滨海湿地退化区鸟类刨坑觅食行为促进植被的恢复

鸟类是滨海湿地生态系统中非常重要的组成部分,也是能够通过自身行为影响非生物环境以及生物过程的生态系统工程师。了解鸟类在滨海湿地生态系统中的生态系统工程效应,对于开展滨海湿地的生态修复具有重要作用。通过野外调查研究由灰鹤(Grus grus)和斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)主导的滨海鸟类的刨坑觅食行为对植被退化区的地形以及土壤环境理化指标的影响,进而促进盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)植被的恢复。结果表明:鸟类在植被退化区的刨坑觅食行为改变了退化区的微地形及土壤环境,使得土壤硬度和土壤盐度显著降低,而土壤含水率和土壤碳氮营养指标则显著高于未经鸟类影响的退化平坦区域;另外,鸟类活动改善的凹坑微地形环境能够显著提高盐地碱蓬的种子保留量、幼苗定植量和成株存活量,有效促进盐地碱蓬在植被退化区域的恢复。通过鸟类改变微地形进而促进植被恢复的启发,提出可以尝试人为模拟改造退化区的微地形环境,以通过人为干预的方式促进滨海湿地退化区的植被恢复,对滨海湿地的生态修复具有重要指导意义。     

青藏铁路唐拉段工程建设对沿线生物多样性的影响分析

青藏高原高寒生态系统十分独特、脆弱,对人类扰动极为敏感.本文从青藏铁路唐古拉至拉萨段工程建设对沿线生物多样性的影响进行分析,提出运用生态系统恢复与重建理论,采用以原生植被自我修复为主的人工措施,维持植被原生物种是一种安全处理方法,采取按工程类别提出的各类缓解工程建设对生态系统影响的对策措施,可缓解工程对生物多样性及生态环境的总体影响.     

恢复植被的土壤理化性质分析

为了恢复因石油的开采、运输等造成的植被破坏,对不同类型土壤上植被的恢复演替规律进行了分析,并对不同恢复阶段的土壤进行采样,分析土壤的理化性质(容重、含水量、全氮和全磷)与植物群落演替之间的关系.结果表明:土壤的容重和含水量与演替发生有正相关关系,氮、磷不是抑制演替发生的主要因素.因此可以通过人为方法改变土壤的疏松度,同时减少对恢复阶段脆弱生态系统的人为干扰来提高草地植被的恢复速度.     

基于Meta分析的煤矿区植被恢复对土壤有机碳储量的影响

煤矿开采是全世界应对不断增加的能源需求的主要手段.但随着煤矿开采,区域生态系统遭到不同程度的破坏,导致“碳汇”能力下降.植被恢复是矿区退化的生态系统和固碳功能恢复的基础.然而,目前尚未对全球范围内煤矿区植被恢复对土壤有机碳（SOC）的影响进行系统研究,因此无法准确预测全球SOC库对植被恢复的响应.通过搜集同行评议的112篇文章中植被恢复的土壤理化性质,以评估煤矿区植被恢复类型、土壤深度、恢复年份、年均温、年降水量和海拔等对SOC的影响,并明确相关的关键驱动因素.结果表明,受损煤矿区通过植被恢复能够显著改善土壤的理化性质,植被恢复后土壤相较于未恢复或自然恢复SOC储量提升了39.02%.当不考虑环境因素时,利于SOC储量积累的植被恢复类型为：农田>林地>草地>灌木林.4种类型的植被恢复对表层（0~20 cm）SOC储量均得到显著增加,草地和灌木能显著增加深层（>40 cm）的SOC储量,而林地和农田类型下深层的SOC储量与未恢复或自然恢复后的SOC储量无显著差异.植被恢复后SOC储量的增加趋势会随着土壤深度的增加而降低.具体的植被恢复策略应根据气候条件选择合适的植被类型.受损煤矿区在年均温<0℃和年均降水<500 mm的环境下,固碳效应较高的植被恢复类型为草地和灌木林,而在年均温>15℃和年降水量>800 mm的环境下,林地和农田恢复类型能够更好地增加SOC储量.TN、BD、AN和AK是影响土壤固碳能力的主要因素.研究可为量化受损煤矿区不同植被恢复措施的固碳效果和退化生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论参考.     

植被快速修复技术研究

根据国内外对极度退化生态系统植被恢复基本理论及植被控制水土流失的原理,针对滇池流域台地区生态系统极度退化特征,提出以乔灌草立体生态系统构建为主的植被快速修复技术,并对示范效果进行了评估.     

城市河流沉水植物与大型底栖动物群落的关系

城市河流渠道化造成河流水生态系统普遍退化,重建水生生物栖息地,修复城市河流水生态系统成为近年来的研究热点.针对水生植物修复对大型底栖动物群落演替影响的科学问题,选择北京清河4个沉水植物修复河段为研究区域,于2012~2013年期间开展河流大型水生植物与大型底栖动物的季节动态监测,利用聚类分析、排序分析和方差分析比较水生植物修复区和对照区的大型底栖动物群落差异.研究结果表明采用沉水植物修复对大型底栖动物的密度、生物多样性和群落结构的稳定恢复具有显著效果,但不同叶片形态的沉水植物中底栖动物的密度、物种数、生物多样性和功能摄食类群的组间方差不显著,表明采用不同形态植被修复对大型底栖动物群落的恢复和次生演替的生态效应较为一致.大型底栖动物以直接收集者为绝对优势类群,表明沉水植物通过稳定局部微生境的底质和流速条件,为大型底栖动物提供更为适宜的生境条件,促进河流沉积物中的有机质转化.     

矿区复合生态系统中土壤演替和植被演替的相互影响

在讨论矿区复合生态系统涵义的基础上，以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例，探讨了大型露天矿区复合生态系统演替与原生态系统演替的不同，即露天矿区复合生态系统演替极大地受着社会--经济--自然三方面的控制，在演替过程中土壤演替与植被演替相互影响、相互协调，共同作用了矿区复合生态系统。同时，还阐述了进行矿区生态重建的两大关键措施：生态环境建设和群落建设。     

黄土区植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响

以黄土区延河流域为研究区域,研究了近40a来植被恢复对土壤容重、孔隙度和饱和导水率等13个土壤物理性质指标的影响.结果表明：随着植被恢复年限增加,土壤容重降低,而土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm团聚体含量、持水性和入渗性能等增大.但在40a内对土壤质地无显著影响.植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响随恢复年限的增加而增强,随着土层深度的增加而减弱.土壤的容重、>0.25mm团聚体含量和饱和导水率可作为植被恢复生态效应评价的主要物理指标.由于水分等条件的限制,该区柠条林和草地对土壤物理性质的改善优于刺槐林,建议该区植被恢复应以营造次生灌木林和草地为主.     

镇江滨江湿地受损植被诊断及修复研究

镇江滨江湿地沿长江岸线,依附镇江市市北,是由江水所携泥沙常年淤积而成。湿地内植被茂盛,物种丰富。但近年的污染排放及渔民围网捕鱼,植被破坏严重,湿地生态功能遭到削弱。研究通过对位于大东沟排污口的受损植被与另一处于相同演替阶段的健康植被比较,识别受损植被的致损因子,并分析其对群落结构及其演替进程的影响。结果显示,污染排放和当地渔民的围网捕鱼是导致大东沟片植被处于中等程度退化的主要因子。在植被的修复中,基于次生演替理论和自设计理论,采用工程技术和优势种栽培技术相结合原则,实现污染控制和加速植被的恢复。     

云南南涧干热退化山地水分调蓄与植被恢复途径的试验研究

在云南南涧后山开展的以生物生态工程为主治理泥石流的研究中,围绕着干热退化山地水分调蓄与植被恢复的问题,我们于１９９０－１９９３年期间,从适生物种筛选、整地方式选择、种植技术与管理、生物篱与生物谷坊的结构和组合,以及调蓄水系统建设等方面进行了试验研究,取得了较好的效果,为该地区退化山地生态系统的恢复重建奠定了良好的基础。根据试验结果和治理区的自然生态环境现状,我们认为,以调蓄水系统为核心的综合生物治理措施是干热退化山地生态系统恢复重建中最有效的治理途径之一。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.