灾害地貌链及其临界过程初探

在灾害链定义的基础上提出了灾害地貌链的定义 (即由地貌灾害所构成的灾害链 ) ,基于不同的标准将其划分为不同的种类 ,运用苏姆的地貌临界理论对地貌灾害中的两种临界进行浅析 ,最后运用耗散结构理论来探讨灾害地貌链中的临界过程。     

我国灾害地貌及其防治研究中的几个问题

本文通过对我国灾害地貌及其防治研究工作的初步分析,提出了我国目前灾害地貌及其防治研究中存在的诸如灾害地貌系统、灾害地貌防治工作的规范化、灾害地貌防治系统的优化、灾害地貌防治效益的评估以及灾害地貌预测预报和危险区划研究等方面的理论与实践问题,指出了在灾害地貌及其防治研究中应引起重视的若干方面。     

四川城市自然灾害与地貌环境的关系

不少城市自然灾害的致灾过程、灾情程度和分布状况与城市地貌环境密切相关。详细分析城市地貌环境与城市灾害的关系,是城市灾害研究的重要内容之一。本文将四川省城市地貌环境分为三大类与七亚类,逐类分析了不同城市地貌环境与城市灾害的相关规律。     

灾害地貌专家系统试验研究

介绍了灾害地貌专家的建造原理与方法,阐述了灾害地貌专家知识的分类分级方法,讨论了灾害地貌专家系统中知识表示的基本原则和知识库中专家知识的组织方式,以及推理机的设计和推理规则的构造原理与方法。系统采用压缩编码方式存储各种地学专题图形和遥感图像数据,具有与图像的存储更新,查询检索、分析处理、图像显少自动制图功能。该系统可以对灾害地貌过程进行专家级的预测和评价,并对灾害地貌的综合治理与区域规划提出几种可     

河北省地质地貌灾害与防灾减灾

河北省是我国地质地貌灾害最为严重的地区之一．本文从人类生态学角度,研究地质地貌灾害的成因与分布,并强调通过调整人类活动,减轻灾害损失和影响．     

陕西崩塌灾害及其时空分布特征

本文论述了陕西的崩塌灾害，并根据陕西的地质地貌特征和地质灾害防御实践，对区内的崩塌进行了分类，在此基础上分析总结了陕西崩塌灾害的时空分布特征。     

地貌对矿区环境,灾害的影响与对策

论述了地貌对矿区环境、灾害的产生及发展的影响，并以中国几个矿区的实例论述这一问题，同时，提出一些减缓影响的对策．     

1988年11月6日澜沧——耿马地震灾害

本文阐述了1988年澜沧、耿马地震造成的灾害及各种震害分布与地貌、地质构造条件和烈度的关系，同时针对性地提出抗震救灾对策。     

广西地区地震次生地质灾害类型及分布特征

广西地处东南沿海地震带西段和右江地震带,地震次生地质灾害比较严重,主要为崩塌,其次为岩溶塌陷和地裂缝,滑坡、泥石流和堰塞湖等灾害较为少见。广西地区特殊的地质地貌条件造就了其独具特色的地震次生地质灾害,主要表现为:灾害类型多样,但单次地震造成的灾害类型相对单一;灾害的地区差异性显著;岩溶区地震具有"小震级、高烈度"的特点,极易小震致灾、甚至小震大灾。     

陕西气象灾害的孕育环境和应对措施

从陕西所处的地理环境、地质地貌、水文、天气气候等不同角度分析了陕西各类气象灾害频繁发生的原因,并提出了有效抵御和减轻气象灾害损失的应对措施。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.