黄河口近岸海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)的研究

测定了黄河口近岸海域11个站位表层沉积物样品的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步浸提重金属(SEM)含量,对AVS、SEM和差值(SEM-AVS)的大小和平面分布进行了分析,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.152～1.847 μmol/g,平均值为0.935 μmol/g;SEM含量分布范围为0.899～1.863 μmol/g,平均值为1.327 μmol/g,调查海域表层沉积物SEM-AVS差值的变化范围为-0.594～1.365 μmol/g,平均值为0.392 μmol/g.黄河口门沉积物中重金属(SEM)可能对水生生物有一定的毒性;在调查海域的东部和北部海域存在两个低值区,沉积物中重金属是安全的,从黄河口向莱州湾内,沉积物重金属对水生生物的毒性是逐渐降低的.     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直变化特征研究

水体沉积物中的酸溶性硫化物 (AVS)极易与二价金属阳离子反应生成难溶金属硫化物 ,从而控制沉积物中二价有毒金属的化学活性和生物有效性 .测定沉积物中的AVS和同步提取金属 (SEM) ,依据SEM AVS的比值可作为判定重金属生物有效性的良好指标 .通过对太湖梅梁湾 2个不同站点沉积物中AVS与SEM随深度分布的研究得出 :①AVS含量随着深度的加深先上升后降低 ,SEM含量随深度的加深呈逐渐降低趋势 ;②SEM AVS只在最表层 (0～ 2cm)大于 1,低于这一层都小于 1.③在表层沉积物 (0～ 2cm)中 ,可能存在重金属生物毒性效应 .但对于单个金属而言 ,Ni、Cu具有产生毒性作用的潜能 ,而Zn、Pb对沉积物中的生物不具有毒性 .     

深圳湾海域沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生态风险评价

测定了深圳湾海域10个站点表层沉积物中的AVS、TOC和同步浸提重金属(SEM)的含量,对AVS、SEM的平面分布及AVS与SEM和TOC的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明:深圳湾海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.06～7.41μmol/g,平均值为2.51μmol/g;SEM含量范围为0.71～5.15μmol/g,平均值为3.06μmol/g;AVS与SEM的平面分布较一致,呈从湾顶到湾中向湾外逐渐递减的明显趋势。调查海域AVS与SEM和TOC间具有良好的线性相关性,大多数站点∑SEM-AVS的差值均0<(∑SEM-AVS)<5,说明该海域可能存在重金属的中等毒性生态风险。     

淮河淮南段底泥中酸性挥发硫与同步浸提金属的分布

采用氮载气冷法酸溶硫化物分析技术对淮河淮南段底泥中酸性挥发硫(AVS)以及同步浸提金属(SEM)的含量在河流沿程及垂直方向上的分布进行了测定.结果表明,淮河淮南段5个站点表层底泥中AVS的含量为0.14～0.87 μmol·g-1SEM(Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd、Pb)含量为0.5～1.1 μmol·g-1;其中,峡山口站点AVS最低,姚家湾站点AVS及SEM均为最高;从入境到出境断面,[SEM]/[AVS]摩尔比值呈逐渐下降趋势,数值都在1.0以上.不同站点AVS在垂直方向上的分布较为复杂,峡山口25 cm以上段随深度增加AVS逐渐增大.之后又逐渐降低,30 cm以下段变化很小;姚家湾表层AVS含量较高,20 cm以上段随深度增加AVS逐渐减小,之后又逐渐增大,30～35 cm层含量最高;石头埠和胡大涧站点AVS随深度变化不大.胡大涧以上4个站点柱状底泥中SEM的含量在0.25～0.9 μmol·g-1之间.对[SEM]/[AVS]摩尔比的研究显示,淮河淮南段表层底泥存在轻微的重金属污染.     

珠江虎门河口表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的重金属同步提取

测定了珠江虎门河口16个站位的表层沉积物样品中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)Cu、Co、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Ba和V的含量。结果表明,AVS的浓度范围为0.13～31.68μmol/g,平均值为8.54μmol/g;SEM的浓度范围为0.37～5.54μ/g,平均值为1.84μ/g。采用SEM/AVS比值评价方法和SEM-AVS差值评价方法预测沉积物中重金属的生物有效性,结果表明,除P3、P13、P16、P19、P20的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物可能具有中等毒性水平外,其余站点的表层沉积物中重金属对水生生物无不良影响。     

渤海湾北部海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫(AVS)的研究

测定了渤海湾北部海域10个站位表层沉积物样品的酸可挥发性硫（AVS）和同步浸提重金属（SEM）含量,对AVS、SEM和SEM-AVS的平面分布和相互关系进行了分析,结果表明：该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为1．02～13．68μmol／g,平均值为3．43μmol／g;SEM含量范围为1.92～2．96μmol／g,平均值为2．22μmol／g。调查海域沉积物的SEM-AVS与AVS具有较好的线性相关性,SEM-AVS〈0的区域位于调查海域的东北部的养殖区,养殖区沉积物重金属是安全的。0〈SEM-AVS〈5的区域分布于调查海域的西北-东南方向海域,该方向海域沉积物可能存在重金属的中等毒性。     

大风江口海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物、重金属分布及风险评价

为了解广西北部湾典型亚热带主要入海河口区——大风江口海域沉积物重金属生物毒性/生态风险现状,以2018年7月在该区域采集的10个采样点表层沉积物为基础,采用冷扩散法提取样本中酸可挥发性硫化物（acid volatile sulfides,AVS）,并同步提取重金属（simultaneously extracted heavy metals,SEM）,采用碘量法测定AVS含量,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定同步浸提的Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等5种重金属元素含量（同步提取的5种重金属含量之和用∑SEM表示）,并利用∑SEM/AVS比值法和∑SEM-AVS差值法进行沉积物重金属生态风险评价.结果表明:大风江口海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围在0.33~9.30 μmol/g之间,平均值为（3.63±2.76）μmol/g,AVS含量呈现由河流向入海河口区域递减的趋势;∑SEM范围在2.12~27.08 μmol/g之间,平均值为（7.61±7.32）μmol/g,∑SEM呈由河流向开阔海域先增加后递减的趋势;相比于其他海区,大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量和∑SEM均较高.大风江口海域沉积物中AVS含量与溶出液pH（7.59~8.89）、沉积物氧化还原电位（E_h）（-165~182 mV）均呈显著负相关,表明沉积环境中E_h和pH越低,越有利于AVS的生成.大风江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中∑SEM/AVS和∑SEM-AVS的变化范围分别为0.62~15.33和-3.49~22.90 μmol/g.研究显示,大风江口海域表层沉积物中重金属具有潜在中等或高的毒性生态风险,应加强重金属污染防控.      

舟山近岸海域沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

对舟山附近海域沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）、同步提取重金属（SEM）和5种重金属的分布进行了调查,并用（SEM-AVS）差值法对上述重金属的生物有效性进行了研究。结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中AVS和SEM含量均较低,AVS含量范围为0.005~4.21 μmol/g,平均含量为0.546 μmol/g,SEM含量范围为0.3356~1.614 μmol/g,平均含量为0.7998 μmol/g;表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为24.65×10-6、27.21×10-6、114.5×10-6、58.26×10-6和0.142×10-6。（SEM-AVS）差值法的结果表明除5个站位外,其余站位沉积物中重金属对生物可能具有中等毒性。     

珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

桂林沉积物酸可挥发硫和同步提取金属的分析

测定了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫 (AVS)与同步提取的重金属 (SEM) ,研究了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫随深度的变化特征 ,并用 [SEM] [AVS]方法对桂林地区水系沉积物中重金属的生物毒性进行了初步预测。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.