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1.
为推进工业结构生态化转型,本文从经济、能耗和环境三方面综合效益出发,以灰色关联分析和层次分析法为工具,对南京市工业结构进行了定量与定性相结合的分析,克服了经济单因子分析的弊端,给出了南京市工业各行业生态化发展序列。为其工业结构的生态化调整提出了建设性意见。定量分析过程中,通过Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0直接调用MATIAB数学库函数。克服了近似算法精确度欠佳的缺陷,提高了分析精度。  相似文献   

2.
浅析珠三角工业结构与环境污染物的灰色关联   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘洁  马民涛  廉婕 《四川环境》2013,32(2):78-81
根据2004—2009年珠三角地区各种工业结构、总产值以及工业“三废”排放量等数据,运用灰色关联分析研究了珠三角工业生产规模结构、轻重工业结构、行业结构、工业生产结构与不同环境污染物之间的关联程度。结果表明:珠三角3种生产规模的企业中与工业“三废”关联最大的是中型企业,其次是大型企业,小型企业最小;相对重工业,珠三角轻工业与工业“三废”的关联较大;珠三角工业主导行业与工业“三废”的关联度排序:采矿业〉制造业〉电力燃气及水的生产和供应;就产业结构来说,与污染物的灰色关联度依次是:第一产业、第二产业、第三产业。  相似文献   

3.
基于塔皮奥脱钩理论和LMDI分解技术构建脱钩因素分解模型,对镇江市工业和6个重点行业的碳排放脱钩趋势与脱钩因素进行分析。结果表明:2002—2015年镇江市工业碳排放总量呈递增趋势,工业碳排放结构无明显变化;工业碳排放与经济增长之间的脱钩效应呈现出显著的阶段性特征,主要表现为弱—强—弱—强的变化趋势,经济规模和经济结构分别是抑制和促进脱钩效应的主要因素;6个重点行业的碳排放脱钩趋势和脱钩因素既有共性又有个性,其中化学工业和非金属矿物制造业的脱钩变化趋势类似且脱钩状态最佳,经济规模效应是6个行业共有的脱钩抑制因素。基于实证结论,对镇江市工业低碳转型提出政策建议。  相似文献   

4.
基于集聚“规模—能力—效益”与环境“压力—状态—响应”的研究框架,运用熵值法、耦合协调度模型考察了2008—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展时空格局,继而采用空间杜宾模型探究了二者协调发展的空间驱动机制。结果表明:(1)成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境的耦合协调度呈稳步上升态势。(2)各城市耦合协调度空间差异明显,且具有显著的空间正相关性,以及“H—H”集聚和“L—L”集聚的空间俱乐部分布特征。(3)经济发展、外商直接投资、科技创新、工业要素禀赋结构、产业结构对本地产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展存在直接积极影响,而政府干预的直接推动作用有限;外商直接投资、工业要素禀赋结构、政府干预具有明显的正向溢出效应,产业结构则存在较强的空间负外部性。  相似文献   

5.
基于修正熵权法,以再生性资源型城市徐州市为例,分析了2000—2017年徐州市工业高质量发展演变特征。结果表明:(1)徐州市工业高质量发展水平整体上呈提高态势,但阶段性明显。(2)徐州市工业高质量发展水平是结构优化、发展效益、环境效率、创新能力等多种要素共同作用的综合表征,但各要素贡献程度呈发展效益创新能力结构优化环境效率的特点。(3)徐州市工业高质量发展水平的优化路径在于优化工业结构、提升发展效益、改善环境效率、增强创新能力。  相似文献   

6.
基于2000—2015年的省际面板数据,运用GTWR和面板分位回归模型等方法对对外贸易、FDI与我国工业环境效率的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:对外贸易、FDI对我国工业环境效率的影响存在一定的空间分布梯度;对外贸易对工业环境效率具有显著的正向驱动作用,且在贸易活跃的地区,其促进作用更明显;FDI影响的梯度分布规律较对外贸易更明显,总体上FDI的技术效应和环境成本效应对工业环境效率的影响在统计意义上并不显著,中西部地区环境成本效应较大,东部地区技术效应较大。在提高我国整体工业环境效率的政策制定中,空间异质性是不容忽视的因素。  相似文献   

7.
一、工业结构与环境质量的关系模型工业生产对环境质量的影响是多方面的。工业生产过程所排出的各种污染物对化学环境、物理环境以及生物环境大影响是显著的。而工业发展造成的水资源紧张、人口密度增大、交通运输量增大以及城市生态系统可能发生的不良变化等环境问题已越来越为人  相似文献   

8.
基于Panel Data模型就出口贸易对大气环境影响进行定量分析,将出口贸易的环境效应分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应,通过单位根检验、协整检验及回归分析研究四大工业基地所在的8个地区2003—2018年出口贸易影响因素对大气环境的作用程度。结果显示,结构效应加剧了四大工业基地的环境污染程度,而规模效应和技术效应改善我国的污染水平,因此出口贸易有利于四大工业基地的大气环境保护。  相似文献   

9.
基于PSR模型的新疆工业污染评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
依据压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型原理构建了新疆工业污染状况评价指标体系,以新疆统计年鉴(2002-2009年)和环境状况公报的数据在此模型指标基础上进行了实证分析,结果表明:近年来新疆环保措施取得显著成效,环境污染事故显著下降。但由于工业中资源开发和初加工产业比重大,工业排污强度高,全区工业污染有加剧的趋势;企业自身环保意识差,对工业污染的响应程度主要取决于政府的政策、法规。  相似文献   

10.
胡逸群  赵莉  杨昌龙 《中国环境管理》2022,14(3):105-111,96
在碳达峰碳中和背景下,工业如何实现环保、科技与经济的共同进步已成为中国亟待解决的难题。本文基于中国工业2008—2018年的省级面板数据,建立动态面板模型,采用系统广义矩(GMM)估计方法,对现代环境治理体系中公众投诉、环境规制及工业技术创新三者的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:①公众投诉、环境规制成为直接推动工业技术创新产出的重要因素;②环境规制在公众投诉影响工业技术创新产出的过程中发挥着部分中介作用;③产业集聚强化了公众投诉对工业技术创新的促进作用。因此,完善公众投诉制度、提升公众环保意识、加强环境规制强度、优化政策支持及提升产业集聚程度,对于工业实现经济绩效与环境绩效的双赢具有重要意义。  相似文献   

11.
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.  相似文献   

12.
Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.  相似文献   

13.
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.  相似文献   

14.
In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.  相似文献   

15.
Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m2) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft3/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m3/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.  相似文献   

17.
Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.  相似文献   

18.
Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.  相似文献   

19.
The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.  相似文献   

20.
The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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