泸定6.8级地震农村居住建筑震害调查与分析∗

2022 年 9 月 5 日,四川省泸定县发生了 6.8 级地震,对泸定、石棉、汉源等地区的农村建筑造成严重影响。为了分析农村建筑的震害,对评估烈度为Ⅵ~Ⅸ度区域 12 个乡镇 35 个地点的农村建筑进行了现场调查,总结了砖砌体结构、木结构、石结构和生土结构的典型震害特征,并对 4 种结构的震害等级进行了统计和分析。结果表明：砖砌体结构房屋的严重破坏及倒塌占比为 4.2% 和 3.3%,且与构造措施有很大关系,未经正规设计且缺乏构造措施的砌体结构出现屋面破坏、局部甚至整体倒塌,但设有构造措施的砌体结构房屋保存较好;木结构建筑整体受损较轻,但由于本次泸定地震的竖向作用强烈,木屋盖破坏较为严重;石砌体结构和生土结构房屋,发生严重破坏和倒塌的比例较高,严重破坏占比分别为 7.2% 和 5.1%,倒塌占比分别为 10% 和 7%,破坏最为严重。山体滑坡、落石等次生灾害对建筑造成不同程度的损坏,是此次泸定地震的特征之一。针对此次泸定地震的破坏特征,建议农村建筑落实抗震措施,引入适用的新工艺;灾后恢复过程中,以房屋震损程度评估为基础,重建与加固相结合;同时,建议注重农村规划、选址的研究,降低地震次生灾害破坏;应当进行抗震科普宣传,加强农村工匠培训。     

对甘肃民乐--山丹6.1级地震震害的几点认识

甘肃民乐-山丹MS6.1级地震虽属中等强度地震,但却造成了大量房屋的破坏,且夺去了10人的宝贵生命,这充分暴露出了我国西部贫穷地区一些建筑结构抗震能力极差的弱点.列举了地震区内不同结构类型房屋及民乐、山丹两县水利系统各种结构在这次地震中的表现.通过对其震害的描述,初步分析了破坏原因,并相应提出了一些建议.     

宁夏海原8.5级地震诱发黄土滑坡的变形破坏特征及发育机理

海原地震是我国黄土地区影响深远的大震,其诱发的黄土滑坡不计其数.对海原地震中黄土滑坡密集发育的西吉、海原、固原地区开展调研工作,研究强震作用下黄土滑坡的基本特征、破坏类型,以及该地区黄土地震滑坡密集发育的成因机理.西-海-固地区黄土地震滑坡具有集中发育、扎堆群发的分布规律,且易发生在坡高较低、坡度较缓、山梁单薄、地貌破碎的斜坡地带,并具有方向性和运动液化的特点;考虑黄土特殊的结构特征及动力特性,黄土地震滑坡的破坏类型可分为振动软化——剪切破坏、振动液化——流动破坏、振动崩塌破坏及震后蠕变破坏四种;西吉县西南部黄土地震滑坡密集发育是因为该区处于海原地震地壳破裂带的几何投影中心,并受该区岩土分布特、地貌特征,以及所遭受地震波频谱特征控制.     

晋冀蒙交界区农村房屋建筑震害矩阵研究

根据收集到的《中国大陆地震灾害损失评估汇编》和1989—2016年晋冀蒙交界区成灾地震的震害记录和相关数据,对农村房屋结构归类分析,给出低烈度下各类房屋的震害矩阵。采用贝塔概率密度函数拟合方法,对震害矩阵中结构破坏比的概率密度分布进行拟合,得到高烈度下各破坏等级的概率值,最终获得完整震害矩阵。结果显示,相比南北地震带地区和我国整体各类房屋建筑震害情况,研究区各烈度下不同建筑结构震害情况均较为严重;经贝塔概率密度分布函数所得破坏概率整体上符合破坏比分布特征,所得结果更能接近研究区建筑物的震后真实破坏情况,可用于未来震害预测工作。     

江苏省农村建筑抗震

农村建筑多属就地取材,因地制宜,建筑结构不复杂,其地震破坏与所用建筑材料、建筑构造和施工质量有关,本文概述了我省农村建筑的类型,并通过其地震震害经验总结得出:只要采取切实有效的抗震措施,是可以提高农村建筑抗震能力的。     

云南鲁甸5.1、5.0级地震震害分析

通过对鲁甸5.1、5.0级两次地震后112个居民点的震害调查,分别给出了5.1级地震等烈度分布图及5.1、5.0级地震等烈度综合分布图;分析了场地条件及其震害、各类房屋的震害特征、典型结构房屋的震害原因以及生命线工程震害。结果表明,两次地震形成较大范围的7度破坏区和少数调查点有8度破坏现象的主要原因是:震源浅,地表振动强烈;盆地区广泛分布有煤层、膨胀土、淤泥土和松散的粉砂、粉土等不良影响地层,且埋藏浅;震区建筑结构简易,抗震能力极差;两次地震震害叠加。最后对灾区恢复重建提出了4条建议。     

框架结构房屋地震灾害风险评估

如何预测地震作用下建筑物的损伤风险,一直是地震工程和生命线工程领域的一个关键而不易解决的问题.利用大型有限元分析软件对上海浦东某医院框架结构进行了多地震非线性动力时程分析;针对延性破坏指标和强度破坏指标,计算了不同地震烈度下建筑物震害的严重程度,及5种破坏状态的发生概率,给出了震害率曲线.通过曲线,预测了类似建筑的震害,为城市抗震防灾政策的制定提供了依据.     

云南普洱6.4级地震震害分析

2007年6月3日云南普洱发生6.4级地震,震源深度仅5km。地震对当地各类建筑物和构筑物造成不同程度的破坏。本文根据此次地震现场调研,介绍了地震烈度分布与震区破坏等级划分,归纳了土木、砖木、砖混、框架结构房屋等建筑结构的震害情况,同时对供排水、交通、电力、通讯系统及水利工程等基础设施的破坏状况加以概括,并对各类结构的破坏原因进行了分类分析。总结了此次地震的震害特点,提出了未来村镇防震减灾工作的若干建议。     

基于深度学习的建筑破坏状态智能评估研究

地震发生后需要对震害区域建筑物破坏等级进行快速评估,以便于震后辅助决策和应急救援。通过分析建筑物外立面震害照片数据,挖掘不同建筑破坏等级与其立面图像特征潜在的映射关系,建立基于震害图像数据的建筑破坏状态智能评估深度学习方法,并应用于都江堰的地震调查数据。首先,训练获得了DeeplabV3+图像语义分割深度神经网络模型,实现在震后复杂背景下的建筑物外观整体的分割提取。进一步,利用迁移学习进行ResNeXt网络参数训练用于图像分类,实现建筑物地震破坏等级的评估。分析了都江堰地震现场调查数据,实验结果表明,所提方法能够较精细地将建筑破坏划分为基本完好、损坏和倒塌三类,准确率达到90.33%。评估模型可直接应用于震后建筑状态的较精细评估,且对外立面图像拍摄角度无较高要求,对图像背景鲁棒,可避免环境因素影响。相较于人工判断,研究方法提高了工作效率,缓解了调查者主观性判断带来的离散性影响,具有良好的应用潜力。     

岷县漳县6.6级地震低烈度区民房复杂受损特征研究

由于地震前后连绵降雨,岷县漳县6.6级地震低烈度区(≤6度)的民房破坏特征及受损程度,显著区别于以往强震下的破坏、受损情况。基于本次地震现场考察及相关灾害复查的第一手资料,总结了低烈度区民房破坏的基本特征,分析了造成有别于以往的民房复杂性受损的成因,并就灾区现有易损民房提出了针对性的避免类似地震破坏以及由此产生难以预期的人员伤亡的建议。研究结果表明,甘东南农村地区民房结构简陋及使用年限较久、地基条件较差和降雨相对较多,是形成地震低烈度区民房受损特征极具复杂性的内因;地震前后遭受大范围的强降雨、山地地形造成的场地效应、余震较多且有强余震发生,则构成了上述复杂特征的外因;该次地震在低烈度区造成的农村民房破坏的复杂性和受损程度的特殊性,可以解释当地政府报灾数据与既有经验预判之间存在的偏离。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。