高抗铜青霉菌的筛选及其对重金属的吸附

从一种铜矿尾矿土壤中分离得到一株高抗重金属盐的青霉菌株,其对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr2 、Cd2 的抗性水平分别为150、150、35、15、5、5 mmol/L.在40 mmol/L Cu2 的胁迫下,该菌株的最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0.该菌以淀粉为碳源、以蛋白胨或硫酸铵为氮源时生长速度最快,草酸和柠檬酸也可有效促进菌体的生长.原子吸收结果表明,在pH 5.0、cu2 10 mg/L的铜溶液中,菌株45 min内可吸附98%Cu2 ;pH 6.0、金属离子浓度为100 mg/L时,菌体对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cr6 、Cd2 的吸附量分别为22.8、8.9、18.2、8.4、4.3、5.5 mg/g干菌体,同时Cu2 的存在抑制了菌体对Zn2 、Pb2 、Ni2 、Cd2 的吸附,然而能在小范围内促进对Cr6 的吸附,但促进程度不显著.     

漂白废水白腐菌脱色的条件

碳源、氮源、Mn^2 浓度及pH值对F7菌漂白废水脱色有较大的影响,最佳培养基组成为：ρ（葡萄糖）10g/L,ρ（NH4Cl）0．13g/L,ρ（Mn^2 )20mg/L,随葡萄糖和NH4Cl添国量的增加,菌体生物量增加,但高浓度的NH4Cl对F7菌脱色有抑制作用,F7菌适宜生长pH值为4－5,适宜脱色pHwfhgo 3-6,最适脱色pH值为5．0另外,经脱色处理的漂白废水的毒性明显下降。     

预处理青霉菌对中性红和孔雀绿的吸附

以青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)为吸附剂,对水溶液中染料中性红和孔雀绿进行了吸附研究.试验考察了预处理方法、pH值和重金属离子对吸附的影响,并对吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,在试验选用的预处理剂中,碳酸氢钠预处理的菌体吸附效果最好;溶液的pH值为5-6时,对染料的吸附量达到最大.当溶液中含有50mg·l-1Pb2+Zn2+Cu"任一种金属离子时,对菌体吸附中性红和孔雀绿均有抑制作用.碳酸氢钠处理菌体对中性红和孔雀绿的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型来描述,相关系数均为0.9997.菌体吸附中性红和孔雀绿过程中有Na+,K+和Mg2+的释放,表明吸附过程中存在离子交换吸附机制.此外,吸附过程中静电吸附也起到一定的作用.     

吸附菌HX5对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附脱色作用

研究了吸附菌HX5对活性艳蓝KNR的吸附脱色作用,碳源、氮源、盐度和染料浓度对KNR吸附脱色的影响,以及HX5生长菌体对KNR的脱色机理.结果表明,菌株HX5对KNR脱色的最佳碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硫酸铵;碳源浓度在10g/L以上时,可使200mg/L的KNR完全脱色,碳源浓度过高,脱色效果不显著;HX5对KNR脱色的最佳氮源浓度为0.75g/L,在0～2%的浓度范围内,盐度对脱色无显著影响;染料对菌株HX5具有一定的生长抑制毒性,但对于400mg/L的KNR,脱色率仍可达95.1%;HX5生长菌体对KNR作用96h内主要为生物吸附作用,96h外则可能发生了生物降解.图5表2参9     

地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对 Cr6+的吸附动力学研究

从污染土壤中分离出地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis),利用其死菌体对Cr6 溶液进行吸附动力学研究.在Ci=300mg/L、pH=2.5和θ=50℃条件下,吸附120min获得最大吸附量60.5mg/g.应用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线研究,结果表明,Langmuir吸附等温线更为适合.动力学研究显示,地衣芽孢杆菌对Cr6 的吸附动力学可以用拟二级速度方程进行描叙.图3表4参14     

掷孢酵母吸附去除铬的性能研究

通过菌种培养、分离与筛选 ,获得一株对铬具有很强还原与吸附性能的掷孢酵母(Sporobolomycetaceaesp ) .该菌株适宜的吸附pH值是 6— 9,1g培养 60h的菌体在 2 0mlpH 7的 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液中 ,吸附 8h后 ,对铬的去除率最高达到 1 0 0 % .在浓度分别为 1 5 ,30 ,5 0 ,1 0 0 ,30 0mg·l- 1 的铬液中 ,每克菌体对铬的吸附量与对数曲线y=1 72 5 8ln(x) - 2 0 9 49相吻合 ,相关系数为 0 9889,对吸附后菌体破壁测得细胞质内含铬量最高 ,达 65 5 % .通过扫描电子显微镜发现 ,处理 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液 8h后 ,菌体细胞壁的表面结构不发生形态变化     

地衣芽孢杆门菌（Bacillus licheniformis）对Cr^6＋的吸附动力学研究

从污染土壤中分离出地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis），利用其死菌体对Cr^6＋溶液进行吸附动力学研究．在Ci=300mg／L、pH=2．5和日=50℃条件下，吸附120min获得最大吸附量60．5mg／g．应用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线研究，结果表明，Langmuir吸附等温线更为适合．动力学研究显示，地衣芽孢杆菌对Cr^6＋的吸附动力学可以用拟二级速度方程进行描叙．图3表4参14     

脱硫脱硫弧菌去除SO2的工艺条件研究

从太原污水处理厂分离到1株硫酸盐还原菌,对其进行形态学观察及生理生化特征测定,鉴定为脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibriodesulfuricans).该菌株在pH=7、温度30℃、搅拌速度270r/min时生长最好,处理SO2的能力最强.当二氧化硫进口浓度小于10334mg/m3,SO2-3累积浓度小于87.31mg/L时,菌体生长良好,碱液流加速率较小,但当二氧化硫进口浓度达到11582mg/m3,SO2-累积至124.06mg/L时,菌体生长受到抑制,系统被破坏.图6参11     

酿酒酵母生物吸附Cu2+的动力学及吸附平衡研究

研究了重金属离子Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附特性,内容包括生物吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及pH对生物吸附的影响.生物吸附动力学结果表明,当Cu2 初始浓度为71.6mg/L时,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段为物理吸附,在10min内达到平衡,此后,随着时间的延长,有微量脱附现象发生.Cu2 在酵母上的吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述(R2=0.9984),动力学参数k2为7.65×10-3g mg-1min-1,qe为9.15mg/g.吸附等温线结果表明,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述,最大吸附量qmax为10.2mg/g·pH为5.0时Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的吸附量最大.酿酒酵母可用于处理低浓度含Cu2 的废水.     

高锰酸钾改性活性炭的制备、表征及其吸附Pb2＋的特性

为提高活性炭对废水中Pb2＋的去除效率,采用不同浓度的KMnO4溶液对颗粒活性炭进行静置氧化/冷凝回流改性;利用BET测定了改性活性炭比表面积,并采用BET、SEM、FTIR和XRD等方法对其进行了表征;考察了吸附时间、投加量、pH值、温度对吸附Pb2＋的影响。结果表明,Pb2＋浓度为40 mg/L,在3 g/L的投加量下,0.01KMnO4-GAC和0.03KMnO4-GAC对Pb2＋的吸附去除率分别达到了92%和94%,是GAC对Pb2＋吸附去除率的1.84和1.88倍;在吸附剂3 g/L的投加量下,180 min基本达到吸附平衡;3种吸附剂对Pb2＋的吸附,随着pH值的降低而减少;而温度对吸附Pb2＋的影响相对较小。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.