中国环境政策存在的问题和对策

本文简要回顾了自1949年新中国成立到现在中国环境政策的发展历程,分析了每一个阶段环境政策的内容和特点,探讨了当前中国环境政策存在的问题,并对如何完善环境政策,如何有效执行环境政策提出了自己的建议。     

以二氧化硫排放分析我国环境公平状况的定量评估及其影响因素

在构建社会主义和谐社会中.环境公平是协调"人与人"之间关系的一个重要方面.不同的利益群体对环境公平具有不同的理解,基于环境资源的特殊属性,界定环境资源使用公平的内涵.以二氧化硫为例,以省级单位为公平主体,通过构建环境基尼系数来表征我国环境公平的状况;然后利用不同评价对象经济基尼系数之间的关系对其进行了调整,进而评估了我国1998-2004年环境资源使用公平的变化趋势,结果表明二氧化硫排放的环境不公平程度比较严重并有减缓趋势.晟后,利用锡尔系数的因子分解模型,分析了经济发展水平、经济的能源强度以及能源的环境强度等三个因素对子我国环境资源使用公平的影响.结果表明各省经济能源强度差异对环境公平的贡献率最大,能源的环境强度贡献最低,并分析了其现实原因.     

From Frames to Resonance Machines: The Neuropolitics of Environmental Communication

George Lakoff 's work in cognitive linguistics has prompted a surge in social scientists’ interest in the cognitive and neuropsychological dimensions of political discourse. Bringing cognitive neuroscience into the study of social movements and of environmental communication, however, is not as straightforward as Lakoff 's followers suggest. Examining and comparing Lakoff's “neuropolitics” with those of political theorist William E. Connolly, this article argues that Connolly's writings on evangelical-capitalist and eco-egalitarian “resonance machines” provide a broader model for thinking about the relations between body, brain, and culture. Environmentalists, it concludes, should pluralize their “frames” and pay greater attention to the micropolitical and affective effects of their language and practices on the communities within which they act, communicate, and dwell.     

Environmental Risks in Newspaper Coverage: A Framing Analysis of Investigative Reports on Environmental Problems in 10 Chinese Newspapers

Economic modernization has been China's national priority since the establishment of the People's Republic. Since the authorities retain control over the media, which is also now subject to commercial influences, it might be expected that the Chinese news media would construct a discourse of assurance, endorsing economic modernization. A framing analysis of newspaper investigative reports on environmental problems in this article, however, shows that these reports have portrayed environmental problems in a manner that opposes rather than supports the national priority for economic growth. It challenges rather than reinforces the current institutional discourse of development and criticizes rather than contributes to the present structure of the capitalist mode of production in China. In this case, the prominence of the critical reflective discourse demonstrates the critical role investigative journalism potentially plays in arousing the public's awareness of risks in order to create a society in which such risks can be minimized. Factors in the wider social context contribute to our understanding of the critical discourse of environmental problems.     

环境损害赔偿之关键前提:因果关系判定

近年来,随着经济的快速发展,我国环境污染事故频繁发生,随之引发的环境损害问题越发严重。然而由于技术的局限性,大多数损害得不到赔偿。因果关系判定,作为环境损害赔偿的关键前提,正是我国面对环境污染事故频发而亟待解决的问题。本文首先基于环境损害的因果链条,以科学严谨的角度,构建了一套适合我国且具有可操作性的环境损害因果关系判定程序;而后,为了避免由于环境系统的复杂性而导致该程序无法顺利进行的情况发生,本文对国外先进的因果关系判定原则进行了分析,并以此建立了判定程序和判定原则相结合的因果关系判定体系,该体系旨在帮助遇到"瓶颈"的判定程序能够按照体系中的判定原则以一种"迂回"的方式继续进行。本文所构建因果关系判定体系,在保证科学严谨性的同时,兼顾了实用性和时效性,避免了因果关系判定这一关键环节陷入无休止的考证和证明之中,对环境损害赔偿体系的建立具有重要的理论意义与技术支持作用。     

Environmental tobacco smoke: The use of mathematical models to predict health effects

The mathematical model used by Repace and Lowrey to arrive at the quantitative estimate of five lung cancer deaths per year 100, 000 persons exposed to ETS is questioned based on data from published international studies. A challenge of the Repace and Lowrey calculations is necessary to allay the concern which has arisen from the uncritical acceptance of the preliminary accusative estimates.     

协调贸易与环境的最佳途径——环境成本内部化

面对经济发展带来人类福利增加的同时所产生的日益严重的环境污染问题。国际贸易被指责为环境质量下降的原因之一．甚至连国际贸易自由化的原则也受到质疑。围绕贸易与环境可否协调以及如何协调的问题．由环境保护与贸易自由化在理论和实践中的冲突引出贸易与环境之间存在着复杂的相互作用；并通过进一步的经济学分析得出结论：环境问题的根源并不是国际贸易。而是环境成本的外部性造成的市场失灵，而国际贸易只是加重了这种市场失灵。二者可以协调发展。环境成本内部化是解决这一问题的最佳手段。通过环境成本内部化可以达到环境资源的合理配置并最终实现可持续发展。     

From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog: Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement

This essay examines the claims of environmental identity campaigns regarding the issue of climate change. Identity campaigns are based on the idea that more effective environmental messages developed through the application of cognitive science by professional communications experts can favorably influence public opinion, and thus support legislative action to remedy this issue. Based on a review of the sociological and psychological literature regarding social change and mobilization, I argue that while this approach may offer short term advantages, it is most likely incapable of developing the large scale mobilization necessary to enact the massive social and economic changes necessary to address global warming. Specifically, theoretical and empirical research on the role of the public sphere, civil society and social movements shows that democratic civic engagement is core to successful social change efforts. However, identity campaigns focus on a communications process that centers on elite led one way communications, which falls to allow for any form of civic engagement and public dialogue. This undermines the creation of a democratic process of change and reinforces the professionalization of political discourse, leading to a weakening of the mobilization capacity over this issue of global warming. The essay concludes with the outlines of an environmental communication process that aims at enhancing civic engagement and democratic decision making.     

Greenwashing Consumption: The Didactic Framing of ExxonMobil's Energy Solutions

Corporate advertising campaigns increasingly use environmental frames to promote their products and processes, many of which are neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly. This study examines ExxonMobil's recent efforts at green advertising, focusing specifically on their widely aired “Energy Solutions” television advertisements. We argue that ExxonMobil's use of a didactic, greenwashed frame stifles criticism and discourages examination of ideologies of consumption by exploiting the ethos of the scientist and highlighting technological solutions to problems that are deeply tied to a culture of consumerism. The definition of green energy is controlled by those with the power to generate persuasive public messages about the sources and production of energy. Counterframes, however, can be employed to turn a questioning eye upon the solutions advanced by ExxonMobil. We issue a call for green frames that help citizens and consumers critically examine the ecological integrity of all means of energy production, and that call attention to the ways in which the greenwashing of research and development initiatives can dissuade necessary action, including reduction of US energy consumption.     

中国环境审计研究10年回顾:轨迹、问题与前瞻

国家审计署2008-2012年审计工作发展规划将资源环境审计作为六大审计类型之一,同时在2009年9月出台<关于加强资源环境审计工作的意见>(以下简称<意见>),这必将极大促进我国环境审计理论与实践的发展.在历史即将翻开新的一页之时,有必要对我国环境审计理论与实践研究轨迹进行系统总结和梳理,发掘其规律、问题,以利于未来环境审计研究.本文以发表于1999-2009年的689篇环境审计论文为样本,从发表时间、期刊类型、研究内容、研究方法、推动力量、学术影响力及研究人才队伍培养等方面系统描述我国近十年环境审计研究的轨迹.结果发现,我国环境审计研究的层面不够深入,研究方向存在偏颇性,研究视角显片面性.未来的环境审计研究应更加紧密围绕全球环境问题和国际环境会计的最新实,整合生态学、环境科学、会计学及审计学界力量,倡导研究视角的多元化,更加注重民间环境审计、环境审计的鉴证职能、生态绩效的评价审核等研究.