Cadmium sorption by sodium and thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuffs

In the present investigation, two zeolite-rich tuffs from Guaymas and El Cajon(State of Sonora), which were conditioned with a sodium chloride solution and subsequently modified with a thiourea solution, were chosen to evaluate the removal of Cd from aqueous systems. The zeolitic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface area was also determined. The experiments were performed in a batch system, and the influences of p H, contact time between phases, and the concentration of Cd in the solution on the adsorption by sodium or thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuff were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of Cd ion removal from aqueous solutions is influenced by the p H of the aqueous systems. The Cd adsorption kinetic data were well fitted to a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. The Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherms adequately described the Cd sorption behavior by the zeolite from El Cajon pretreated with Na Cl and the zeolite from Guaymas modified with thiourea, respectively.     

Sequestration of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions by chemically treated rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder(an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated.The interactions between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDX).The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH,adsorbent dosage,initial lead concentration and contact time were studied.The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4-5.Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g,almost 100% of Pb(Ⅱ) ions(23 mg/L) could be removed.The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time,and relatively a short period of time(60-90 min) was required to reach equilibrium.The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir,Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms.Based on Langmuir model,the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g.Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order,pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process,and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorption and desorption are important processes that affect atrazine transport,transformation,and bioavailability in soils.In this study,the adsorption–desorption characteristics of atrazine in three soils(laterite,paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method.The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps:a"fast" adsorption and a "slow" adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models.It was found that the adsorption data on laterite,and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better.The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows:paddy soil alluvial soil laterite.Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic.The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred.Furthermore,lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorption of atrazine in soils.The atrazine adsorption in these three tested soils was controlled by physical adsorption,including partition and surface adsorption.At lower equilibrium concentration,the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration,partition was predominant.     

Adsorption of dyes onto activated carbon prepared from olive stones

Activated carbon was produced from olive stones（OSAC） by a physical process in two steps. The adsorption character of this activated carbon was tested on three colour dyes molecules in aqueous solution： Methylene blue（MB）, Rhodamine B（RB） and Congo Red（CR）. The adsorption equilibrium was studied through isotherms construction at 30℃, which were well described by Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity on the OSAC was estimated to be 303 mg/g, 217 mg/g and 167 mg/g respectively for MB, RB and CR. This activated carbon has a similar adsorption properties to that of commercial ones and show the same adsorption performances. The adsorption kinetics of the MB molecule in aqueous solution at different initial concentrations by OSAC was also studied. Kinetic experiments were well fitted by a simple intra-particle diffusion model. The measured kinetics constant was influenced by the initial concentration and we found the following correlation： Kid = 1.55 C0^0.51.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Sequestration of toxic Pb（II） ions by chemically treated rubber （Hevea brasiliensis ） leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder (an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb(II) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4–5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb(II) ions (23 mg/L) could be removed. The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time (60–90 min) was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets

A chemically prepared carbon was synthesized from date palm leaflets via sulphuric acid carbonization at 160℃. Adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of time, pH, concentration, temperature and adsorbent status (wet and dry). The equilibrium time was found to be 48 hr. The adsorption rate was enhanced by raising the temperature for both adsorbents, with adsorption data fitting a pseudo second-order model well. The activation energy, E_a, was found to be 17 kJ/mol, indicating a diffusion-controlled, physical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption was found at initial pH 6. The wet adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the dry adsorbent, with increased performance as temperature increased (25-45℃). The equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to cation exchange and hydrogen bonding.     

Selective adsorption of silver ions from aqueous solution using polystyrene-supported trimercaptotriazine resin

Trimercaptotriazine-functionalized polystyrene chelating resin was prepared and employed for the adsorption of Ag(I) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized according to the following techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method. The effects of initial Ag(I) concentration, contact time, solution pH and coexisting ions on the adsorption capacity of Ag(I) were systematically investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ag(I) was up to 187.1 mg/g resin at pH 0.0 and room temperature. The kinetic experiments indicated that the adsorption rate of Ag(I) onto the chelating resin was quite fast in the first 60 min and reached adsorption equilibrium after 360 min. The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the equilibrium adsorption isotherm was closely fitted by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the chelating resin could selectively adsorb more Ag(I) ions than other heavy metal ions including: Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) during competitive adsorption in the binary metal species systems, which indicated that it was a highly selective adsorbent of Ag(I) from aqueous solution.     

Biosorption of cadmium(Ⅱ) and lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

The removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions by using dried activated sludge has been investigated in batch systems. Effect of solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were determined. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the uptake processes of the two metal ions（Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）） followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The FT-IR analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） biosorption onto dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorptionanddesorptionareimportantprocessesthataffectatrazinetransport,transformation,andbioavailabilityinsoils.Inthisstudy,theadsorption–desorptioncharacteristicsofatrazinein three soils (laterite, paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method. The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps: a “fast” adsorption and a “slow” adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models. It was found that the adsorption data on laterite, and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better. The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows: paddy soil > alluvial soil > laterite. Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred. Furthermore, lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorptionofatrazineinsoils.Theatrazineadsorptioninthesethreetestedsoilswascontrolled by physical adsorption, including partition and surface adsorption. At lower equilibrium concentration, the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration, partition was predominant.     

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent - Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent,the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated.The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL.The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms.The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5-10.The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr,and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model.The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.The high temperature was favorableto the ammonium adsorption by BPTL,indicating that the adsorption was endothermic.The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langrnuir model and Freundlich model,and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37,5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15,25 and 35℃,respectively,which were comparable to those by reported minerals.Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable.Therefore,the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

爬山虎茎粉对水体中氨氮的吸附特性

为从植物材料中筛选适宜的氨氮吸附材料,通过批实验研究了爬山虎茎在不同初始pH值、振荡时间、初始浓度和温度下对水溶液中氨氮的吸附情况,进而分析了吸附等温线、动力学和热力学特性.结果表明,爬山虎茎已经达到或超过矿物吸附氨氮的水平.氨氮吸附最适pH值为5~9.吸附过程基本在第18h达到平衡,控速步骤主要是膜扩散和粒内扩散.等温吸附符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量在15,25,35°C下分别为3.18,4.69,5.19mg/g.热力学参数ΔG°、ΔH°和ΔS°表明,爬山虎茎对氨氮的吸附属于自发的吸热反应,且属于物理吸附.因此,爬山虎茎可以作为开发氨氮吸附剂的原材料.     

锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性

采用锆对天然沸石进行改性,并研究了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性.结果表明,锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵均具有很好的吸附能力.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中铵的等温吸附行为.由Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到锆改性沸石对磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附容量分别达到26.2,7.82 mg/g.热力学参数表明锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而降低.当pH4~8时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力较高;当pH低于4或高于8时,对铵的吸附能力下降.水中共存的Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子对锆改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的影响很小,而共存的SiO32-对磷酸盐的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.水中共存的Ca2+和Mg2+对锆改性沸石吸附铵的影响较小,而共存的K+和Na+对铵的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.锆改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是阴离子配位体的交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是与沸石中可交换阳离子的离子交换.     

Removal of ammonium ion from water by Na-rich birnessite: Performance and mechanisms

Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61 mg NH₄⁺-N/g at 283 K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.     

pH和共存阳离子对草莓茎吸附水体氨氮的影响

为了开发新型氨氮吸附剂和探讨环境因素对氨氮吸附的影响,以草莓茎为吸附材料,通过批平衡法研究了不同初始pH、共存阳离子、初始浓度和温度下氨氮去除的特点.结果表明,等温吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich这2种模型,理论最大吸附量qm在15、25和35℃下分别为3.05、4.24和4.79 mg.g-1.温度升高有利于草莓茎对氨氮的吸附.草莓茎吸附氨氮最适初始pH为4～8.低pH减少草莓茎表面负电荷,高pH减少溶液中NH 4+的含量,都减少氨氮的吸附.草莓茎对溶液pH的缓冲则缓和了两者对氨氮吸附的影响.共存阳离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对草莓吸附铵离子没有竞争作用,而Zn2+、Al3+则由于其水解降低溶液的pH而显著降低草莓茎对氨氮的吸附.草莓茎吸附氨氮的应用pH范围较广且不易受废水中常见金属阳离子的干扰,说明草莓茎不仅可以作为废水中氨氮的吸附剂原料,而且较大多数矿物原料还有其自身的优势.     

镧改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放研究

通过实验考察了镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附性能,并探讨了低溶解氧情况下镧改性沸石覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮释放的效率.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir等温吸附方程加以描述,对水中铵的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附方程加以描述.当pH 7时,镧改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的机制包括配位体交换、路易斯酸碱反应和静电吸引,吸附水中铵的机制是阳离子交换.镧改性沸石覆盖不仅可以有效地控制溶解性磷酸盐从底泥向上覆水的释放,而且可以明显降低铵态氮从底泥向上覆水迁移的速率.镧改性沸石覆盖量越多,控制底泥铵态氮释放的效果越好.镧改性沸石覆盖层吸附从底泥中释放出来的溶解性磷酸盐后主要以较为稳定的形态存在,低溶解氧情况下不容易重新释放出来.上述结果表明,镧改性沸石适合作为一种覆盖材料用于控制低溶解氧情况下溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮从底泥向上覆水的释放.     

DMF在大孔吸附树脂上的吸附热力学及动力学研究

研究了大孔吸附树脂吸附N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的热力学与动力学特性.经过初步筛选,发现NKA-Ⅱ型大孔吸附树脂对DMF具有良好的吸附与再生性能.在温度为298、和318K条件下分别测定了吸附平衡数据并应用Freundlich和Langmiur等温吸附方程进行拟合,结308果表明,DMF在NKA-Ⅱ型大孔吸附树脂上的吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温吸附方程.在此基础上,通过热力学分析发现ΔH>0、ΔG<0、ΔS>0,表明DMF在大孔吸附树脂上的吸附属于可自发进行的物理吸附,吸附过程吸热,但吸附热较小,温度对吸附过程的影响较小.吸附动力学研究中分别采用一级速率方程、准二级速率方程和二级速率方程对吸附过程进行模拟,结果表明,准二级动力学方程的计算值与实验值吻合良好,适合描述NKA-Ⅱ型大孔吸附树脂对DMF的吸附过程.     

Adsorption of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid/sulfuric acid from their solution by weakly basic resin: equilibrium

Experiments for single and bisolute competitive adsorption were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid(NSA) and sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 ) from their solution at 25 ℃ onto weakly basic resin D301R. Adsorption affinity of sulfuric acid on D301R was found to be much higher than that of NSA. The data of single-solute adsorption were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich adsorption model. The ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST) coupled with the single-solute adsorption models were used to predict the bisolute competitive adsorption equilibria. The IAST coupled with the Langmuir and the Freundlich model for sulfuric acid and NSA, respectively, yields the favorable representation of the bisolute competitive adsorption behavior.