塔里木河流域的生态环境质量综合评价研究

采用切实可行的指标体系综合评价塔里木河流域生态环境质量,对流域的近期综合治理以及其它环境建设工程都具有很强的参考和指导意义。本文结合已有的研究成果,首次运用RS／GIS技术,参考2003年中国环境监测总站颁布的《生态环境质量评价方法》。以塔里木河流域的42个县(市)为评价单元,对塔里木河流域生态环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明,整个塔里木河流域的生态环境质量属较差和差级,其中干流上游与四源流经地区环境质量略好于其它地区。天山南麓、环塔里木盆地北部及西部绿洲区的生态环境状况优于环塔里木盆地南缘的和田地区,评价结果符合实际情况。     

长江源区水生态系统健康研究进展

对截止至2021年6月报道的长江源区气候、水资源、水质、藻类、大型无脊椎动物和鱼类资源等水生态系统健康相关研究进行了综述,以期为进一步开展长江源区水生态系统健康研究与生态保护提供参考和依据。研究结果表明:①长江源区水生态相关研究主要关注于气候变化,其次为水资源变化和草地退化。②1948—2019年,长江源区全年平均气温呈上升趋势,增长速度为0.2~0.5℃/10 a;春季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势,增长速度分别为1.1~26.6 mm/10 a和0.2~9.1 mm/10 a;全年平均径流量呈增加趋势,增长速度为11.8~79.6 m³/(s·10 a);蒸发量呈增加趋势,增长速度为7.6~71.6 mm/10 a。③1969—2002年,冰川面积减少了68.1 km²,年均减少2.0 km²。1969—2015年,格拉丹东冰川面积减少了14.9~79.0 km²,减少速度为0.5~10.0 km²/a。1975—2015年,湖泊面积增加了2.7~831.6 km²,增速为0.3~96.2 km²/a。④1986—2015年,大部分河段水质为Ⅱ类及以上,且无明显年际变化。⑤针对水生生物的调查和研究非常匮乏。总体而言,长江源区水生态系统健康状况良好。近年来其气象因子以及水资源状况有所改变,未来气候变化可能会进一步影响长江源区水生态系统健康状况。今后亟须加强对长江源区的本底调查,完善基础数据,关注气候变化对水资源和水质的影响,并探索气候变化对水生生物的影响。     

长江河源水环境背景值调查及分析

本文摘要介绍了长江源区主要４条河流中水环境背景值的调查分析结果     

昌吉硫磺沟矿区地表沉陷区的土地整治与生态恢复

针对昌吉市硫磺沟矿区煤矿开采引起的地表沉陷及其对矿区地表及环境破坏的影响,以减轻地表沉陷危害程度、恢复矿区所在地的生态功能为目标,按照采矿区塌陷类型、塌陷坑大小及塌陷区地理环境,采用不同的土地整治与生态恢复措施,在防治和控制矿区地表沉陷引起的生态破坏及生态环境保护方面取得很好的成果与经验.     

基于土地利用变化的忻州市生态格局时空变化分析

为了厘清改革开放以来忻州市各类生态系统及生态系统格局的时空特征,使用忻州全市1980、2000、2018年的土地利用和覆盖(LULC)二级分类数据,经过土地转移矩阵和景观格局指数计算,探讨分析了忻州市改革开放以来近40年的LULC及格局的长时间序列时空变化特征,以揭示忻州市的生态环境变化态势。研究区近40年来以城镇用地和其他建设用地增加为主,其他各类减少,城镇化和人口增长带来的土地和生态压力主要集中在草地、耕地以及湿地上;其中2000—2018年的变化更剧烈,人类活动对自然的干扰加剧,但同时在这一阶段已经开始了森林、湿地的保护,开展经济发展与生态文明同步建设。     

基于星空地协同技术的长江扬州段沿岸生态空间状况调查与评价

长江扬州段是南水北调东线的源头水域,也是江淮生态大走廊的核心区,生态区域敏感性和重要性尤为突出。通过高分辨率卫星遥感筛查-无人机遥感详查-地面人工核查的星空地协同技术对长江扬州段沿岸自然岸线保有率、土地利用状况以及周边环境风险源进行全面调查。结果表明:(1)长江扬州段自然岸线保有率为46.20%,岸线范围内建设用地占比达33.35%,开发强度较高;(2)沿岸有码头114座,入江排口104个,部分排口存在水色异常等环境问题;(3)沿江生态保护红线区域内存在加油船溢油现象和驳船违规堆放固体废弃物等环境安全隐患。     

长江南京段入江支流底质多营养级微生物多样性研究

基于16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术，研究了长江南京段21条主要入江支流不同水期底质多营养级微生物的群落结构特征，利用Shannon指数等分析了样品中微生物群落的多样性。结果表明，42个样品的细菌群落归属于285个纲水平上的OTUs (operational taxonomic units)，归属于62个门；优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）等，优势菌纲为β-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲等。原生动物中的优势类群为不等鞭毛类(Heterknta)、囊泡虫类（Alveolata）和绿色植物（Chloroplastida），后生动物中的优势类群为节肢动物(Arthropoda)、轮虫（Rotifera）和线虫（Nematoda）。平水期底质的细菌、原生及后生动物的多样性相对较低，入江支流的水生态系统相对不稳定，尤其是金川河、七里河等。     

长江源区浮游生物调查初报

本文简要报告了长江源区包括长江正源沱沱河等三条河流浮游生物的初步调查结果。     

甘家湖荒漠林区生态恢复工程的影响因素及其环境效益评价

主要从生态恢复方面对甘家湖荒漠林区的恢复措施及其所产生的环境效益、社会效益及综合效应进行论证，分析甘家湖荒漠林区目前的状况及采取恢复措施后所能达到的效果。     

土地利用景观格局对信江水质的影响

利用GIS空间分析与统计方法,从景观尺度和类型尺度两方面分析了流域景观格局空间分异对河流高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(CODCr)的影响。信江流域的景观组成对CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度存在显著影响,耕地和建设用地的面积比例与各项指标浓度间存在显著正相关,林地与各指标浓度存在显著负相关。各项指标在流域上游变化不大,而在流域的下游变化显著。从景观尺度上看,流域景观以少数大斑块为主或同一类型的斑块高度连接时,河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度较低,水质较好。从流域类型尺度上看,各类型的景观结构对河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度影响不同,建设用地以及耕地的集中大面积彼此相临的连片分布会导致河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr等浓度的升高,而林地则表现出相反的效应。     

长江干流江苏段水质中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定及分布现状

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水质中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),方法在0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为15 ng/L~20 ng/L。将该方法用于2014年长江干流江苏段4个断面的水质样品的采集与测定,并讨论PAEs的分布现状。结果表明,6种PAEs的测定均值为8.56μg/L~21.1μg/L,其中DBP与DEHP含量占比超过50%,PAEs总质量浓度与其他河流相比基本处于同一水平。     

太湖湖西区河网营养盐输移规律研究

为控制湖西区入湖营养盐量,需要对太湖湖西区河网进行N、P营养盐监测与输移路径模拟.结果显示,宜溧地区营养盐输移规律基本表现为径流输移;常州、金坛地区京杭运河以南河网区虽然日输移路径较为复杂,但是洪期、年输移路径却一致;而京杭运河以北河网营养盐输移规律最为复杂,不仅表现为日输移路径的规律性差,而且洪期、年净输移路径相反....     

Dynamic Changes of Sandy Land in Northwest of Beijing, China

The area northwest of Beijing is one of the most important regions where many organizations invest and pay most attention. The environmental problems in this region affect not only Beijing but also the surrounding area. Based on observation of the characteristics of the change in sandy land, this study classified four types of dynamic change of sandy land, including extended sandy land, the reversely changed sandy land, the potential sandy land and no change in sandy land. Then the process and the trend of changes in sandy land and their environmental impact on the area northwest of Beijing were analyzed. The results show that the area of sandy land has increased in this region in the period of 1991 to 2002. Change between sandy land and grassland was the dominant change. It is found that the monitoring zones of Hunshandake sandy land and north of Yin Shan are regions with high ratio of extended sandy land, and are connected with widespread potential change of sandy land. This implies that these two regions have a high probability of increase in sandy land in the future. On the other hand, in the monitoring zone of Horqin sandy land and Ba Shang Plateau and its surrounding area, desertification had been controlled and the area of sandy land is expected to decrease. This indicates that the direction of the sandstorm to Beijing is expected to gradually move to the northwest. Furthermore, the decreases in sandy land and the reversing change from arable land to grassland and forests in the study region will affect the land quality and atmosphere. And the logistic multiple regression (LMR) model was employed to better understand the complexity and processes of increases in sandy land. This model predicts that there is a high probability of increases in sandy land in north of Siziwang Banner, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Zhenglan Banner. Finally, suggestions to the ecological construction of the study area have been proposed.     

长江下游典型滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染特征

为揭示长江下游滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染状况,以滨江临海的南通市为例,网格化布点,采集表层农业土壤样品共计334个,对其重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,研究区域表层农业土壤中各重金属含量均已超过其背景值,且以Pb污染最为严重;区域性差异较大,以滨海的如东、海门、启东污染最为严重,且以海门、启东As含量最高;各重金属间相关性不显著,来源途径不止一种.从而提出南通市农业土壤重金属污染的防治应立足于防重于治的方针,着重滨海地区,以Pb、As污染源为主,并对污染土壤进行修复.     

洮滆水系湖库富营养化生态风险的特点与比较

茅东水库、长荡湖、涌湖、太湖竺山湾是洮滆水系从上游到下游排列的4大典型湖库,2008年的监测分析表明,氮、磷是该水系湖库富营养化的主要污染因子,并沿流域呈加剧趋势,上下游TP质量浓度为0.081～0.296 mg/L,差异小,而TN质量浓度为0.314～5.67 mg/L,差异大,长荡湖到涌湖是洮滆水系首要污染物TN快...     

长江经济带工业来源危险废物污染与处理特征分析及监管对策建议

依据2017年环境统计数据, 分析了长江经济带工业危险废物的污染及处理特征:长江经济带危废产生 量较大的省份是江苏、浙江、云南、湖南和四川;危废种类主要是来源于化工、钢铁、有色和造纸行业的废酸、有色金属冶炼废物、废碱和焚烧处置残渣;各地对危废的处理情况各有优劣。根据以上特征,提出加强对重点 区域的监管和调度,针对特定行业和危废种类,建议出台最佳可行的处理技术,建立区域之间危废管理大平台,促进区域危废处理优势互补和均衡发展,挖掘企业自行处理能力,减轻危废集中处理压力。     

长江南京段水质自动监测点位优化

简述了长江南京段监测断面现状,用相关分析与聚类分析方法对水质监测数据进行了统计分析,对长江南京段水质自动监测优化布点提出了相关建议。     

新形势下我国江河入海水通量监测实践与对策建议

针对我国入海河口生态环境问题突出、江河入海污染物总量不明的问题,梳理了我国江河入海水通量监测的历史,分析了我国江河入海水通量评估工作的现状以及"十四五"生态环境监测和海洋环境保护等规划的要求,提出污染物排海总量不明的主要原因是江河入海水通量监测未取得突破,具体表现在江河污染物入海通量未得到有效掌握、江河入海水通量监管体系未得以构建运行、江河入海水通量监测技术未得到建立和规范。结合在辽河口海洋环境在线监测试验基地开展的江河入海流量在线监测系统设计研究、江河入海水通量监测技术研发、江河入海水通量监测技术标准化研究、辽河入海水通量监测试验等工作,建议总结分析我国已开展的江河入海水通量监测试验工作,深入开展江河入海水通量监测顶层设计,加强江河入海水通量监测关键技术方法研究。     

The land ecological evolutional patterns in the source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in the past 15 years, China

Based on land ecological classification of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and field investigation, two phases of TM remote sensing data obtained in 1986 and 2000 were compared. From spatial variations and type transformation trends, the spatial changes and evolutional patterns of land ecosystem in the source regions of the two rivers were analyzed using the analytical method of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that middle and high-cover high-cold steppe areas degraded considerably by 15.82%, high-cover high-cold meadow areas by 5.15%, while high-cold swamp meadow areas decreased by 24.36%. Lake water area was reduced by 7.5%, especially the lakes in the source region of the Yangtze River. Land desertification is developing rapidly and the average of desertified land area has increased by 17.11%. Desertified land in the source region of Yellow River is expanding at an annual rate of 1.83%. Analysis of the evolutional pattern of land ecotypes shows that the general tendencies of spatial evolution in the regions are coverage reduction and desertification of high-cold steppe, cover reduction and steppification of high-cold meadows, and desiccation of swamp meadows. As a result, land ecological spatial distribution pattern in the region is changing and the state of eco-environment declining.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important organic contaminants with great significance for China, where coal burning is the main source of energy. In this study, concentrations, distribution between different phases, possible sources and eco-toxicological effect of PAHs of the Yangtze River were assessed. PAHs in water, suspended particulate matters (SPM) and sediment samples at seven main river sites, 23 tributary and lake sites of the Yangtze River at the Wuhan section were analyzed. The total concentrations of PAHs in the studied area ranged from 0.242 to 6.235 μg/l in waters and from 31 to 4,812 μg/kg in sediment. The average concentration of PAHs in SPM was 4,677 μg/kg, higher than that in sediment. Benzo(a)pyrene was detected only at two stations, but the concentrations were above drinking water standard. The PAHs level of the Yangtze River was similar to that of some other rivers in China but higher than some rivers in foreign countries. There existed a positive relationship between PAHs concentrations and the TOC contents in sediment. The ratio of specific PAHs indicated that PAHs mainly came from combustion process, such as coal and wood burning. PAHs may cause potential toxic effect but will not cause acute biological effects in sedimentary environment of the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River.