长江经济带环境规制对工业绿色转型的影响研究

本文立足长江经济带环境规制与工业绿色转型实践，分析了双重市场激励型规制影响工业绿色转型的内在机理，并利用2002—2017年长江经济带11个省市面板数据进行实证分析。研究发现：①双重市场激励型规制均显著地促进了工业绿色转型，但是费用型规制的促进效应存在递减特征。②异质性检验表明，费用型规制对长江中下游地区、人均GDP较高省份以及第二产业占比较高省份的工业绿色转型促进效应更为明显。③中介效应模型检验结果显示，提高末端治理技术是工业绿色转型的重要渠道。④研究还发现，费用型规制对高能耗行业、二氧化硫排放量和粉尘排放量具有显著的抑制效应，投资型规制对废水排放量和固体废物排放量的抑制效应更明显。⑤随着工业绿色转型程度的不断提升，双重市场激励型规制对工业绿色转型的边际效应先后呈现“ L”形骤降特征。因此不断优化与创新环境规制手段，才是持续推进工业绿色转型的关键所在。     

基于灰色关联分析和层次分析法的工业结构生态化调整--以南京市为例

为推进工业结构生态化转型，本文从经济、能耗和环境三方面综合效益出发，以灰色关联分析和层次分析法为工具，对南京市工业结构进行了定量与定性相结合的分析，克服了经济单因子分析的弊端，给出了南京市工业各行业生态化发展序列。为其工业结构的生态化调整提出了建设性意见。定量分析过程中，通过Microsoft Visual C＋＋ 6．0直接调用MATIAB数学库函数。克服了近似算法精确度欠佳的缺陷，提高了分析精度。     

工业生态园综合评价模型的建立

工业发展带来的环境问题日益严重，为实现人类社会与经济的可持续发展，工业生态学孕育而生，工业生态学的重要实践是建设生态工业园区。本文运用层次分析法建立了生态工业园区的评价指标体系和评价模型，编写求解模型的程序，并应用该模型对成都市高新工业区进行了综合能力评价，对高新区持续发展为生态工业园区提出了建议。     

浅析珠三角工业结构与环境污染物的灰色关联

根据2004—2009年珠三角地区各种工业结构、总产值以及工业“三废”排放量等数据,运用灰色关联分析研究了珠三角工业生产规模结构、轻重工业结构、行业结构、工业生产结构与不同环境污染物之间的关联程度。结果表明：珠三角3种生产规模的企业中与工业“三废”关联最大的是中型企业,其次是大型企业,小型企业最小;相对重工业,珠三角轻工业与工业“三废”的关联较大;珠三角工业主导行业与工业“三废”的关联度排序：采矿业〉制造业〉电力燃气及水的生产和供应;就产业结构来说,与污染物的灰色关联度依次是：第一产业、第二产业、第三产业。     

产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调及其空间驱动机制——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

基于集聚“规模—能力—效益”与环境“压力—状态—响应”的研究框架,运用熵值法、耦合协调度模型考察了2008—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展时空格局,继而采用空间杜宾模型探究了二者协调发展的空间驱动机制。结果表明：(1)成渝地区双城经济圈产业集聚与生态环境的耦合协调度呈稳步上升态势。(2)各城市耦合协调度空间差异明显,且具有显著的空间正相关性,以及“H—H”集聚和“L—L”集聚的空间俱乐部分布特征。(3)经济发展、外商直接投资、科技创新、工业要素禀赋结构、产业结构对本地产业集聚与生态环境耦合协调发展存在直接积极影响,而政府干预的直接推动作用有限;外商直接投资、工业要素禀赋结构、政府干预具有明显的正向溢出效应,产业结构则存在较强的空间负外部性。     

低碳试点城市工业碳排放脱钩因素分解研究——以镇江市为例

基于塔皮奥脱钩理论和LMDI分解技术构建脱钩因素分解模型,对镇江市工业和6个重点行业的碳排放脱钩趋势与脱钩因素进行分析。结果表明:2002—2015年镇江市工业碳排放总量呈递增趋势,工业碳排放结构无明显变化;工业碳排放与经济增长之间的脱钩效应呈现出显著的阶段性特征,主要表现为弱—强—弱—强的变化趋势,经济规模和经济结构分别是抑制和促进脱钩效应的主要因素;6个重点行业的碳排放脱钩趋势和脱钩因素既有共性又有个性,其中化学工业和非金属矿物制造业的脱钩变化趋势类似且脱钩状态最佳,经济规模效应是6个行业共有的脱钩抑制因素。基于实证结论,对镇江市工业低碳转型提出政策建议。     

再生性资源型城市工业高质量发展水平评价——以徐州市为例

基于修正熵权法,以再生性资源型城市徐州市为例,分析了2000—2017年徐州市工业高质量发展演变特征。结果表明:(1)徐州市工业高质量发展水平整体上呈提高态势,但阶段性明显。(2)徐州市工业高质量发展水平是结构优化、发展效益、环境效率、创新能力等多种要素共同作用的综合表征,但各要素贡献程度呈发展效益创新能力结构优化环境效率的特点。(3)徐州市工业高质量发展水平的优化路径在于优化工业结构、提升发展效益、改善环境效率、增强创新能力。     

对外贸易、FDI与我国工业环境效率的空间异质性——基于GTWR和面板分位回归模型的分析

基于2000—2015年的省际面板数据,运用GTWR和面板分位回归模型等方法对对外贸易、FDI与我国工业环境效率的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:对外贸易、FDI对我国工业环境效率的影响存在一定的空间分布梯度;对外贸易对工业环境效率具有显著的正向驱动作用,且在贸易活跃的地区,其促进作用更明显;FDI影响的梯度分布规律较对外贸易更明显,总体上FDI的技术效应和环境成本效应对工业环境效率的影响在统计意义上并不显著,中西部地区环境成本效应较大,东部地区技术效应较大。在提高我国整体工业环境效率的政策制定中,空间异质性是不容忽视的因素。     

工业结构与环境质量关系定量分析的研究

一、工业结构与环境质量的关系模型工业生产对环境质量的影响是多方面的。工业生产过程所排出的各种污染物对化学环境、物理环境以及生物环境大影响是显著的。而工业发展造成的水资源紧张、人口密度增大、交通运输量增大以及城市生态系统可能发生的不良变化等环境问题已越来越为人     

空间溢出视角下的环境规制与绿色发展——困境还是协调？

绿色发展是未来经济发展的必然趋势，提升绿色全要素生产率是实现绿色发展的重要途径，环境规制是解决环境问题的有效保障。本文采用2004—2019年30个省级面板数据，构建动态空间杜宾模型，实证研究了环境总体规制、工业废气规制、工业废水规制、工业固体废物规制和光污染规制对绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出影响。研究发现，环境总体规制对本地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈U形，工业废气规制、工业废水规制和工业固体废物规制的研究结果存在同一规律，而光污染规制起抑制作用。总体规制对邻地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈倒U形，具体规制的影响各不相同，工业废气规制与总体规制的结果类似，而工业废水规制的空间溢出效应表现为负，工业固体废物规制和光污染规制的空间溢出效应不显著。本文从实证角度验证了“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的兼容性，环境规制和效率提升并不矛盾。在制定环境政策时，需考虑区域间的相互协调和实际产业情况。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.