SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化活性的氨氮抑制动力学研究

通过批试实验研究了氨氮浓度对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化性能的影响.SNAD生物膜反应器以生活污水为进水.进水NH₄⁺-N和COD浓度平均值分别为70mg/L和180mg/L,出水NH₄⁺-N,NO₂^--N,NO₃^--N和COD浓度平均值分别为2mg/L,2mg/L,7mg/L和50mg/L.SNAD生物膜具有良好的厌氧氨氧化活性.初始NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度都为70mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化批试NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和TIN去除速率分别为0.121kg N/（kg VSS·d）,0.180kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.267kg N/（kg VSS·d）.采用Haldane模型可以很好的拟合氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的影响.在高FA和低FA工况下氨氮浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性的抑制动力学常数相差不大.M1（FA浓度为0.7~20.4mg/L）和M2（FA浓度为6.3~190.5mg/L）的最大NO₂^--N理论去除速率r_max分别为0.209kg N/（kg VSS·d）和0.221kg N/（kg VSS·d）,氨氮半饱和常数Ks分别为9.5mg/L和6.1mg/L,氨氮自身抑制常数K_I分别为422mg/L和597mg/L.氨氮（而不是游离氨）对SNAD生物膜的厌氧氨氧化活性起主要抑制作用.     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on nitrate removal using polycaprolactone as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier in fixed-film denitrifying reactors

Nitrate-nitrogen(NO_3~--N) always accumulates in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs) with aerobic nitrification units. The ability to reduce NO_3~--N consistently and confidently could help RASs to become more sustainable. The rich dissolved oxygen(DO)content and sensitive organisms stocked in RASs increase the difficulty of denitrifying technology. A denitrifying process using biologically degradable polymers as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier was proposed because of its space-efficient nature and strong ability to remove NO_3~--N from RASs. The effect of dissolved oxygen(DO) levels on heterotrophic denitrification in fixed-film reactors filled with polycaprolactone(PCL) was explored in the current experiment. DO conditions in the influent of the denitrifying reactors were set up as follows: the anoxic treatment group(Group A, average DO concentration of 0.28 ± 0.05 mg/L), the low-oxygen treatment DO group(Group B, average DO concentration of 2.50 ± 0.24 mg/L) and the aerated treatment group(Group C, average DO concentration of 5.63 ± 0.57 mg/L). Feeding with 200 mg/L of NO_3~--N, the NO_3~--N removal rates were 1.53, 1.60 and 1.42 kg/m3PCL/day in Groups A, B and C, respectively. No significant difference in NO_3~--N removal rates was observed among the three treatments. It was concluded that the inhibitory effects of DO concentrations lower than 6 mg/L on heterotrophic denitrification in the fixed-film reactors filled with PCL can be mitigated.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化动力学特性及微量NO2的影响

采用批试验方法,研究了颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化动力学特性及微量NO₂的影响.用Haldane模型描述厌氧氨氧化反应动力学,得到最大氨氮反应速率6.65×10^-3 mg·(mg·h)^-1、氨氮半饱和常数87.1 mg·L^-1和抑制常数1 123 mg·L^-1,亚硝态氮半饱和常数15.39 mg·L^-1和抑制常数159.5 mg·L^-1.微量NO₂对厌氧氨氧化具有强化作用,基于Haldane模型建立了厌氧氨氧化的NO₂强化函数,估计了强化函数中的最大强化系数48.79、NO₂半饱和常数2 480 mg·m^-3、NO₂抑制常数4.22 mg·m^-3和基础速率系数0.018 2.试验中大部分的NO_x出现损失.     

Effects of ferrous and manganese ions on anammox process in sequencing batch biofilm reactors

Ferrous and manganese ions, as essential elements, significantly affect the synthesis of Haem-C, which participates in the energy metabolism and proliferation of anammox bacteria. In this study, two identical sequencing batch biofilm reactors were used to investigate the effects of ferrous and manganese ions on nitrogen removal efficiency and the potential of metal ions serving as electron donor/acceptors in the anammox process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to investigate the microbial growth. Results showed that the nitrogen removal increased at high concentrations of Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ and the maximum removal efficiency was nearly 95% at Fe2＋ 0.08 mmol/L and Mn2＋ 0.05 mmol/L, which is nearly 15% and 8% higher than at the lowest Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations （0.04 and 0.0125 mmol/L）. The stabilities of the anammox reactor and the anammox bacterial growth were also enhanced with the elevated Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations. The Fe2＋ and Mn2＋were consumed by anammox bacteria along with the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Stoichiometry analysis showed Fe2＋ could serve as an electron donor for NO3-N in the anammox process. Nitrate could be reduced with Fe2＋ serving as the electron donor in the anammox system, which causes the value of NO~-N/NH4-N to decrease with the increasing of N-removal efficiency.     

Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

城市生活污水SNAD工艺的启动研究

采用SBR反应器,以城市生活污水为原水,进行同步亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化、反硝化(SNAD)工艺的启动研究.首先接种厌氧氨氧化(anammox)颗粒污泥,在高曝气量下(500L/h)培养得到亚硝化颗粒污泥,然后再次接种anammox颗粒污泥,在低曝气量下(40L/h)培养得到SNAD颗粒污泥.在亚硝化稳定期,氨氮平均去除率达到94%,亚硝态氮平均积累率达到95%.在SNAD稳定期,总氮平均去除率为85%.批试实验结果表明,亚硝化稳定期亚硝化颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为为0.234和0kgN/(kgVSS×d).SNAD颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化总氮去除、亚硝态氮反硝化、好氧氨氮氧化、好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.158、0.104、0.281、0kg/(kgVSS×d),其中硝态氮反硝化活性在0~120min和120~360min内分别为0.061和0.104kg/(kgVSS×d).扫描电镜显示,SNAD颗粒污泥表面以短杆状菌和球状菌为主,可能为好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和反硝化菌,颗粒污泥内部以火山口状的细菌为主,可能为anammox菌.     

埃格草(Egeria densa)对铵氮胁迫的生长和生理响应

为了解富营养水体中NH₄+-N胁迫对埃格草（Egeria densa）的影响,通过室外模拟试验,研究了埃格草在不同ρ（NH₄+-N）（0、0.5、2.0 mg/L）下的RGR（relative growth rate,相对生长率）、R/S（root/shoot ratio,根冠比）、w（SC）（SC为可溶性糖,soluble sugar）、w（淀粉）、w（蔗糖）、w（FAA）（FAA为游离氨基酸,free amino acid）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（NO₃--N）的变化.结果表明:随着外源ρ（NH₄+-N）的增加,埃格草的RGR和R/S呈降低的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（RGR为P < 0.001,R/S为P < 0.05）;埃格草中w（SC）和w（淀粉）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低[w（SC）为P < 0.01和P < 0.001,w（淀粉）为P < 0.001和P < 0.05],w（蔗糖）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时显著降低（P < 0.001）;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）有随外源ρ（NH₄+-N）升高而升高的趋势,并且在ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.0 mg/L时升高显著[w（FAA）为P < 0.01,w（NH₄+-N）为P < 0.05];w（NO₃--N）在ρ（NH₄+-N）为0.5和2.0 mg/L下有不同程度显著降低（P < 0.01和P < 0.001）.相关分析表明,w（SC）、w（淀粉）和w（蔗糖）之间呈显著正相关,三者与w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）之间均呈显著负相关,而与w（NO₃--N）呈显著正相关;w（FAA）和w（NH₄+-N）呈显著正相关,而二者与w（NO₃--N）均呈显著负相关.研究显示,NH₄+-N影响埃格草的生长,导致C-N代谢的不平衡.      

基于脉冲电晕放电技术的硫氰化物分解与氮转化

针对含高浓度硫氰酸盐的废水/废液,采用高效的物化技术实现化学转化,避免生物过程因毒性抑制所需要的稀释作用,作为预处理工艺提供厌氧氨氧化的水质条件.以配制的硫氰酸盐模拟废水作为研究对象,采用自主搭建的脉冲电晕放电(PCD)装置,从构建厌氧氨氧化适配条件的目的出发,考察了不同pH条件下含氮污染物经PCD处理随时间的动态转化规律,以及SCN~--N降解副产物(SO_4~(2-)和HCO~-_3浓度)对NH~+_4-N降解的影响,并拟合了不同条件下NH~+_4-N的降解动力学.结果表明,PCD技术利用原位产生的O_3和·OH能氧化包括SCN~--N和NH~+_4-N在内的还原态含氮化合物为NO~-_3-N,pH的增高有利于氧化反应的进行;反应过程中产生的SO_4~(2-)和HCO~-_3对NH~+_4-N的氧化具有显著的抑制作用,HCO~-_3的抑制效应要高于SO_4~(2-).研究表明,对于高SCN~-废水的处理,PCD技术可作为厌氧氨氧化工艺的预处理技术,在规避毒性抑制与构造水质特征方面表现出优越性.     

城市污水生物脱氮系统出水经氯胺消毒形成NDMA的影响因素研究

为了考察城市污水回用时氯消毒过程中NDMA的形成,以2套生物脱氮实验装置厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)和缺氧/好氧(A/O)的二沉池出水为对象,研究了氯胺消毒过程中氯胺剂量、pH、NO2--N和NO3--N浓度对N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)形成的影响.结果表明,二沉池出水中仍然含有微量的NDMA前体物,导致了氯胺消毒过程中NDMA的形成,而且NDMA的浓度会随氯胺浓度的增加呈线性增加;在中性或稍偏碱性(pH 7～8)的条件下,NDMA生成量最大;二沉池出水中NO2--N和NO3--N的浓度对NDMA的含量皆不会产生明显影响.     

红树林湿地污水消纳过程中厌氧氨氧化菌存在特征

厌氧氨氧化过程作为滨海生态系统氮去除的有效途径,对维持滨海生态系统氮元素收支平衡具有重要意义.本研究采用基于16S rRNA基因的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,并结合环境因子,对红树林湿地中厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度和相对丰度的存在特征进行考察.结果表明,在红树林湿地0～65 cm深度的沉积物中均检出厌氧氨氧化菌,随距排污口距离及深度的增加,本研究中厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度和相对丰度未发现明显的分布规律.相关性分析表明,厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度和相对丰度在红树林湿地沉积物中的空间分布与环境因子密切相关,厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度与总氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)和总碳(TC)呈显著正相关,氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、亚硝氮(NO~-_2-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和电导率(EC)是影响厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度的重要因子;相对丰度与C∶P、N∶P比值呈显著正相关,C∶N比值、总碳(TC)和电导率(EC)是影响厌氧氨氧化菌基因相对丰度的重要因子.综上,针对厌氧氨氧化菌16S rRNA定量分析在一定程度上揭示了红树林湿地厌氧氨氧化菌基因丰度、相对丰度与环境因子的耦合关系.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

The nitritation performance of biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater under high dissolved oxygen

The objective of this study was to investigate the nitritation performance in a biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater.The reactor was operated in continuous feed mode from phases 1 to 3.The dissolved oxygen(DO)was controlled at 3.5–7 mg/L throughout the experiment.The biofilm reactor showed excellent nitritation performance after the inoculation of nitrifying sludge,with the hydraulic retention time being reduced from 24 to 7 hr.Above 90%nitrite accumulation ratio(NAR)was maintained in phase 1.Afterwards,nitratation occurred with the low NH_4~+–N concentration in the reactor.The improvement of NH_4~+–N concentration to 20–35 mg/L had a limited effect on the recovery of nitritation.However,nitritation recovered rapidly when sequencing batch feed mode was adopted in phase 4,with the effluent NH_4~+-N concentration above 7 mg/L.The improvement of ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB)activity and the combined inhibition effect of free ammonia(FA)and free nitrous acid(FNA)on the nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)were two key factors for the rapid recovery of nitritation.Sludge activity was obtained in batch tests.The results of batch tests had a good relationship with the long term operation performance of the biofilm reactor.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

Performance and microbial community of a membrane bioreactor system——Treating wastewater from ethanol fermentation of food waste

In this study, a lab-scale biological anaerobic/anaerobic/anoxic/membrane bioreactor(A_-~3MBR) was designed to treat wastewater from the ethanol fermentation of food waste,a promising way for the disposal of food waste and reclamation of resources. The 454 pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the composition of the microbial community in the treatment system. The system yielded a stable effluent concentration of chemical oxygen demand(202 ± 23 mg/L), total nitrogen(62.1 ± 7.1 mg/L), ammonia(0.3 ±0.13 mg/L) and total phosphorus(8.3 ± 0.9 mg/L), and the reactors played different roles in specific pollutant removal. The exploration of the microbial community in the system revealed that:(1) the microbial diversity of anaerobic reactors A_1 and A_2, in which organic pollutants were massively degraded, was much higher than that in anoxic A_3 and aerobic MBR;(2) although the community composition in each reactor was quite different, bacteria assigned to the classes Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Synergistia were important and common microorganisms for organic pollutant degradation in the anaerobic units, and bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microbial population in A_3 and MBR;(3) the taxon identification indicated that Arcobacter in the anaerobic reactors and Thauera in the anoxic reactor were two representative genera in the biological process. Our results proved that the biological A_-~3MBR process is an alternative technique for treating wastewater from food waste.     

Bio-remediation of acephate–Pb(II) compound contaminants by Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33

Removal of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of organophosphorus have been both widely investigated respectively. However, bio-remediation of both Pb~(2+)and organophosphorus still remains largely unexplored. Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33, which was isolated from the sediment of a lake, possesses the capability for both biomineralization of Pb~(2+)and biodegradation of acephate. In the present study, both Pb~(2+)and acephate were simultaneously removed via biodegradation and biomineralization in aqueous solutions.Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of p H, interaction time and Pb~(2+)concentration on the process of removal of Pb2+. At the temperature of 25°C, the maximum removal of Pb~(2+)by B. subtilis FZUL-33 was 381.31 ± 11.46 mg/g under the conditions of p H 5.5, initial Pb~(2+)concentration of 1300 mg/L, and contact time of 10 min. Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of acephate on removal of Pb~(2+)and the influence of Pb2+on biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33. In the mixed system of acephate–Pb2+, the results show that biodegradation of acephate by B. subtilis FZUL-33 released PO43+, which promotes mineralization of Pb2+. The process of biodegradation of acephate was affected slightly when the concentration of Pb2+was below 100 mg/L. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the B. subtilis FZUL-33 plays a significant role in bio-remediation of organophosphorus-heavy metal compound contamination.     

控制游离氨实现单级自养生物脱氮的研究

通过实时调控SBR反应器内的游离氮浓度的控制策略,实现以亚硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化作用协同的单级自养生物脱氮工艺.实验分成亚硝酸菌富集和厌氧氨氧化菌混合接种2个阶段,SBR内的温度始终保持在(31±2)℃.亚硝酸菌富集阶段,pH值稳定在7.8左右,通过调节进水氩氮浓度(56～446 mg·L-1)实现FA浓度的变化,从而实...     

生物膜对纳米铁-微生物去除地下水中NO-3-N的影响

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