地震应急救灾与人员伤亡

讨论了近十年来城市型地震顺应急救灾和减少人员伤亡方面的新经验与新启示;和者们给出的地震人员伤亡旨烤和伤亡状态函数的概念,研究了应急救灾害行动与伤亡的关系。     

Injuries as a Result of California Earthquakes in the Past Decade

The devastating effects of earthquakes have been demonstrated repeatedly in the past decade, through moderate and major earthquakes such as the October 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake (5.9 on the Richter scale), the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (7.1) and the January 1994 Northridge earthquake (6.7). While 'official' tallies of injuries and deaths are reported for each event, the numbers vary from report to report. For Northridge, the number of injuries vary between 8,000 and 12,000; the number of deaths from 33 to 73 (Peek-Asa et al., 1997; Durkin, 1996).While official estimates are commonly reported following disasters, the study of actual numbers, types and causes of casualties has not developed. In this paper, we identify the numbers and risk factors for injuries within community-based samples across three earthquakes in urban California. We first report the numbers and types of injuries in each earthquake and then identify risk factors specifically associated with the Northridge earthquake     

关于地震人员伤亡因素的探讨

地震灾害对人类生命安全的威胁十分巨大,本文对地震造成人员伤亡的因素进行了探讨。首先,分析了地震造成人员伤亡的原因及人员死亡的主要形式;接着,详细研究了影响人员伤亡数量的因素;最后,提出了减少人员伤亡应当采取的几种措施,为减轻地震灾害损失提供了依据。     

地震人员伤亡快速评估模型研究

每年地震都会给社会造成巨大人员伤亡,如果震后能迅速预知地震人员伤亡数量,这对挽救生命损失是十分有意义的。统计了近10年来中国大陆数10次强震、中强震灾害损失,根据影响伤亡的主要因素,用线性回归分析法,建立地震人员伤亡快速评估模型,并对模型进行验证,使之可用于地震预警。     

一个特殊的地震空区

1999 11 0 1,山西省大同市发生了M5 6地震 ,此前 10个月在其震源附近曾发生一群震源定位结果较好的小震。从小震在三维空间的分布情况看 ,在垂直剖面上存在一个NWW向的特殊空区 ,且似乎存在围空地震按顺时针方向旋转发生的现象。采用层状介质点源位错模型 ,由理论地震图拟合观测的垂直向记录 P、 S最大振幅的比值反演小地震震源机制的方法 ,使用大同地震台网和其他地震台网部分台站的记录资料 ,求得小地震的震源机制解。这些震源机制解在 4个象限中呈现出了不同的性质 ,且每两个相对象限中震源机制解的性质相近。5 .6级地震发生在该空区的边缘 ,而余震序列将其填充 ,余震区的长轴方向和空区方向相同。     

An investigation into the socioeconomic aspects of two major earthquakes in Iran

An evaluation of the socioeconomic consequences of earthquakes is an essential part of the development of risk reduction and disaster management plans. However, these variables are not normally addressed sufficiently after strong earthquakes; researchers and relevant stakeholders focus primarily on the physical damage and casualties. The importance of the socioeconomic consequences of seismic events became clearer in Iran after the Bam earthquake on 26 December 2003, as demonstrated by the formulation and approval of various laws and ordinances. This paper reviews the country's regulatory framework in the light of the socioeconomic aspects of two major and destructive earthquakes: in Manjil–Rudbar in 1990, and in Bam in 2003. The results take the form of recommendations and practical strategies for incorporating the socioeconomic dimensions of earthquakes in disaster risk management planning. The results presented here can be applied in other countries with similar conditions to those of Iran in order to improve public preparedness and risk reduction.     

提高框架填充墙结构抗震性能的新途径和新方法

归纳分析了近5年国内发生的江西九江地震、云南盐津地震、云南晋洱地震和四川汶川地震中框架填充墙结构常见的震害现象及其破坏原因,在此基础上,采取“以强御强”和“以柔克刚”两种不同的抗震思路,提出了通过捆绑墙体、构造次框架、填充墙开缝、耗能柔性连接、构连阻尼填充墙、设置节点耗能器来提高框架填充墙结构抗震性能的新途径和新方法....     

Death and injury in earthquakes

The assumption that the ratio of mortality to morbidity will approximate 1:3 in earthquake disasters is investigated. When it occurs, a 1:3 ratio is most likely to coincide with a Richter magnitude in the range 6.5–7.4, but many other ratios of death to injuries may instead be probable. For each individual disaster the pattern of casualties is likely to be very heterogeneous, but it would be easier to discover regularities if a more standardized definition of 'injury' could be found.     

小震震源机制P轴取向的预报应用

采用Snoke的振幅比方法,利用江苏台网和山东台网记录到的数字化波形资料,计算了发生在江苏及其附近地区的33个地震的震源机制解,并由此计算了其相应的P轴取向。结果表明:南黄海北部凹陷地区M_L5.1地震发生前2个月内、长江口地区显著小震群发生之前2个月内,在震中所在区域的附近地区有震源P轴取向小于100°的异常地震发生;盐城附近及其近海海域在本文研究的时段内未曾出现震源P轴取向小于100°的地震,该区域也没有发生中强地震或显著小震群事件。由此说明震源P轴取向具有一定的短临前兆意义,但这种情况与大地震事件所表现出来的规律并不完全相同。茅山断裂附近地区出现的2次震源P轴取向小于100°的事件与该地区重力异常结果是一致的,说明2002年前后茅山断裂曾活动过。     

地震活动性的自助统计分析及其在河南省及邻区地震预报中的应用

引用自助统计分析 ,对华北地区 17次中强地震前地震活动震级分布的离散度自助统计方差σBM值与地震活动的关系进行了分析和研究 ,总结出了中强地震前地震活动离散度自助统计方差σBM值的异常特征。同时 ,把该方法应用到了河南及邻区中等地震预报研究中 ,制定了预报规则 ,进行了预测内符检验和预报评分。结果表明 ,该方法是一种有效的中短期地震预报方法 ,具有推广应用价值     

1993年世界重要地震灾情与地震活动特征

１９９３年全世界重要灾害地震２７条（其中中国１０条），因地震死亡者１１３３２人（中国６人），受伤者３１０６０人（中国１３２人），造成房屋破坏、财产损失而无家可归者９０００人。遭毁坏与破坏的房屋至少６．３万间（中国２．９４万间），其中最严重的９次经济损失达２．５亿美元以上．全球６级以上地震１１８次（其中７级以上地震９次），６级以上深震（深度≥８０ｋｍ）３５次（其中７级以上２次），有增强的趋势，地震多发生于环太平洋地震带和青藏高原边缘地震带。对印度的大灾害地震之背景作了论述。     

Overview of deaths associated with natural events, United States, 1979–2004

Analysis of the National Center for Health Statistics' Compressed Mortality File showed that between 1979 and 2004, natural events caused 21,491 deaths in the United States. During this 26-year period, there were 10,827 cold-related deaths and 5,279 heat-related deaths. Extreme cold or heat accounted for 75 per cent of the total number of deaths attributed to natural events— more than all of deaths resulting from lightning, storms and foods, and earth movements, such as earthquakes and landslides. Cold-related death rates were highest in the states of Alaska, Montana, New Mexico, and South Dakota, while heat-related deaths were highest in the states of Arizona, Missouri, and Arkansas. These deaths occurred more often among the elderly and black men. Other deaths were attributed to lightning (1,906), storms and foods (2,741), and earth movements (738). Most deaths associated with natural events are preventable and society can take action to decrease the morbidity and mortality connected with them.     

地震火灾事例调查

本文介绍了世界上典型的几个地震火灾的例子,汇总了中外地震史上曾发生过的地震火灾,并且较详细地介绍了产生地震火灾的原因。     

Overview of deaths associated with natural events, United States, 1979-2004.

Analysis of the National Center for Health Statistics' Compressed Mortality File showed that between 1979 and 2004, natural events caused 21,491 deaths in the United States. During this 26-year period, there were 10,827 cold-related deaths and 5,279 heat-related deaths. Extreme cold or heat accounted for 75 per cent of the total number of deaths attributed to natural events--more than all of deaths resulting from lightning, storms and foods, and earth movements, such as earthquakes and landslides. Cold-related death rates were highest in the states of Alaska, Montana, New Mexico, and South Dakota, while heat-related deaths were highest in the states of Arizona, Missouri, and Arkansas. These deaths occurred more often among the elderly and black men. Other deaths were attributed to lightning (1,906), storms and foods (2,741), and earth movements (738). Most deaths associated with natural events are preventable and society can take action to decrease the morbidity and mortality connected with them.     

重庆市江北地震灾害与社会经济影响

本文表述了1989年11月20日发生在重庆市江北县的5.2和5.4级地震的受灾范围、人畜伤亡、地表破坏、建筑物损毁、各类生命线系统工程及设施机能破坏情况;分析、计算了地震造成的直接和间接经济损失;分析、研究了地震引起的各种社会、经济影响及社会问题。     

The application of seismic risk-benefit analysis to land use planning in Taipei City

In the developing countries of Asia local authorities rarely use risk analysis instruments as a decision-making support mechanism during planning and development procedures. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology to enable planners to undertake such analyses. We illustrate a case study of seismic risk-benefit analysis for the city of Taipei, Taiwan, using available land use maps and surveys as well as a new tool developed by the National Science Council in Taiwan--the HAZ-Taiwan earthquake loss estimation system. We use three hypothetical earthquakes to estimate casualties and total and annualised direct economic losses, and to show their spatial distribution. We also characterise the distribution of vulnerability over the study area using cluster analysis. A risk-benefit ratio is calculated to express the levels of seismic risk attached to alternative land use plans. This paper suggests ways to perform earthquake risk evaluations and the authors intend to assist city planners to evaluate the appropriateness of their planning decisions.     

近年几次大地震震害的若干启示

本文通过分析近年发生的几次著名大地震的震害资料和震时现象，讨论了与其相关的工程地震问题，并对西安市工程地震问题进行了研究。     

中国地震灾害与人文要素的相关性分析

中国的地震灾害与人员伤亡为世界最严重的国家之一，这不仅由于地震多、震级大、烈度高，多数地方建筑物抗震性能较低，而且还与人文因素密切相关。本文着重讨论了人品密度与震害伤亡人数的相关性，并分析了作息时间、作业方式、地震预报、心理状态等人文要素与震害伤亡人数的相关性。     

地震灾害对中国农村居民的影响研究--以云南省大姚县为例

通过对2003年7月21日和10月16日分别发生6.2和6.1级地震的云南省大姚县居民的问卷调查,分析了地震灾害对中困农村居民的影响,了解了我国农村居民尤其是地震多发区农村居民对地震灾害的风险意识以及在地震灾害中的反应.调查结果表明:中国农村居民是地震灾害的最大受害者和风险承担者.虽然他们会在地震灾害中汲取经验教训,增强风险防范意识,但是由于经济水平、自然环境等客观条件的影响,他们只能被动地承受地震灾害,而不能从根本上改变承灾体的脆弱性.中国农村地震减灾、防灾能力的加强需要政府管理部门的积极参与.     

浙江文成地震水坝现场调查

2006年2月4日起，浙江省温州市文成县连续发生了多起有感地震，其中最大的震级为Mt4．6。地震发生后，中国地震局派遣的工作组对文成县的水库大坝进行了现场调查。这里介绍了地震的概况和现场调查的情况，以及基于地震监测和日常监测（坝体变形、坝体表面检查等）的结果，对坝体的安全性进行了评估，并提出了一些建议。