聚乙烯及其废料油化技术中催化剂的研制与性能研究

本文研究了几种自制催化剂对聚乙烯热解产物的催化改质作用,催化反应温度与催化剂性质对催化改质所得气体收率及组成、汽油收率及辛烷值、柴油收率以及催化剂积碳的影响,探讨了适合聚乙烯及其废料热解产物催化改质的催化剂应具备的特性及热解产物在催化剂上反应的类型,同时探讨了本研究对废塑料油化技术的指导作用。应用此催化剂液体收率可达８０％以上,汽油辛烷值为８２（ＲＯＮ）。     

日本的废弃物处理及再利用现状

日本的废弃物处理及再利用现状日本对废弃物的处理及再利用较重视，回收再利用率较高，减少了环境污染，取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。近几年来，日本对废塑料等有机物的光（热）分解、微生物分解技术的研究引人注目。但对分解的过程、机理及对生态的影响等问题还未研...     

油田含油污泥的低温热解

在石油开采、集输和炼制过程中产生了大量的含油污泥,如果处置不当,将造成严重的环境污染.因此,研究含油污泥的无害化和资源化处理新技术是当务之急.含油污泥热解技术具有处置彻底、二次污染少等优点,是一种应用前景广阔的处理方法[1].本文制备了掺杂钯的钛氧化物介孔分子筛催化剂MCM41,利用真空管式热解炉对延长油田含油污泥进行低温热解,重点研究了热解条件和催化剂MCM41对油回收率和回收油中组分分布的影响.     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

美国改善了纸张回收工作

2003年，美国用纸的一半以上得到了回收．美国森林和纸张联合会（AFPA）称回收率较之1990年提高了69％．目前每个美国公民回收339磅纸（相当于130千克），在1990年为233磅．AFPA报告称美国所有造纸厂中超过80％利用回收的纸进行生产，新纸的原材料中有37％来自回收纸。     

水稻秸秆生物炭对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附特性

利用红外（FTIR）光谱、Boehm滴定、比表面积及微孔分析等方法对300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃下制备的水稻秸秆生物炭进行表征,分别记录为RC300、RC400、RC500和RC600,同时研究了4种生物炭在不同平衡时间、pH值、浓度下对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附特征.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭表面含氧官能团...     

工业动态

对欧洲委员会回收条例提案的反应两家欧洲电讯公司,既北方电讯（Ｎｏｒｔｅｌ）公司和有线与无线（Ｃａｂｌｅ＆Ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓ）公司,正在与供应商和消费者一道工作以找到管理环境影响的新途径,对欧洲委员会提出的“回收”条例作出反应．欧洲委员会对生产者责任的强调...     

化学氧化法制备高铁酸钾循环生产可能性的试验

本文研究了回收利用湿法制备Ｋ２ＦｅＯ４晶体后的残留母液,制取次氯酸盐混合溶液,氧化Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）－→Ｆｅ（Ⅵ）的方法,探讨了混合次氯酸盐浓度、铁盐添加量、反应体系碱浓度等对高铁转化率的影响。     

蓝铁矿法回收生物膜富集的城市污水中的磷

磷资源因具有不可再生性和污染性,需要进行磷回收.目前污水处理厂使用的传统磷回收方法多是鸟粪石法,但存在利用价值低、磷回收率不高等缺点.本课题组提出了一种新的磷回收工艺系统,即在生物膜法高倍富集城市污水中的磷的基础上,通过蓝铁矿的形式回收磷,具有经济价值高、磷回收率高等优势.本实验研究主要通过探讨蓝铁矿法回收富磷溶液的过程中获得高磷回收率和蓝铁矿纯度的反应条件,并进行X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜—能谱（SEM-EDS）定性表征最优条件下的蓝铁矿.结果表明,最优反应条件是pH值为7.00—7.50、氧化还原电位（ORP）降到-100 mV左右、铁磷离子物质的量物质的量比为3∶1,此时蓝铁矿法的磷回收率约为95.00%,蓝铁矿纯度为88.35%,蓝铁矿为沉淀回收物中主要晶相且晶型较好.     

调理脱水污泥的热解特性及动力学分析

利用TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis)热分析技术对污水处理厂原始污泥及调理脱水污泥进行了实验研究,获得了不同升温速率下污泥的TG(Thermogravimetric)和DTG失重曲线.实验发现,不同调理脱水污泥热解特性复杂,且热解动力学在不同转化率下对应的动力学反应也不同.并利用M-KAS(Kissinger-AkahiraSunose)模型和Discrete DAEM(Discrete distribute activation energy model)模型对不同调理污泥进行了动力学参数研究.结果表明,污泥的非等温热解过程包含3个失重阶段;升温速率影响污泥热解特征温度,随着升温速率的提高,失重曲线向高温区滑移.利用上述模型计算的动力学参数变化趋势表明所采用的Fenton及赤泥复合调理对污泥热解特性有很大影响,Fenton调理有助于污泥EPS(Extracellular polymeric substances)破坏,影响热解反应中的形核过程,进而影响热解动力学变化趋势;赤泥调理后,赤泥更容易与破坏的污泥细小颗粒结合,增加了污泥热解反应数量,影响整个污泥热解过程.从计算结果可以看出污泥热解由多步反应组成,整个热解过程动力学参数不断变化.     

塑料废弃物污染的综合治理研究进展

近年来,随着经济的发展,废旧塑料大幅增加,塑料废弃物所造成污染已经成为了破坏环境的主要因素之一.塑料废弃物污染即所谓的白色污染,主要是由废旧塑料高分子的不可降解性和添加剂的毒害性引起的.文章在对白色污染产生的背景及其污染危害的基础上,讨论了治理白色污染的治理的两个方面,一方面对可降解塑料和对废旧塑料的回收再生两个主要的技术研究开发方向进行了综述和展望,详细介绍了光降解塑料、光-生物双降解塑料和生物降解塑料的研发进展,并对填埋、焚烧和再生三种塑料废弃物的处理方法进行了详细的分析;另一方面就立足循环经济理论,加强政策法规的运用,同时加强宣传教育等方面的问题进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策.     

废塑料资源化产品对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的影响(Effect of Waste Plastics Recycling Products on Activities of Soil Catalase and Urease)

为探讨废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了废塑料资源化产品暴露后土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化.结果表明:废塑料资源化产品对土壤酶活性具有显著影响.250mg·kg-1、1250mg·kg-1、7250mg·kg-1废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶影响明显不同.在土壤培养l～5d内,添加废塑料资源化产品的3个浓度处理土壤中过氧化氢酶活性显著低于对照(p<0.05),表现出明显的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强.而后(5～35d),低浓度(250mg·kg-1)废塑料资源化产品对土壤过氧化氢酶一直表现为激活作用,但是,高浓度(1250mg·kg-1和7250mg·kg-1)处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性则表现为激活-抑制-激活作用,且抑制、激活程度与处理浓度成呈相关.3个废塑料资源化产品浓度处理对脲酶活性影响在培养1～28d内主要是激活作用,且激活作用随着处理浓度的增大而增强,而后(28～35d)对脲酶活性表现为抑制作用.     

Adapting to new policy environment – past pattern and future trend in us-sino waste plastic trade flow

Plastics are one of the most used materials in human activities, where consumer consumption and industrial production together has imposed vast rise in demand for this material in last century. While plastic is ideally derived from crude oil as a primary source from manufacturers’ perspective, varying crude oil prices are driving manufacturers economically to seek for alternative sources for plastics production. Waste plastic recovered from obsolete consumer products thus becomes an economic substitution for virgin plastics, which is further intensified with the possibility of international waste plastic trading. This study focuses on waste plastic trade between the US and mainland China by performing a correlation analysis of trade data. It is suggested in this study that although waste plastics are traded from the US to mainland China in general, as many of us believes, the route is gradually shifting in the past years. With tightening Chinese customs regulations, waste plastic from the US now tends to take a transit in a third destination (Hong Kong SAR for instance) for preliminary treatment to bypass Chinese customs inspection. Such phenomenon is worth noting, as a complication in waste plastic trading route hinders waste plastic transboundary movement monitoring. Furthermore, it will have adverse consequent consumer, industrial, and environmental impacts. It is thus necessary for national competent authorities to strengthen cooperative study and communication capacity in the future as a response to the changing waste plastic trade pattern.     

Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials

Plastic pollution is a major environmental issue worldwide, calling for advanced methods to recycle waste plastics in the context of the circular economy. Here we review methods and strategies to convert waste plastics into value-added carbon materials, with focus on sources, properties, pretreatment of waste plastics, and on preparation of carbon materials. Pretreatment techniques include mechanical crushing, plastic stabilization and electrospinning. Carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanosheets, carbon spheres and porous carbon are prepared by oxygen-limited carbonization, catalytic carbonization, the template-based method, and pressure carbonization. We emphasize the conversion of polyethene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, halogenated plastics, polyurethane and mixed plastics.

     

Assessment of key parameters in municipal solid waste management: a prerequisite for sustainability

Municipal solid waste management was studied for 1 year in a representative urban area of Lahore city for environmental sustainability. The effects of financial status of the household and the seasonal variations on generation rate and compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined. MSW generation rate and the economic status of the households were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Seasonal variations observed were significant only for organics (p = 0.001), plastics (p = 0.008) and food waste fractions (p = 0.009) in MSW. Response surface regression model developed and analysed by Minitab-15® showed that the interaction of season and different economic zones of the town on the MSW generation rate was non-significant (p = 0.334). Elemental and heating value analyses of the mixed organic fractions in kitchen waste had carbon 47.93%, hydrogen 6.20%, nitrogen 2.24%, sulphur 0.23%, oxygen 39.01%, and C and N ratio 27.78. Findings concluded that food waste was 56% of total MSW with 71.03% moisture content and a modest heating value of 5566 J/g. Existing temporary storage capacity of MSW is 51% of the total MSW generated considering the weighted MSW generation rate of 0.57 kg/person/day calculated in this study. Composting could be a possible final disposal option due to high moisture and organic content and can be studied in future research. Development of a transfer station, introduction of home composting programmes and awareness towards proper segregation and reduction of waste at the household level is suggested to attain sustainability in the MSW management system.     

Microbial biodegradation of plastics: Challenges,opportunities, and a critical perspective

● Health hazards of plastic waste on environment are discussed. ● Microbial species involved in biodegradation of plastics are being reviewed. ● Enzymatic biodegradation mechanism of plastics is outlined. ● Analytical techniques to evaluate the plastic biodegradation are presented. The abundance of synthetic polymers has increased due to their uncontrolled utilization and disposal in the environment. The recalcitrant nature of plastics leads to accumulation and saturation in the environment, which is a matter of great concern. An exponential rise has been reported in plastic pollution during the corona pandemic because of PPE kits, gloves, and face masks made up of single-use plastics. The physicochemical methods have been employed to degrade synthetic polymers, but these methods have limited efficiency and cause the release of hazardous metabolites or by-products in the environment. Microbial species, isolated from landfills and dumpsites, have utilized plastics as the sole source of carbon, energy, and biomass production. The involvement of microbial strains in plastic degradation is evident as a substantial amount of mineralization has been observed. However, the complete removal of plastic could not be achieved, but it is still effective compared to the pre-existing traditional methods. Therefore, microbial species and the enzymes involved in plastic waste degradation could be utilized as eco-friendly alternatives. Thus, microbial biodegradation approaches have a profound scope to cope with the plastic waste problem in a cost-effective and environmental-friendly manner. Further, microbial degradation can be optimized and combined with physicochemical methods to achieve substantial results. This review summarizes the different microbial species, their genes, biochemical pathways, and enzymes involved in plastic biodegradation.     

废弃塑料包装物的管理及资源、环境评价

由于塑料包装材料具有明显的资源优势,而获得广泛应用。但塑料材料的原料——石油,目前面临枯竭窘境。同时,塑料包装废弃物的处理存在巨大的环境压力。焚烧包括塑料包装废弃物在内的生活垃圾,用于发电,是日本曾经采取的方法。近年来,因存在难以逾越的生态环境问题,而逐渐废止。工业生态学的材料流的循环利用模式,是解决资源耗尽、废物充斥的理想方法。源头分离是城市固体废弃物资源化的前提条件。按塑料品种分类回收,以材料形式重复利用,保留了塑料的材料价值,还需要解决,再加工过程造成材料力学性能下降的问题。将单一品种塑料转化成单体,不同塑料品种的单体转化率有很大差距,缩合聚合物较高,而PP、PE等则不然。混合塑料的热裂解可获得化工原料和燃料,又达到减少垃圾总量和石油资源循环利用的效果,具有开发潜力。填埋方式占用土地又人为阻碍了有机垃圾回归生物圈。控制性堆肥对避免大量使用化肥、农药造成的生态环境灾难,再建农业生产的可持续性模式,发挥重要作用。生物降解塑料袋对堆肥的实施,具有特殊价值。PET和E-CO在食品包装某些应用领域有优势,而PVC食品包装物的使用和废弃后再利用都存在问题。     

Moving policy and regulation forward for single-use plastic alternatives

Single-use plastics are often used once or cannot be reused for extended periods. They are widely consumed with the rapid development of social economy. The waste generated by single-use plastics threatens ecosystem health by entering the environment and ultimately restricts sustainable human development. The innovation of sustainable and environmentally friendly single-use plastic alternative materials and the joint participation of governments, enterprises and the public are promising technologies and management approaches that can solve the problem of single-use plastics wastes. The development of single-use plastic alternative products can be promoted fundamentally only by improving relevant legislation and standards, providing differentiated industrial policies, encouraging scientific and technological innovation and expanding public participation.     

Gold recovery from chloride solutions using fallen leaves

Recovery of gold from various waste materials is mostly achieved through hydrometallurgical methods, which generate a large amount of secondary chemical waste. Therefore, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly process for gold recovery. This paper summarizes research on the recovery of gold ions from chloride solutions using fallen tree leaves. First, leaves from trees of 16 different species were studied and ranked by the percent of gold that was recovered. Then, several factors—pH, contact time, shaking rate, and the quantity of ground leaf—affecting the recovery process were studied on leaves from four selected species. Two kinds of leaves were found to exhibit the efficacy of the most effective sorbents, such as activated carbon. After recovery, the gold-deposited leaves were heat-treated at 1,200°C to isolate the gold from the leaves. This method of gold recovery proved to be fast, cheap, and environmentally friendly.