Study on Community Diversity of Coastal Shelter Forest in Jiaonan

Abstract

Based on the research of the plots in coastal areas in Jiaonan city, Shandong Province, the indices of richness, evenness and diversity of different community types are analyzed. The results show that: The richness indices indicates that arbor layers are close to shrub layers, and both are lower than herbage layers; the ranges among communities vary a little except those of the arbor ones. Mostly the biodiversity indices reveal that herbage, the arbor, the shrub; Biodiversity of communities has great influences on microclimate to a certain extent and is under the control of regional environment.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Tanzania.Data were obtained through questionnaires,interviews,focus group discussions,participatory rural appraisal and field observations.The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include:Village Natural Resources Management Committee(92%),tree nursery group(79.4%),beekeeping groups(61.1%),fish farming(43.3%),livestock rearing group(33.9%).Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include:forest patrols,fire extinguish,preparation of fire breaks,planting of trees along the forest boundaries,creation of awareness,arresting of forest defaulters,participation in income generation activities.For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions,the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

Abstract

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include: Village Natural Resources Management Committee (92%), tree nursery group (79.4%), beekeeping groups (61.1%), fish farming (43.3%), livestock rearing group (33.9%). Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include: forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, planting of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

The Variation of Species Diversity,Regeneration and Community Structure in Larix gmelinii Forest Shaping by Local Environment Factors

Russian Journal of Ecology - Inner Mongolia Hanma National Nature Reserve without human disturbance is a natural laboratory for the study of Larix gmelinii forest because it has well-preserved...     

Comparative Estimation of Floristic Diversity in Protected Natural Areas

A method for estimating floristic diversity at the species, genus, and family levels and the taxonomic structure of the flora of protected natural areas is proposed. The method is illustrated using the example of three nature reserves located in the Northern, Middle, and Southern Urals. The dependence of the characteristics of the regional floras on their positions in the system of botanical–geographic zones, the size of the protected area, and other factors have been studied in these reserves. The proportion of endemic plants and the degree of flora synanthropization have been determined.     

基于GIS的中国沿海省份可持续发展评价研究

本文利用2000年全国1:400万的地形矢量数据,2000年中国沿海11个省(区)、直辖市的分县统计数据,中国地球系统科学数据共享网的资源、人口数据等,以经济发展水平、社会福利、人口压力、资源储备、环境保护为主要依据,选取其中代表性参数为主要指标,建立中国沿海省份可持续发展评价模型,以1km×1km的栅格(GRID)为基础,采用GIS分析手段获得沿海省份的可持续发展指数,结合本课题组所做的中国海岸带生态环境综合评价研究,探讨中国沿海省份可持续发展能力。     

陇南市生物多样性保护的生态补偿区域空间选择

基于生态重要性,以重要物种空间分布种数为参数构建生物多样性保护重要性评价模型,以陇南市为例,乡镇为研究单元,基于模型对全市生物多样性保护重要性进行评价,基于评价结果将研究区分为优先补偿区、次级优先补偿区、次级补偿区和潜在补偿区,对各等级补偿区的特征分析结果表明:①各类补偿区分布相对集中,优先补偿区主要分布在陇南市南部,集中分布在文县。②各等级补偿区由高到低在补偿面积、补偿乡镇数量和补偿人口方面不断增加。③优先补偿区范围相对较小,而次级优先补偿区和次级补偿区范围相对较大,潜在补偿区占很大的比例。④优先补偿区与自然保护区有着密切的联系,大多数优先补偿乡镇位于自然保护区内。     

Economic Development and Conservation of Biological and Cultural Diversity in Yunnan Province, China

Chinese and American scientists are co-operating to develop concepts, strategies, agreements, and proposals in support of an economic development and sustainable ecosystems project in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Yunnan's Provincial Government has initiated a major programme to develop and further utilise its biological resources to help improve economic conditions for its citizens. They are co-operating with the US Geological Survey (USGS) on evaluation and management of biological resources so economic development will be compatible with sustainable ecological systems. Scientists from the USGS and co-operating universities will provide expertise on synthesising biological data, conducting a Gap Analysis for the Province, evaluating innovative economic opportunities, and designing an effective education, training, and outreach programme.     

阊江上游河道整治底质粒径变化对鱼类群落多样性的影响

河床基质为溪流鱼类的重要栖息地.为研究溪流河道整治后基质组成变化对鱼类群落结构产生的影响及其作用机制,在阊江上游选取急流浅滩与缓流浅滩两种典型溪流生境,对比分析了两种生境河道整治前后鱼类群落结构的变化及其主要原因.结果表明,采集鱼类数量由河道整治前的24种降低至整治后的17种,但前后不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05);鱼类群落优势种由河道整治前的5种降低至整治后的3种.河道整治前鱼类群落的Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为1.623～2.253,0.715～0.866,1.680～3.109和0.652～0.813;整治后分别为 1.120～1.679,0.528～0.724,1.444～2.695和0.508～0.722.除春季和秋季整治后的Margalef指数高于整治前,其余各季节,河道整治前的多样性和均匀性指数均要高于整治后(P＜0.05).主要原因在于河道整治后河床基质粒径及粒径多样性降低、流态减少等使生境异质性降低.因此,建议在河道整治过程中避免选择性清除大粒径基质及裁弯取直等,以维持河床基质的多样性,从而防止或降低施工带来的不利影响.     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Abstract

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between vegetation indices and forest types are that perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) identifies broadleaf forest and coniferous forest the most easily; the next is transformed soil-adjusted vegetation index (TSVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSVI), but their calculation is complex. Ratio vegetation index (RVI) values of different coniferous forest vary obviously, so RVI can classify conifers. Therefore, the combination of PVI and RVI is evaluated to classify different vegetation types.     

Identification of Forest Vegetation Using Vegetation Indices

Spectral feature of forest vegetation with remote sensing techniques is the research topic all over the world, because forest plays an important role in human beings' living environment. Research on vegetation classification with vegetation index is still very little recently. This paper proposes a method of identifying forest types based on vegetation indices, because the contrast of absorbing red waveband with reflecting near-infrared waveband strongly for different vegetation types is recognized as the theoretic basis of vegetation analysis with remote sensing. Vegetation index is highly related to leaf area index, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and vegetation cover. Vegetation index reflects photosynthesis intensity of plants and manifests different forest types. According to reflectance data of forest canopy and soil line equation NIR=1.506R+0.0076 in Jingyuetan, Changchun of China, many vegetation indices are calculated and analyzed. The result shows that the relationships between veg     

上海城市森林综合评价研究

近年来,许多国家把发展城市森林作为实施城市可持续发展战略的一项重要内容。城市森林的综合评价在城市森林的理论研究、规划、设计和管理中具有重要的实践意义。根据城市森林评价的特点和实际，依据信息系统建设的原则和方法，以VB为开发平台，采用ESRI公司的Areobjects组件技术，设计开发了上海城市森林综合评价信息支持系统，探讨了在系统开发过程中的主要技术问题。包括系统分析与设计的原则、方法。以及系统的结构、功能设计和系统的实现等。并利用该系统对上海城市森林进行了尝试性评价。认为：上海城市森林的协调性相对较好，而城市森林生态结构有待进一步提高。     

Biodiversity of plants and soils in landscapes adjacent to the Buzuluk Pine Forest

The influence of the Buzuluk Pine Forest on biodiversity of plants and soil properties in adjacent territories has been studied. The results show that in the immediate vicinity of the pine forest, under the influence of the relatively mild and humid mesoclimate, natural phytocenoses are dominated by mesophytic species. Biodiversity reaches a peak at a distance of 17–18 km from the forest, which is explained by the presence of both mesophytes and xerophytes in the same phytocenosis. The same zone is also characterized by the maximum diversity of soil properties and structural complexity of the soil cover. Grass communities on ordinary chernozems with a homogeneous soil cover, typical of the steppe zone, are formed at greater distances from the forest.     

江苏省沿海地区经济发展与碳排放相关性研究

与能源结构和能源效率因素相比,经济发展对人均碳排放的影响最为显著.以江苏省沿海地区能源消费情况为基础,研究得出地区碳排放、人均碳排放,并且1999-2008年该地区碳排放量与人均碳排放量的增加趋势一致.选取人均GDP来代表经济增长数据,人均CO2排放代表碳排放数据,借助环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)模型来分析江苏省沿海地区经济发展与CO2排放之间的关系和演变态势.根据环境库兹涅茨曲线研究江苏省沿海地区经济发展与人均碳排放之间的关系,相关性研究结果表明,最优拟合模型中参数α0为0.245 7,α1为3.658 14e-5,α2为1.318 32e-8,α3为-3.298 09e-13,所以根据模型设定判断得出:1999-2008年间江苏省沿海地区人均碳排放置和人均GDP并不符合标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线(倒U型)关系,而是表现为三次方曲线模型.同时,依据人均碳排放量的变化特征,将江苏省沿海地区人均碳排放分为两个阶段:1999-2006年,人均碳排放量随着经济的增长持续增加;2006-2008年人均碳排放量随经济增加趋势变缓.     

集体林权改革评价:林产品生产绩效视角

新一轮的集体林权改革已经开展了6年,对这一轮改革及时进行评价,不但对于认识改革的效果有积极的作用,而且对于有效地推进改革也是必不可少的.本文通过分成地租模型预测,集体林权改革对林产品生产效率会产生正向的影响,这些正向的影响主要包括林户劳动积极性的提高和林产晶产量的增加,同时也可能会对林产品全要素生产率产生积极影响.利用此次林权改革的主要省份之一--福建2县11乡(镇)29村320林户调查数据,本文的研究结论证实了前者,林户劳动投入由改革前146.53工日增加到改革后的180.76工日,增长了23%;竹产品的产量也由改革前的1 312.33 kg增长到改革后的1 815.09kg,增加了38%.另外,基于肯德里克方法,本文计算了集体林权改革前后林产品全要素生产率,对比二者发现,改革对林产品全要素生产率并没有产生正向的影响,相反而是负向的影响.据此本文提出,下一步的林业改革在做好相关配套改革的基础上,还要注重提高林产晶全要素生产率.     

Parameters of Ecological Space and Floristic Diversity of Forest Formations in the Northeast of European Russia

The results of studies on transformations of the floristic diversity of forest ecosystems under the effect of human activity in the southern and middle taiga subzones of the Komi Republic are reviewed. It is shown that the change of dominants in the tree layer leads to the formation of specific biotopes and, as a consequence, to changes in floristic complexes and the cenotic roles of species in the lower layers of forest communities. In the study region, the -diversity of forest communities is determined mainly by two environmental factors: soil fertility and acidity. The factor of illumination has only a slight effect on the -diversity of taiga forests, which is especially clear in the group of deciduous forest formations.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 180–185.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Degteva.     

神农架地区香溪河流域水生昆虫物种多样性与功能多样性研究

物种多样性和功能多样性广泛应用于生态学和保护生物等领域的研究,理清物种多样性和功能多样性之间的关系,对于深入理解生物多样性组分间的关系及生物多样性的保护意义重大.以香溪河流域为例,就水生昆虫物种多样性、功能多样性时空动态进行了分析,并就生物多样性指数间的关系进行了探讨.主要结果如下:物种丰富度介于2～ 44之间,冬季最大,春、秋季次之,夏季最小;香浓指数介于0.38～ 3.03之间,均值在冬季最大,春季次之,夏、秋季最小;均匀度指数介于0.89～1之间,表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.物种丰富度和香浓指数在4条河流间均表现为九冲河最大,香溪河次之,高岚河和古夫河最小;均匀度指数在4条河流间差异不显著.功能多样性方面,除功能丰富度指数表现为冬季最大,夏季最小外,其它指数在时空序列上均无显著差异.Pearson相关分析表明,功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度指数间相关均不显著;功能丰富度指数同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关极显著;功能均匀度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著;功能离散度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著,同均匀度指数相关极显著.运用回归分析研究物种多样性对功能多样性的影响,结果表明,物种丰富度、Shannon指数对功能丰富度影响极显著,物种丰富度对功能均匀度影响显著,均匀度指数对功能离散度影响显著;物种多样性同功能多样性指数间拟合度整体不高.     

On the Formal and Informal Estimates of Floristic Diversity: An Example of Pine Forests of the Southern Urals

Advantages of the informal assessment of biodiversity based on the phytosociological spectrum (the ratio of species associated with different higher units of ecological-floristic classification in the cenoflora) are demonstrated in a study of pine forests of the Southern Urals (classes Vaccinio-Piceetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea, and Querco-Fagetea). The phytosociological spectrum reflects environmental conditions better than formal estimations of , , and -diversity.     

The State of the Mammal Community of Boreal Forest Ecosystems in the Vicinity of a Nickel-Smelting Plant

The effect of industrial air pollution on natural small mammal populations has been studied in the northern taiga subzone of the boreal forest zone. The results of long-term monitoring have been used to demonstrate the possibility of predicting changes in the main population and community characteristics of the animal species studied as dependent on the degree of anthropogenic impact.