加速厌氧污泥颗粒化的研究进展

厌氧污泥颗粒化过程是一个多阶段过程,取决于操作条件、基质组成等多种因素.在简述污泥颗粒化机理及影响因素的基础上,综述了近年来加速厌氧污泥颗粒化的研究进展,指出厌氧污泥颗粒化应用前景广阔,并提出了几点建议.希望能为厌氧污泥颗粒化技术的工程实践提供一定的理论基础.     

胞外多聚物在厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程中的特性

以模拟啤酒废水为底物在IC反应器中进行厌氧污泥颗粒化培养,并对污泥颗粒化过程中胞外多聚物(EPS)的主要成分变化及其与细胞表面疏水性和Zeta电位之间的相互关系进行分析,以此来阐述EPS对污泥颗粒化成核的作用。研究结果表明,好氧剩余污泥在经过56 d的培养后,平均粒径由接种时的54.72μm增长到103.46μm,实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程;EPS蛋白质含量(PN)在颗粒化过程中逐渐由接种时的18.1 mg/g增至54.3 mg/g,而EPS多糖含量(PS)则无明显变化;此外,PN/PS与污泥平均粒径、细胞表面疏水性(RH)以及Zeta电位之间呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.9727、0.9593和0.9274。由此可推测:厌氧污泥颗粒化成核过程的主要作用成分为胞外蛋白质,其可以改变污泥细胞表面疏水性和Zeta电位,从而在厌氧污泥颗粒化过程中有着重要的促进作用。     

厌氧活性污泥的颗粒化及其影响因素

本文对颗粒污泥的一些最新研究作了综述。描述了上流式厌氧污泥床反应器中颗粒污泥的形态、组成和结构;介绍了颗粒污泥的形成机理;讨论了污泥颗粒化的影响因素。     

饥饿对厌氧氨氧化污泥颗粒化及污泥形态的影响

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥经过长期保存会逐渐解体成絮状,但目前关于保存后期的饥饿环境对不同形态污泥的影响尚缺乏深入研究。针对该问题,以饥饿15 d颗粒解体后的厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥作为接种污泥,考察了其颗粒化过程及其对于反应器启动和运行的影响,同时对比研究了絮状和颗粒状厌氧氨氧化污泥对于饥饿的响应及其活性恢复情况。结果表明:饥饿10 d后补料继续培养3个批次,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应活性的恢复速率高于絮状污泥;接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥80 d左右,反应器中NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率均达到100%,160 d可以实现污泥的颗粒化。此研究结果可为利用长期保存下的种泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器提供参考。     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7d,COD去除率高于80％,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于l 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0 ～5.0 m/h、8∶1 ～20∶1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5 ～ 96.0 m/h,0.3～1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74％.     

UASB反应器处理链霉素废水启动及运行性能

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理链霉素生产废水,研究了中温条件下反应器启动和稳定运行中废水处理性能及厌氧污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,通过逐步提高链霉素废水进水比例和负荷,可以实现UASB反应器的启动和稳定运行,并对高浓度链霉素实际废水具有良好的处理性能,COD去除率稳定在80%以上,COD去除负荷达7.2 kg/(m3·d),CH4产生量达到6.2 L/d。UASB反应器启动运行过程中,链霉素废水对污泥活性具有抑制影响,造成短期反应器运行性能明显下降,而后很快恢复。同时高负荷链霉素废水造成甲烷产率降低。污泥性状变化显著,污泥形态逐渐转变为颗粒态,污泥粒径增大,出现大量0.5~1.0 mm颗粒污泥,污泥VSS/SS比值升高,污泥沉降性明显增强,比产甲烷活性显著升高,表明污泥开始实现颗粒化。     

大型UASB处理阿维菌素废水厌氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用大型UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水,接种好氧絮状污泥,经过189 d运行,成功实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化.通过调节反应器进水水质控制进水中阿维菌素浓度和长时间培养驯化,阿维菌素对厌氧消化的抑制影响基本消除.UASB反应器进水pH值4～5、COD 8890～12 100 mg/L、容积负荷达到10.5 kg COD/m3·d,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水COD为1308～1670 mg/L.     

天氧膨胀床处理低浓度污水的污泥颗粒和生物活性变化

污泥的聚集形态和活性,是影响厌氧反应器处理效率的关键因素。通过对厌氧膨胀床反应器（anaerobicex—pandedblanketreactor,AEBR）处理低浓度城镇污水在启动和稳定运行期的污泥活性研究,AEBR在启动运行期内,接种颗粒污泥为适应低浓度基质条件,污泥粒径经历从大变小,再重新颗粒化粒径变大的过程。在运行期第103天,粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比达到44．7％,平均粒径为952μm,到运行期第173天,粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比降为28％,平均粒径达1179μm,污泥重新颗粒化完成。颗粒污泥适应新的环境后,单位重量污泥的最大比产甲烷活性（specificmetha．nogensisactivity,SMA）值和胞外聚合物含量增加,分别达到112mLCH4／（gVSS·d）和215mg／gVSS。在处理实际城镇污水的AEBR反应器内,辅酶F420含量可以有效指示污泥样品的产甲烷活性,AEBR反应器不同高度位置的污泥活性不一样,反应器底部污泥活性低于中上部区域污泥的活性。     

厌氧膨胀床处理低浓度污水的污泥颗粒和生物活性变化

污泥的聚集形态和活性,是影响厌氧反应器处理效率的关键因素。通过对厌氧膨胀床反应器（anaerobicex—pandedblanketreactor,AEBR）处理低浓度城镇污水在启动和稳定运行期的污泥活性研究,AEBR在启动运行期内,接种颗粒污泥为适应低浓度基质条件,污泥粒径经历从大变小,再重新颗粒化粒径变大的过程。在运行期第103天,粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比达到44．7％,平均粒径为952μm,到运行期第173天,粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比降为28％,平均粒径达1179μm,污泥重新颗粒化完成。颗粒污泥适应新的环境后,单位重量污泥的最大比产甲烷活性（specificmetha．nogensisactivity,SMA）值和胞外聚合物含量增加,分别达到112mLCH4／（gVSS·d）和215mg／gVSS。在处理实际城镇污水的AEBR反应器内,辅酶F420含量可以有效指示污泥样品的产甲烷活性,AEBR反应器不同高度位置的污泥活性不一样,反应器底部污泥活性低于中上部区域污泥的活性。     

好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及其应用

结合近年来国内外学者关于好氧污泥颗粒化的研究成果,对影响好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素进行了较为深入系统的分析,提出了适宜的运行控制条件及所需注意的问题。     

Enhanced sludge granulation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors by aluminum chloride.

Two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were concurrently operated for 146 days to examine the effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on the sludge granulation process during start-up. Sludge granulation (defined as that over 10% of granules were larger than 2.0 mm) was achieved in the control reactor (R1) in approximate three months. Introduction of Al3+ at a concentration of 300 mg/l reduced the sludge granulation time by approximate one month. Throughout the experiment the AlCl3-added reactor (R2) had a higher biomass concentration, e.g., 13.8 g-MLVSS/l versus 12.8 g-MLVSS/l on Day 146. Granules became visible earlier in R2 compared with R1 (35 days versus 65 days). The average size of granules from R2 was larger than that from R1. The results demonstrated that AlCl3 enhanced the sludge granulation process in the UASB reactors.     

絮凝剂对高速厌氧反应器污泥颗粒化的强化作用

以考察絮凝剂对厌氧反应器中活性污泥性能的影响为目的,将聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙稀酰胺(PAM)、聚季铵盐3种不同类型絮凝剂以不同投加量添加到反应器中,采用生物化学甲烷势(BMP)和厌氧毒性测定(ATA)分析方法,评价了3种絮凝剂的厌氧生物可降解性以及3种絮凝剂对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性、沉降性能等方面的促进或抑制作用。确定以聚季铵盐作为厌氧污泥颗粒化促进剂,建议采用多次投加方式,反应器中聚季铵盐质量浓度以10-50mg／L为宜。     

混凝强化形成好氧颗粒污泥

为了缩短好氧颗粒污泥形成的时间,通过在颗粒污泥形成初期投加混凝剂的方式,研究强化造粒条件下颗粒污泥的形成过程及其特性。结果发现,投加混凝剂后,反应器在第8天出现了颗粒污泥,并在第25天时实现完全颗粒化,比未加混凝剂反应器颗粒形成的时间缩短了2 d,完全颗粒化时间缩短了10 d。强化造粒条件下形成的颗粒污泥,颗粒强度、比重分别为99.03%和1.1892,分别比对照高出3.28%和0.1539。可以看出,在混凝强化造粒条件下培养出的颗粒污泥,与常规方法相比具有颗粒化进程快,颗粒强度大,比重大等优点。     

Correlation analysis of major control factors for the formation and stabilization of aerobic granule

In recent years, aerobic granular sludge technology has demonstrated significant advantages in areas such as the sludge–water separation, residual sludge minimization, simultaneous biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and toxic organic compounds degradation in biological wastewater treatment. However, the critical control factors and their relation during sludge granulation have not been revealed indeed, and the stability of aerobic granular sludge is still not good. The Gray’s correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship of aerobic granular characteristics and control factors in the study. Results showed that the organic loading rate, hydraulic shear stress, and sludge settling time were the major factors affecting the aerobic sludge granulation, and the associated regulating strategy was important for the stabilization of granular sludge system. Based on above results, the mechanism of aerobic sludge granulation was proposed, and it was expected to favor the application of aerobic granular sludge technology.     

好氧颗粒污泥的特点及其研究进展

综述了好氧颗粒污泥的基本特征和微生物相、好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要影响因素及其颗粒化反应器等。好氧颗粒污泥是近几年发现的在好氧条件下自发形成的细胞自身固定化过程 ,是生物膜特殊的生长形式。颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和在高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性。污泥颗粒化过程是一个多阶段的过程 ,取决于废水组成及其操作条件的选择。在气提式内循环间歇反应器 (internalcirculatesequencingbatchairliftreac tor ,ICSBAR )中易于培养出性能良好的好氧颗粒污泥。     

Understanding the granulation process of activated sludge in a biological phosphorus removal sequencing batch reactor

The granulation of activated sludge was investigated using two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) operated in biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal conditions though the reactor configuration and operating parameters did not favor the granulation. Granules were not observed when the SBR was operated in biological nitrogen removal period for 30 d. However, aerobic granules were formed naturally without the increase of aeration intensity when enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was achieved. It can be detected that plenty of positive charged particles were formed with the release of phosphorus during the anaerobic period of EBPR. The size of the particles was about 5-20 μm and their highest positive ζ potential was about 73 mV. These positive charged particles can stimulate the granulation. Based on the experimental results, a hypothesis was proposed to interpret the granulation process of activated sludge in the EBPR process in SBR. Dense and compact subgranules were formed stimulated by the positive charged particles. The subgranules grew gradually by collision, adhesion and attached growth of bacteria. Finally, the extrusion and shear of hydrodynamic shear force would help the maturation of granules. Aerobic granular SBR showed excellent biological phosphorus removal ability. The average phosphorus removal efficiency was over 95% and the phosphorus in the effluent was below 0.50 mg L⁻¹ during the operation.     

厌氧序批式反应器中丝状颗粒污泥的形成

以葡萄糖为基质,研究浮动盖式ASBR中颗粒污泥的形成。实验结果表明,污泥在120 d时完全颗粒化,颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能(25 m/h)及良好的产甲烷活性,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸及丁酸最大代谢活性分别达到0.216、0.825、0.237和0.796 g COD/(g VSS.d)。电镜扫描(SEM)发现,整个污泥结构均一,均由丝状菌构成。     

不同温度下有机负荷对厌氧折流板反应器污泥颗粒化的影响

采用2个相同的厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）研究不同温度、有机负荷对ABR启动过程中胞外聚合物（EPS）产生的影响,以及各隔室优势菌种。结果表明,高温和较高的有机负荷（OLR）促进EPS的产生,而EPS有利于颗粒污泥的形成。较高温度也有利于反应器承受更高的有机负荷。启动结束后,沿着水流方向,隔室中的污泥发生变化,由水解酸化菌演替为产甲烷优势菌。