再生资源行业支农大有可为

供销社所属再生资源行业自建国初期就在农村开展了再生资源回收,并且逐步形成了一套回收机构和网点,回收的再生资源不断增加。以湖南省为例,1993年全省的回收金额达7.3亿元之多,其中农村的回收金额约有3亿元左右。湖南省政府曾有一位领导称赞道:“这是了不起的支农行动”。但是,近几年来,特别是近一年多以来,一些地方的再生资源企业在“三重三轻”(重城市厂矿回收,轻农村回收;重废金属回收,轻杂品回收;重利高废品回收,轻利微废品回收)等思想的影响下,对农村的回收有所放松,回收数量和回收金额都有不同程度的     

中大型洗浴废水余热回收途径及其经济性分析

针对大型洗浴中心日常运行排出的污水含大量低品味余热特点,在讨论余热回收系统回收原理及流程基础上,针对不同种类的能源,探讨了不同季节条件下的热经济性、各种能耗费用的差异性与正确选择能源的重要性;通过减排估算与对各种回收途径的经济性指标分析,指出余热回收具有显著的经济效益,表明推广清洁绿色新能源与可再生能源的必要性.     

基于成本核算的废旧动力电池回收模式分析与趋势研究

概述了动力电池流向、回收管理体系和回收模式等管理现状,总结提出了以新能源汽车生产企业、动力电池生产企业、第三方综合利用企业和产业联盟为回收主体的四种动力电池回收模式;考虑建设成本、运行维护成本、收集成本、贮存成本、运输成本、人工成本、税收成本、管理成本等8个构成要素,构建了废旧动力电池回收成本模型;核算了四种回收模式的废旧动力电池回收成本和利润情况.核算数据显示,回收1万t/a的废旧动力电池项目,在年总收益均为8500万元的条件下,四种回收模式的利润区间为-461~401万元.结果与趋势分析表明,我国可优先推广新能源汽车生产企业为回收主体的回收模式,便于迅速布局;市场成熟后以动力电池生产企业和综合利用企业为回收主体的模式将进入市场,专业性和技术性将大幅提升;当市场更加成熟,以产业联盟为主体的回收模式将更具优势,回收成本降到最低.综上,建议从避免重复建设,缩短资金周转周期,探索创新模式,构建绿色供应链以及完善回收法律体系等方面入手,进一步完善我国废旧动力电池回收体系.     

中国废纸回收系统物质流分析与评价

构建了2017年中国废纸回收决策系统的基准模型,其中重点关注废纸非规范回收对中国国内废纸回收系统的经济效益和环境（GHG排放量）的影响.其次,对影响废纸回收系统效益的相关参数进行了灵敏度分析,最后在整合非规范回收商贩情境下对系统经济效益和GHG排放量进行了预测.结果表明：2017年中国废纸回收的经济效益约为458.3元/t,GHG排放量为901.1kgCO_2eq;规范回收率和非规范回收接受率都会对系统经济效益和改善GHG排放结构有显著影响;整合非规范回收企业以及个体回收商的情境下2030年经济效益将上升至3312.5元/t,而GHG排放量上升至942.9kgCO_2eq.并且通过情境预测发现整合非规范回收能提升规范回收率,这能有效的规范中国的废纸回收市场.     

市场回收体系建设须有时

在电子垃圾的回收上,建立规范化、市场化的回收体系,是突破环境保护与资源利用双重压力的一种有效解决方法,也是一种可持续的产业发展行为.但是,在经济利益的驱使下,如何使电子垃圾的回收走入规范,由乱而治,按照设定的渠道回收、处理、利用,真正做到保护环境与资源再生利用相结合?     

城市生活废弃物该如何分类收集

我国城市生活废弃物分类现状 目前我国的废弃物回收与处理完全是在经济利益的驱动下自发进行的。废弃物回收以个体从业人员走街串巷回收为主．辅以生产厂家以旧换新回收、环保部门从生活废弃物中回收等方式。许多城市废旧物资市场被大批外来人员回收队伍占据,处于一种分散经营状态,未形成回收网络。由于缺乏完善的管理和组织体系及相关政策的扶持、约束,废弃物回收的分类处理与再制造、再利用脱节,回收处理技术落后,多采用人工操作,加工程度低,资源回收率低,回收成本高。     

浅谈互联网+时代下手机APP与废品回收的结合

本文主要对互联网+时代下手机APP与废品回收的结合的背景、必要性与可行性进行了介绍,对废品回收手机APP的优势与设计要点进行了分析与阐述,期望为废品回收手机APP的研究与设计提供可行的思路和方法。     

垃圾分类处置典型案例分析及新思路研究

中国固体废弃物的回收、处理、利用形势不容乐观.结合当前形势,参考国内外垃圾分类的成功案例,对比分析中日的垃圾分类现状和数据,认为中国垃圾分类应从以下两条新思路改进,一是从处理方式上改进回收方式;二是结合具体情况以及人群,考虑垃圾分类的方法.最后分析了新思路下,垃圾回收的环境和经济效益.并提出通过大数据、物联网对垃圾回收全过程的监控,管理的展望.     

从剩余污泥厌氧发酵上清液中以鸟粪石形式回收磷

为了实现以鸟粪石(MAP,MgNH4PO4·6H2O)的形式回收剩余污泥厌氧发酵上清液中的氮磷,研究了氮磷溶出的最佳条件及不同的反应条件对氮磷回收的影响.结果表明在p H为10. 5,温度为35℃时,发酵液中溶出的氨氮与正磷酸盐质量浓度皆在第5 d达到峰值;在添加磷源的条件下,磷回收的最佳条件为p H=9. 5、N∶P=0. 8、Mg∶P=1. 8;未添加磷源的条件下,回收磷的最佳条件为p H=9. 5、Mg∶P=1. 6、转速200 r·min-1.此外,降低N∶P摩尔比对于鸟粪石的形态和纯度均有显著影响.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X光微区分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等手段对回收产物进行了表面相貌及物相组成分析,证实了沉淀物的主要成分为MAP.以鸟粪石形式回收剩余污泥中的氮磷,是实现污泥资源化的一种有效手段.     

鸟粪石法回收养猪废水中氮磷时产物的组分与性质研究

为了探究鸟粪石法回收养猪废水中氮磷时产物的组分与性质,利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和物料衡算,分析了不同工艺条件下回收产物的化学组分,利用扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和激光粒度仪表征了不同条件下回收产物的形貌、粒度和元素组成.结果表明:各条件下废水中PO3-4-P去除率均超过93％,而NH+4-N去除率在28％左右;回收产物中主要为棒状鸟粪石(MgNH4 PO4·6H2O)晶体,同时还存在少量磷酸钙(Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O,ACP)和氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)2)等无定形颗粒;回收的鸟粪石纯度最高为87.72％,颗粒体积平均粒径最大为110 μm;鸟粪石纯度和颗粒粒度与反应液pH和进水PO3-4-P浓度相关,反应液pH由8.5±0.2升至9.5±0.2,鸟粪石纯度降低,粒度减小;进水PO3-4-P浓度由55.29 mg·L-1升至81.98 mg·L-1,鸟粪石纯度增大,粒度减小.     

Attitudes of women of childbearing age towards prenatal diagnosis in Southeastern France

The objective of this study was to explore women's attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 and to examine some of the factors possibly responsible for these attitudes before implementing in real practice serological screening of pregnant women at risk for trisomy 21. We carried out a telephone survey on a representative sample of women who had recently had a normal livebirth delivery in the Marseille district in 1990. The participation rate was 80 per cent and the average age of the mothers was 28-9 years. Among the 514 women interviewed, 78 per cent stated that they would ask for an amniocentesis for a 1 per cent risk of trisomy 21 at their next pregnancy. When adjusting for confounding factors, the decision to have or not to have an amniocentesis was found to depend not only on the women's attitude towards induced abortion, but also on their understanding of the risk involved and on the social context (knowing a handicapped child, discussion with the father). It also depended on the women's age and on what they knew about amniocentesis from the medical point of view. The risk of miscarriage can influence a woman's choice but this objection was not found to affect the women's decisions significantly in our survey. The data showed the existence of a high potential demand for fetal karyotyping.     

A synthetical methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water based on meta-analysis

Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project, while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water. The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use. It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice, therefore, identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed ...     

土壤可蚀性及其在侵蚀预报中的应用

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,国外已有物理意义明确、可操作性强、应用方便的土壤可蚀性定义和指标。国外的指标在我国不适用,而我国又没有这样的指标。在系统全面查阅和分析６０多年来已有研究成果的基础上,根据我国具体情况,提出我国土壤可蚀性指标的定义和测定方法,即在１５°坡度、２０ｍ坡长、清耕休闲地上,单位降雨侵蚀力所引起的土壤流失量。这一标准的确定对规范土壤可蚀性实验研究,促进我国土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立有重要意义     

Theoretical aspects of iceload measurements on fixed rods and overhead line conductors: A transfer function for dry rime-ice accretion

This paper is concerned with theoretical aspects of the methodology of iceload measurements on an overhead line conductor (OHLC) of finite span and finite torsional stiffness. The purpose is to establish the relationships between the iceload on a fixed rod or sampler and the spatial average iceload on an OHLC. A theoretical database, generated using dynamical models for rime-ice accretion on conductors, is carefully analysed to express iceload data as a function of meteorological conditions and the mechanical properties of the OHLC. These results provide the required ratios of the iceload on a sampler to that on OHLCs as a function of time during an icing incident. A transfer function, relating theoretically predicted iceloads on an OHLC to that for a sampler, is then constructed and should prove useful in the development of the corresponding methodology for relating sets of field measurements in this way. For design purposes progress in the latter is desirable.     

The classification of lands managed for conservation: existing and proposed frameworks, with particular reference to Australia

Comprehensive classification systems to accurately account for lands managed for biodiversity conservation, are an essential component of conservation planning and policy. The current international classification systems for lands managed for nature conservation are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on Australia. The need for a broader, all-encompassing, categorisation of lands managed for conservation is presented and a proposed broader categorisation system is developed—the Conservation Lands Classification. This classification system has the advantage of incorporating data on both tenure and protection mechanisms and has been applied in this paper using conservation lands in three Australian jurisdictions as examples. It is envisaged that this method of classification has the potential to significantly improve the ability to measure current and future trends in nature conservation across all land types at a variety of scales and hence is put forward in order to stimulate discussion on this important topic.     

限制分配模型预测黑麦草吸收PAHs

采用水培体系检验了限制分配模型预测黑麦草同时吸收苊、芴、菲和芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)的准确性.结果表明,限制分配模型能够较好地预测黑麦草吸收积累PAHs的程度.但由于该模型仅考虑根部传输,忽略了叶面吸收,导致模型对茎叶中PAHs含量预测的准确性较差.根系和茎叶的预测误差(预测值与实测值之差除以实测值的百分数)分别小于57.4%和98.5%.若考虑叶面吸收对模型预测的影响,则能显著降低茎叶中4种PAHs的预测误差.由于叶面吸收的影响随PAHs脂溶性升高而增大,预测误差降低程度为芘>菲>芴>苊,其中芘的最大预测误差由98.5%下降至69.4%.     

土壤和地下水污染的监控自然衰减修复技术研究进展

我国土壤和地下水污染形势严峻,污染场地数量巨大、类型复杂,相应的管理和修复技术体系仍然滞后.监控自然衰减（MNA）作为一种基于污染风险管控的场地修复和长期监测方法,是土壤和地下水污染修复中较为经济和有效的方法之一,可以实现修复的成本效益最大化.近几年来MNA在美国污染场地修复中的应用比例约占30%左右,场地修复的平均成本为数十万美元.本文介绍了MNA方法的来源和发展,总结了MNA的国内外研究应用进展和相关的核心技术手段,与典型修复方法的成本进行了比较,以期为MNA相关的研究和应用提供参考借鉴.     

Comparative Virucidal Efficacy of Seven Disinfectants Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus,Surrogates of Human Norovirus

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted either by person-to-person contact or by consumption of contaminated food. A knowledge of an efficient disinfection for both hands and food-contact surfaces is helpful for the food sector and provides precious information for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seven disinfectants belonging to different groups of biocides (alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agents, quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehyde and biguanide) on infectious viral titre and on genomic copy number. Due to the absence of a cell culture system for HuNoV, two HuNoV surrogates, such as murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, were used and the tests were performed in suspension, on gloves and on stainless steel discs. When, as criteria of efficacy, a log reduction >3 of the infectious viral titre on both surrogates and in the three tests is used, the most efficacious disinfectants in this study appear to be biocidal products B, C and D, representing the halogens, the oxidizing agents group and a mix of QAC, alcohol and aldehyde, respectively. In addition, these three disinfectants also elicited a significant effect on genomic copy number for both surrogate viruses and in all three tests. The results of this study demonstrate that a halogen compound, oxidizing agents and a mix of QAC, alcohol and aldehyde are advisable for HuNoV disinfection of either potentially contaminated surfaces or materials in contact with foodstuffs.     

Water footprint: methodologies and a case study for assessing the impacts of water use

The methodologies, approaches and indicators for assessing the impacts of freshwater usage are still evolving. The development of the water footprint concept has been an important step in this direction but the existing methodologies mainly assess the quantity of water used rather than the related impacts. Although there is a recognised need to consider the latter, particularly on a life cycle basis, the difficulty is that there are little or no reliable data on water usage in life cycle databases; furthermore, there is no agreed life cycle impact assessment method for estimating impacts related to freshwater use. However, there have been some methodological developments which propose methods for inventory modelling and impact assessment for water use in life cycle assessment. This paper reviews some of these approaches and discusses their strengths and limitations through a case study, which considers the impacts of freshwater consumption from corn-derived ethanol produced in 12 different countries. The results show a huge variation in the results between different methods and demonstrate the need for a standardised methodology for assessing the impacts of water use on a life cycle basis. Specific recommendations for further research in this field have been made accordingly.     

Atmospheric emissions of some POPs in Europe: a discussion of existing inventories and data needs

Accurate and complete information on the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are essential for interpreting historical, current and future contamination levels in remote areas. However, this information is also crucial for decision makers aiming at further reduction of the environmental loading of these substances on a regional scale. In this study, we identify and discuss specific POP emission inventory features that are deemed essential to understand, predict and control the behaviour of such substances on a European scale. It is shown that the scientific value of official emission data is limited (e.g. for deriving source–receptor relationships on a European scale), as there is insufficient information on spatial, temporal and compound coverage. Likewise, we argue that non-official emission data (i.e. research-driven emission inventories), which are based on aggregated statistics, may be of limited value for the identification of further emission control strategies. It is thus argued that future emission inventories should be developed in a format that is suitable to serve both policy- and research-oriented applications. Further improvement of official emission data with respect to research-driven features seems to be the most sensible way to proceed. Finally, the empirical basis of current emission inventories remains weak, and further research on emission identification and characterisation seem needed (a) to gain confidence in predicted source–receptor relationship as well as (b) for the development of sound control strategies.