Effect of anthropogenic activity on formate and acetate levels in precipitation at four sites in Agra,India

Twenty-four-hour precipitation samples from four sites: Dayalbagh (DB), Hari Parvat (HP), Taj Mahal (TM) and Udyog Kendra (UK) in Agra city, during the monsoon season (July–September) of 1991, were analysed for formate and acetate. Each site was representative of a different level of anthropogenic activity. The formate/acetate ratio observed appeared to be characteristic of the dominant activity at the site; the geometric means of the formate/acetate ratios calculated for individual samples were 0.99, 0.17, 0.83 and 0.21 for DB, HP, TM and UK, respectively. These corresponded to the level of pollution at the site. Direct acetate inputs from extensive combustion and automobile exhaust could contribute to elevated levels of the species at two of the four sites. Another possible indirect input could be from the alkaline hydrolysis of PAN, aided by relatively high pH values of rain water (volume-weighted averages = 6.79, 6.69, 7.22, 7.15) at the four sites.     

The local deposition of heavy metal emissions from point sources in Antarctica

Surface snow samples have been analysed for the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to investigate the spatial scale of local sources of pollution in Antarctica. Samples from around an isolated petrol generator showed vastly increased levels (up to 800,000 times background) directly under the exhaust. Concentrations fell sharply with distance from the exhaust, reaching background levels at 40 m, even in the downwind direction. Snow was also collected at various distances from a manned scientific station. The data are more difficult to interpret, but the influence of the station could not be detected beyond 10 km. These findings indicate the areas that are influenced by local emissions, and that are therefore unsuitable for air and snow sampling intended to study larger-scale pollution input.     

An novel identification method of the environmental risk sources for surface water pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks

The chemical industry is a major source of various pollution accidents. Improving the management level of risk sources for pollution accidents has become an urgent demand for most industrialized countries. In pollution accidents, the released chemicals harm the receptors to some extent depending on their sensitivity or susceptibility. Therefore, identifying the potential risk sources from such a large number of chemical enterprises has become pressingly urgent. Based on the simulation of the whole accident process, a novel and expandable identification method for risk sources causing water pollution accidents is presented. The newly developed approach, by analyzing and stimulating the whole process of a pollution accident between sources and receptors, can be applied to identify risk sources, especially on the nationwide scale. Three major types of losses, such as social, economic and ecological losses, were normalized, analyzed and used for overall consequence modeling. A specific case study area, located in a chemical industry park (CIP) along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China, was selected to test the potential of the identification method. The results showed that there were four risk sources for pollution accidents in this CIP. Aniline leakage in the HS Chemical Plant would lead to the most serious impact on the surrounding water environment. This potential accident would severely damage the ecosystem up to 3.8 km downstream of Yangtze River, and lead to pollution over a distance stretching to 73.7 km downstream. The proposed method is easily extended to the nationwide identification of potential risk sources.     

典型工业恶臭源恶臭排放特征研究

恶臭污染具有主观性和复杂性特点,结合使用仪器分析和嗅觉方法,可以从成分和感官两方面充分反映恶臭污染特征.本文参考USEPA TO14A和GB/T 14675-93方法,选择天津滨海新区内的6个不同类型的工业恶臭源,包括制药、喷漆、炼油、石化、树脂合成和橡胶,采集了各类源工艺流程中通过有组织方式排放的恶臭废气,测定了废气的感官臭气浓度并定量分析了其中的恶臭VOCs物质.使用臭气浓度、恶臭指数及统计学方法进行研究,结果发现,炼油源和制胶源的废气具有非常严重的感官刺激性.甲硫醇等硫化物是炼油源和制胶源的主要特征恶臭物质;苯乙烯和甲苯分别是合成树脂源和喷涂源的特征恶臭组分;对苯二甲酸(PTA)源和制药源属于混合型恶臭源.甲苯是喷漆源和制药源的标识组分;二硫化碳是制胶源的标识组分;间,对-二甲苯可以用来标识石化PTA污染源;炼油源的标识组分为三氯乙烯、氯乙烷和1,2-二溴乙烷;苯乙烯是合成树脂源的标识组分.     

炼油废水絮凝剂筛选

通过试验对炼油废水絮凝剂进行了筛选。结果表明 ,有机高分子絮凝剂 (PAM、HL - 70 4 )与无机絮凝剂 (PAC)复配显著提高了油类和COD的去除率 ,复配絮凝剂具有投加量少、适用性强等优点。     

北京奥运时段河北香河大气污染观测研究

为监测评估周边地区大气污染对北京的可能影响,2008年6～9月北京奥运时段,在北京东南方向河北香河开展了大气污染物SO2、NOx、O3、PM2.5和PM10的连续在线观测,结合地面气象资料和HYSPLIT轨迹模式探讨了污染物的来源与传输过程.结果表明,香河地区大气污染较为严重,上述污染物观测期间日均最高值(日均值±标准差)分别达到84.4(13.4±15.2)、43.3(15.9±9.1)、230(82±38)、184(76±42)和248(113±52)μg.m-3,特别在奥运会开幕前后的7月20日～8月12日之间出现了2次持续污染过程,导致O3和PM10分别超过国家二级标准46 h(超标率9%)和11 d(46%),PM2.5则超过美国EPA标准18 d(75%).奥运时段8～9月的大气污染物日均值较6～7月日均值有明显降低:SO2从27.7μg.m-3下降到5.8μg.m-3;NOx从18.6μg.m-3下降到13.2μg.m-3;O3从96μg.m-3下降到80μg.m-3;PM2.5从90μg.m-3下降到60μg.m-3;PM10从127μg.m-3下降到106μg.m-3.NOx、PM2.5和PM10统计(月为单位)日变化为双峰型,峰值分别出现在07:00和20:00左右;臭氧呈单峰型,峰值出现在14:00～16:00之间.香河地区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,持续的偏南气流易造成污染物积累,而偏北气流有利于污染物扩散,降水可明显清除大气中的污染物质.通过计算7月20日～8月12日香河和北京奥运村PM2.5小时平均浓度之间的超前相关系数,发现香河超前北京6～10 h时相关性较大(0.57r0.65,p=0.01),最大相关系数出现在超前8 h,表明上述时间段内香河实时观测数据对北京大气PM2.5污染超标事件可能具有预警作用.     

荆州市中心城区集中式饮用水源保护区优化研究

荆州市中心城区集中式饮用水源位于长江,为河流型水源地,在长江荆州城区段23 km范围内分布6个集中式饮用水源地,实际日取水量为设计规模的32.37%。为此提出将饮用水源保护区进行优化调整,将6个集中式饮用水源保护区减少为3个,保护区水域岸线长度从15.3 km缩减为9.9 km,一级保护区从8.3 km调整为3.3 km,并通过分析优化调整前后该江段水环境容量、减少饮用水源安全隐患和充分合理地发挥岸线资源功能等方面论证优化的合理性。     

日本炼厂环保工作的特点与借鉴

根岸炼油厂是日本国最大的燃料、润滑油型炼油厂，通过交流参观看到作为发达国家的日本国对环境保护非常重视，各项环保法规、法令、标准从国家到地方各级都很严格和详细，治理措施十分完善，环境保护取得显著的成效。     

Aerosol structure and vertical distribution in a multi-source dust region

The vertical distribution of aerosols was directly observed under various atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere using surface micro-pulse lidar (MPL4) at the Zhangye Station (39.08°N, 100.27°E) in western China in the spring of 2008. The study shows that the aerosol distribution over Zhangye can be vertically classified into upper, middle and lower layers with altitudes of 4.5 to 9 km, 2.5 to 4.5 km, and less than 2.5 km, respectively. The aerosol in the upper layer originated from the external sources at higher altitude regions, from far desert regions upwind of Zhangye or transported from higher atmospheric layers by free convection, and the altitude of this aerosol layer decreased with time; the aerosols in the middle and lower layers originated from both external and local sources. The aerosol extinction coefficients in the upper and lower layers decreased with altitude, whereas the coefficient in the middle layer changed only slightly, which suggests that aerosol mixing occurs in the middle layer. The distribution of aerosols with altitude has three features: a single peak that forms under stable atmospheric conditions, an exponential decrease with altitude that occurs under unstable atmospheric conditions, and slight change in the mixed layer. Due to the impact of the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, the diurnal variation in the aerosol extinction coefficient has a single peak, which is higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.     

Evaluating rainwater contamination and sources in southeast Australia using factor analysis

Factor analysis is used to evaluate inorganic ion relationships to provide a qualitative determination of continental sources of rainwater contamination in the Hunter Region, New South Wales, Australia. The rain water was collected between October 1984 and March 1986 at 32 sites and forms the database for the Hunter Region Acid Rain Project. The results show that soil and animal/fertilizer sources determine rainwater quality over most of the Hunter Region, and dominate as the major sources when the entire data set is analysed as a whole. When individual sites are analysed, the industrial emissions factor is important at six adjacent locations in the Middle Hunter, suggesting some transport of sulphate and nitrate from industrial sources 50 to 80 km to the east and southeast may be occurring. Factor analysis by rainfall event provides similar results to site analysis, with only 4 events out of 34 dominated by the industrial emissions factor. The results indicate that rainwater quality is influenced by local and regional sources, and not by long-range transport from Sydney, 175 km to the south. Comparison of the Hunter Region ion relationships to those from a more heavily acidic area, the northeast U.S.A. (MAP3S/RAINE Network), demonstrate some similarities in associations but the correlations associated with the hydrogen ion are better defined in the U.S. data set.     

AUSTAL2000在恶臭污染环境影响评估中的应用研究

运用德国AUSTAL2000模型对某化工项目周边400 km2的矩形区域和36个环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度和恶臭发生频率进行了模拟计算,分析了该项目恶臭污染的影响程度和范围,并对各排放源的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,预测范围内NH3、H2 S只有小时浓度最大值超标,占标率分别为139%和120%,超标面积分别为0.16 km2和0.13 km2,但恶臭发生频率超标较严重,最大值达到了86.7%,超标面积达40.8 km2;环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度均未超标,恶臭发生频率也仅有两个点位的最大值略高于标准限值;与面源的无组织排放相比,采取排气筒的排放方式可以明显降低周边区域污染物浓度和恶臭发生频率,减少恶臭污染面积.     

Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government’s aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities’ possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies — outside of the scope of local authorities — need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government's aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities' possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies - outside of the scope of local authorities - need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

The potential for spatial planning at the landscape level to mitigate the effects of atmospheric ammonia deposition

Ammonia (NH₃) is emitted mainly from agricultural practices, with NH₃ concentrations decreasing rapidly away from sources. As a consequence there is a high spatial variability in nitrogen deposition and its consequent ecological effects in agricultural landscapes that is in addition to differences in sensitivity between habitat types. This variability points to the potential to include spatial planning measures as part of strategies to protect sensitive vegetation from ammonia deposition.National abatement policies typically include uniform recommendations for technical abatement measures, such as ploughing in manures after land spreading. In this study, the complementary potential of spatial planning to reduce effects on target locations is analysed through model scenarios for an example landscape in central England. Scenarios included defining buffer zones of low-emission agriculture and establishing tree belts surrounding either emission sources or priority areas for the protection of semi-natural habitats.The analysis showed that tree belts can reduce deposition to sensitive areas, with trees surrounding the sensitive habitats being more effective than trees around the sources. Low emission buffer zones around sink areas also result in useful reductions in N deposition. Smaller nature reserve sites benefit to a greater degree from such spatial planning measures, as large reserves can provide their own buffer zone to some degree. Similarly, relocating point sources or using planning policies to ensure the location of large NH₃ point sources are at least 2–3 km from the sensitive habitats results in substantial reductions in N deposition.     

汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

基于信息熵的重庆开县乡镇集中式饮用水水源地水质模糊综合评价

结合重庆开县饮用水源地水质监测数据情况,对全县饮用水源地的水质进行模糊综合评价,采用熵权法赋权对水质进行了分级评价。2010～2011年,水质情况总体良好,绝大部分水质处于I类和II类。2011年下半年水质较其他时间有所退化,出现了两个III类水。这个变化趋势应该引起当地政府的高度重视。     

中国机动车污染物排放因子及其修正方法研究

中国机动车污染物排放已成为影响空气质量的重要源。机动车污染的研究中,排放因子的确定是关键。根据机动车使用状况,车用燃料硫含量和行驶状况,运用MOBILE6．2的方法和原理确定了中国各类型机动车HC、CO、NOx的综合排放因子。小型汽油客车国0阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为34．29g／km、3．45g／km和0．856g／km;国Ⅰ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为2．80g／km、0．25g/km和0．40g／km;国Ⅱ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为1．39g／km、0．16g／km和0．09g／km。     

长江三角洲地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究

在收集整理长江三角洲地区（简称＂长三角＂）各城市人为大气污染源资料的基础上,采用以＂自下而上＂为主的方法建立了2007年长三角地区人为源大气污染物排放清单.清单结果显示,2007年长三角地区的SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3等大气污染物排放总量分别达到2391.8、2292.9、6697.1...     

无组织排放源对周围环境影响预测

提出了预测无组织排放源对其周围附近大气环境质量影响的方法，并计算了某新建项目炼胶厂硫化车间无组织排放的恶臭污染物硫化氢气体，在拟选厂址周围１ｋｍ２范围内的地面平均浓度，预测和评价了该污染物的环境影响．同时分析了影响地面平均浓度的因素     

秋冬季节京津渤地区局地环流特征及气溶胶分布规律

在平稳天气条件下,京津渤地区受燕山山脉地形影响,形成地形局地环流。地形环流的高度一般在1700m左右,平均水平范围约100—200km。平原中,北京、天津等大城市的作用,又使局地环流流场产生扰动,城市环流的高度约450m,水平范围约30—40km。城市环流的水平辐合可达5×10~(-4)sec~(-1)。在平原增热明显的日子里,渤海湾沿岸出现向岸风,海风深入内陆的距离约30—40km,厚度约300多米,海风与陆上西南风造成辐合,其辐合量达×10~(-4)sec~(-1)。 当京津渤地区在典型的局地环流控制时,如有城市环流和海风环流相迭加,可以出现严重的污染状况,大气气溶胶浓度可比平常情况下高一个量级。