,显著增加。冀中南部城市37℃以上高温日数,1996—1997年发生跃变,显著增加。北京市35℃以上高温日数,1995—1996年发生跃变,显著增加;37℃以上高温日数,1985—1986年发生跃变,显著增加。（4）冀西北部城市和冀中南部城市自1970年代开始,城市化效应逐步显现,并分别从1990年代和1980年代开始城市化效应增强。冀东北部城市和京、津两市的城市化效应近年并无增强趋势,而是小城镇的城市化效应在1990年代后期—2010年显现出来。其原因可能是城镇人口和建成面积的快速增长所致。     

Distribution,fate and persistence of organochlorine compounds formed during production of bleached pulp

The processes governing distribution of a xenobiotic compound discharged initially into the environment are discussed, and attention is drawn to (a) binding to organic matter in the sediment phase which affects both persistence and toxicity to biota and (b) the role of atmospheric transport for compounds of low water solubility and high vapour pressure. Important limitations in the use of sum parameters such as EOCI are pointed out. The important distinction between biodegradation and biotransformation is pointed out, and significant experimental determinants noted. Pathways for the aerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds are discussed, and attention is drawn to the role of O‐methylation as an environmentally significant alternative to biodegradation. Evidence for the biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic acids and hydrocarbons under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is presented. Anaerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds is discussed with respect to (a) de‐O‐methylation of chloroguaiacols, (b) dechlorination of chlorocatechols and (c) reduction of chlorovanillins. It is emphasized that current evidence provides a complex metabolic picture, and that only partial dechlorination may occur. Brief attention is given to the important issue of the persistence of chlorolignin, and attention drawn to technical issues which render this problem difficult of access by traditional procedures. Biohalogenation—particularly by fungi—is noted, though its quantitative contribution cannot be estimated at the moment. A number of important unresolved issues are underscored: (a) the problem of determining rates of microbial reactions which may be translated to environmental situations, (b) the cardinal role not only of the number of chlorine atoms in an aromatic compound but also the substitution pattern and (c) limitations in current understanding of the role of anaerobic bacteria in bringing about biodegradation and biotransformation.     

Campesino hunting and conservation in Latin America

Hunting presents a paradox for biodiversity conservation. It is both a problem and a solution to species declines and poverty. Yet, conservation scientists hold different assumptions about the significance and sustainability of hunting based on the cultures and identities of hunters. In Latin America, conservationists largely sort hunters as either indigenous or campesino. Indigenous hunters are often characterized as culturally driven stewards of wildlife sustainability. Campesino hunters, by contrast, are described as peasants—cultureless, uneducated, and uncaring toward wildlife sustainability. Although such ethnically fueled hunting discourse promotes hunting research, campesino hunters remain underrepresented in most comparative hunting reviews. Moreover, there are no targeted syntheses on the current state of knowledge about campesino hunting, nothing to guide conservation research and practice with and for the largest group of hunters in Latin America. We reviewed 334 articles published from 1937 to 2018 in English (55%) and Spanish (45%)—mostly published in 145 peer-reviewed journals—on the meanings, motivations, and sustainability of campesino hunting in Latin America. Although studies spanned 17 countries, 7 ecosystems, and >75 indigenous and nonindigenous demographics in 30 research contexts, they predominantly focused on nonindigenous campesinos for species-specific conservation and protected area management in tropical broadleaf forests of Mexico, Peru, and Colombia. Authors used 12 methods to collect campesino hunting data, primarily interviews, surveys, and questionnaires, and drew from 10 local and traditional knowledge themes about wildlife trends and uses. Eighteen drivers, 14 constraints, and 10 conflicts—mainly subsistence, income, ethics, regulations, and crop or livestock protection—shaped whether campesino hunters pursued 799 species, 70% of which were least concern species. Yet, only 25 studies (8%) empirically assessed sustainability. Our results show the need for increased interdisciplinary and geographic engagement with campesino hunting across Latin America.     

Challenge, dialogue, action… Recent developments in the protection of coastal zones in Italy

In Italy, the incapability of the State to implement a national strategy for the sustainable development of coastal areas lead the regional authorities to adopt integrated coastal zone management plans. These initiatives are often relevant, correcting the defiency of the national legislation, but do not assure the implementation of a coherent littoral policy. Thereby, it is to be hoped that the recent developments in international law—and particularly the Mediterranean protocol on integrated coastal zone management recently adopted—will compel the Italian State to make a positive commitment to coastal protection.