High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

Calculation of long-term averaged and episodic oxidant concentrations for the Netherlands

Ground-level ozone and oxidant (sum of O₃ and NO₂) concentrations in The Netherlands are calculated during the growing season (May–September) by means of a Lagrangian long-range transport model. Two air parcels—one representative of the mixed layer, the other representative of the polluted layer above the mixed layer (aged smog layer)—are followed along 96 h back trajectories. Long-term averaged and 98 percentile values of hourly averaged concentrations are estimated on the basis of concentrations calculated for four arrival times per day for all days in the period considered.In a number of sensitivity runs the influence of European anthropogenic NO_x and VOC emissions on the oxidant concentrations in The Netherlands has been investigated. In general, the influence of European emissions on the 98-percentile values is 2–3 times as large as on the averaged concentrations. This indicates that long-term averaged concentrations more strongly depend on the concentrations in the free troposphere whereas the episodic concentrations are determined by photochemical production over Europe. VOC emission reduction is more effective in lowering episodic concentrations than NO_x emission reduction. For long-term averaged concentrations, however, NO_x and VOC emission reduction of 50% or more are nearly equally effective.     

Calculation of long term averaged ground level ozone concentrations

Seasonal averaged ground level concentrations for O₃ have been calculated for The Netherlands by means of a two-layer Lagrangian long-range transport (LRT) model. The model includes emissions, nonlinear atmospheric chemistry, dry deposition, exchange between boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) and fumigation between a mixed layer and an aged smog layer. Concentrations of primary and secondary pollutants in the FT are obtained from a two-dimensional global model developed by Isaksen.In the reference calculation the modelled concentrations of Ox (sum of O₃ and NO₂) and O₃ are in fair agreement with measurements. The NO_x (sum of NO and NO₂) and NO₂ concentrations are under-estimated by the model but there is a good temporal correlation between calculated and measured concentrations. Validation of other components involved in the chemical scheme is hardly possible due to the paucity of measured data. It can only be stated that the results presented in this paper are not in disagreement with measured or modelled data presented in the literature.In a number of sensitivity runs the influence of European anthropogenic emissions of NO_x and volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been investigated. The calculations indicate that the influence of European emissions on the growing season, daytime averaged (May–September, 10–17 h) O₃ concentrations in The Netherlands is small. For European reductions in the order of tens of per cents a VOC emission reduction is more effective than a NO_x emission reduction in lowering the O₃ concentrations. For strong reductions (about 70%) VOC and NO_x are equally effective. The effects of the modelled underprediction of NO_x concentrations on the production of O₃ on a European scale are probably small. On a local scale the effects are more pronounced due to the NO/O₃ titration (photostationary equilibrium). Therefore, an empirical correction is applied on the modelled O₃ concentrations. After this correction, it is shown that daytime O₃ levels during the growing season increase when European NO_x emissions are reduced (2.0–7.7.% increase at 50% NO_x emission reduction). A reduction in VOC emission leads to decreasing O₃ levels (9% reduction for 40% VOC emission reduction, 16% reduction for 70% VOC emission reduction). For a combined reduction of both VOC and NO_x slightly decreasing ground level O₃ concentrations are expected.     

City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China's Yangtze River Delta region

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Our assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants (e.g., CO, HC and PM_2.5) in the YRD region. Even in Shanghai, where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to 2010. Emission–reduction targets for HC, NOx and PM_2.5 are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air quality. We design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region: Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in Jiangsu. Our results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards, the limitation of vehicle population and usage, and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied, Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by 2020. Therefore, additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.     

重型柴油车道路循环工况下排放特性的仿真分析

柴油车道路工况下NO_x排放和排温的动态特性对柴油机排气后处理系统的工作以及后处理系统控制策略的确定具有重要的影响.根据6114涡轮增压柴油机的万有特性及NO_x和排温的MAP图,仿真分析了道路循环工况下配有6114柴油机的重型柴油车的NO_x排放和排温的动态变化;研究了道路工况、行驶特征、驾驶行为以及柴油车载荷等对柴油车排放的影响规律.研究结果表明,城市道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放的整体水平不高,但变化频繁、剧烈;高速公路道路循环工况下,柴油车NO_x排放整体水平较高,但变化平缓;加速过程,尤其是在高速区对柴油车排放的影响显著;冲动的驾驶方式会显著提高柴油车的排放水平;满载时,柴油车的高排放区将由半载时的高速高加速区向外扩展至其他工况点,高排放区显著增大.     

Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: emission inventories

The anthropogenic emissions of SO₂ and NO_x for 25 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan have been calculated for 1975, 1980, 1986, 1986 and 1987 based on fuel consumption, sulfur content in fuels and emission factors for used fuels in each emission category. The provincial- and regional-based calculations have also been made for China and India. The total SO₂ emissions in these parts of Asia have been calculated to be 18.3 and 29.1 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The calculated total NO_x emissions were 9.4 and 15.5 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The SO₂ and NO_x emissions in East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan) were 23.4 and 10.7 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧发动机的氮氧化物排放研究

在增压共轨发动机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)方式进行了氮氧化物排放特性研究.对DMCC模式下NO x、NO、NO2等排放与纯柴油模式的对比分析表明:DMCC模式下的NO x排放比原机模式平均下降10%以上,NO平均下降幅度超过40%;采用DMCC模式后,NO2排放量都有明显大幅度的升高,并且NO2/NO比值呈现显著增大,平均高达100%以上.     

Comparative study on estimation methods for NOx emissions from a roadway

In order to estimate NO_x concentration at road side areas, it is necessary to determine the NO_x emissions from the automobile passing a road. There are two methods for estimation of NO_x emission. One is calculated by the emission factor of automobile, driving mode and traffic volume. Another is a method based on the relation between NO_x and tracer gas concentration of diffusion experiment.First, diffusion experiments by air tracer were conducted. They were carried out at two areas, one of which was an open area and the other was a highly-built-up area. In the experiment, traffic volume, NO_x and tracer gas concentrations were measured simultaneously. However, the result obtained at the former area was used for this analysis.The NO_x emission rate of the automobile was calculated from the data of traffic survey and tracer gas experiments and both results were compared. Three methods for estimation of NO_x emission rate from traffic survey were employed in this study.From these results, it can be confirmed that both results are in agreement and well correlated, so these estimation methods are considered to be appropriate.     

民航飞机起飞过程气态污染物排放特征分析

民航飞机在起飞过程中发动机推力高、耗油量大,并且飞行高度低,由其排放的污染物对局地空气质量和人体健康存在较大影响.选择B737-800作为典型机型,通过对飞机性能参数的模拟,精确计算了其在全推力和减推力等多种方式下起飞离场爬升至1 000 m高度过程中NO_x、CO、HC和SO_2的排放量,并与ICAO基准模型估算结果进行对比.结果表明,NO_x是排放量最大的污染物.其中,全推力起飞过程4种污染物的排放量分别为4.849、0.062、0.031和0.229 kg.减推力起飞方式下,选择更高的灵活温度后,NO_x和CO排放量分别降低和升高,HC和SO2排放量变化不大.经过对比发现,ICAO的基准排放模型,对4种污染物的估算结果存在较大偏差.与机动车相比,单次全推力起飞过程与一辆小客车行驶9 508 km的NO_x排放量相当.精确计算方法为准确估算机场区域飞机污染排放清单提供基础.     

臭氧污染动态源贡献分析方法及应用初探

论文创新提出了基于RSM/CMAQ臭氧污染动态源贡献分析方法,并以佛山市顺德区2014年10月为例,分析了不同区域的人为可控源NO_x和VOCs减排情景下(10%、70%和100%)对本地O_3浓度变化的量化贡献.研究结果表明顺德区O_3的人为可控比例约43%,且受区域排放影响非常明显,主导上风向广州排放源总贡献(14%)超过顺德本地贡献(7%).VOCs的减排可有效削减顺德区O_3浓度,当减排力度较小时(12%),若仅控制区域NO_x排放将导致顺德区O_3浓度上升,随着减排力度的加大,区域NO_x的削减贡献会反超VOCs.RSM/CMAQ动态源贡献分析方法可为空气质量管理提供科学决策依据.     

The influence of ambient temperature on tailpipe emissions from 1985 to 1987 model year light-duty gasoline motor vehicles—II

Tailpipe emissions from gasoline fieled motor vehicles are sensitive to a number of factors including driving schedule (speed vs time), ambient temperature and fuel composition. The sensitivity of hydrocarbon (HC), aldehyde, CO, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions to these variables was examined with 11 recent technology (1985–1987 model year) four- six- and eight-cylinder gasoline fueled motor vehicles. In excess of 200 individual HCs and 12 aldehydes were included in the detailed organic emission characterizations. Two fuels and driving schedules were used. Hydrocarbon and CO emissions increased significantly and NO_x emissions, in general, increased slightly as ambient temperature decreased. Formaldehyde also increased only slightly at test temperature decreased. Paraffin and aromatic emission fractions were dependent on fuel composition with olefin fraction being less fuel sensitive. When the low temperature cold start was preceded by a 5 min engine idle, CO and HC emissions were lowered, and NO_x emissions essentially unchanged.     

A review and evaluation of nonroad diesel mobile machinery emission control in China

China’s emission control for nonroad diesel mobile machinery (NDMM) must deal with a fast increase in stock as well as regulations that are two decades behind those for on-road vehicles.This study provides the first large-scale review and evaluation of China’s NDMM policies,along with emission measurements and an investigation on diesel fuel quality.The sulfur contents of the investigated diesel declined from 430 ppm (median value) in 2011 to6-8 ppm during the 2017-2018 period.The emission contr...     

长三角地区火电行业主要大气污染物排放估算

以2012年为基准年,利用排放因子法估算了长三角地区火电行业主要大气污染物(SO2、NOx、烟尘、PM10、PM2.5)排放.其中,SO2、NOx、烟尘、PM10、PM2.5的排放量分别为473 238、1 566 195、587 713、348 773、179 820 t.对于SO2和NOx,300 MW以上机组的贡献分别为85%和82%;烟尘、PM10和PM2.5方面,100 MW以下的机组贡献占比分别为81%、53%和40%.地区贡献方面,由大到小依次为江苏、浙江和上海.另通过对上海地区多家电厂不同等级机组污染排放数据进行统计计算,得出上海地区300 MW以上等级机组的污染物排放因子,对比分析可知,上海地区火电厂污染物排放因子水平总体较低.假设长三角地区火电行业同等级机组均与现在上海地区机组排放水平相当,则行业排放SO2可削减55.8%~65.3%,NOx可以削减50.5%~64.1%,烟尘可以削减3.4%~11.3%.若能提高较小等级机组的发电技术和污染控制水平,各污染物排放削减量可进一步提高.然而,根据长三角地区实际污染情况,应综合因素考虑火电行业削减排放,以促进区域空气质量不断改善.     

北京市机动车新车排放标准效益的灰色关联评价

为对机动车排放的控制措施进行效益评估,引入“机动车当量排放”的概念,通过对执行不同时期新车排放标准的机动车计算当量排放,给出了北京市2000—2004年的机动车NO_x总排放量,并将该排放量与相应的区域环境污染物质量浓度进行了灰色关联分析. 结果表明,北京市交通环境ρ(NO₂)年际变化与基于当量排放的NO_x总排放量年际变化在总体上呈现中等程度的关联,说明实施新车排放标准对区域环境质量的改变有着较大的关联作用.      

基于远程在线监控车载终端的柴油车NOx排放等级诊断研究

远程在线监控车载终端集成了远程通讯模块、卫星定位模块、发动机OBD信息解析模块,能够实时读取车辆排放相关运行信息,但无法直接判断车辆NO_x排放情况.为了快速、准确地评估车辆排放情况,诊断和监测NO_x高排放车,同时为了克服有些重型柴油车监测数据中缺失进气流量、燃油流量、车速等重要的实时信息,无法计算出车辆NO_x排放因子的问题.本文提出了由NO_x浓度分布特征驱动的高排放重型柴油车识别算法,通过远程在线监控车载终端设备获取车辆的发动机信息和SCR系统运行信息,运用NO_x浓度分布计算车辆每天NO_x排放浓度占比,通过系统聚类法对车辆NO_x排放浓度占比进行聚类,结果聚为优、良、中、差4类.利用车辆NO_x排放浓度区间分布及其聚类结果分别作为训练集的输入和输出,选择BP神经网络作为训练算法,训练获得的模型分类准确率为90%,利用训练好的模型判断在用柴油车NO_x排放等级,从而识别及监测NO_x高排放车辆.研究结果可为柴油车NO_x高排放诊断及监测提供依据,有助于监管部门能够快速识别NO_x高排放车辆.     

中国商品能源消耗导致的氮氧化物排放量

能源消耗导致的NO_x排放是影响环境空气质量及区域酸沉降的重要因素.根据全国及各省区商品能源消耗与不同经济部门、不同燃料类型NO_x排放因子,估算了90年代中国NO_x排放量,详细给出了1997年分省、分地区、分行业及分燃料排放清单,并绘出了NO_x平均排放强度分布图.结果表明,中国NO_x排放量由1990年8.4Mt快速增长到1996年的12.0Mt.但与1996年NO_x排放峰值相比,1997和1998年中国NO_x排放量分别下降了约0.34Mt和0.82Mt.中国NO_x排放的燃料、行业及地区分布极不平衡:大约3/4的NO_x排放源自煤的燃烧;行业分布上,NOx则主要来自于工业(39.56%)、电力(36.74%)和交通运输(11.22%);各省区NO_x排放差别很大,河北、江苏、辽宁、山东、广东、山西、黑龙江、湖北和河南9省超过0.5Mt,而青海、宁夏和海南3省区小于0.1Mt.NO_x平均排放强度最大的地区(＞10t·(km²·a)^-1)包括上海、天津和北京市.总体来说,中国NO_x排和污染主要集中在人口密集、经济相对发达的东中部和东南部地区,尤其是北京、上海、天津等大城市.     

30年来中国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放

民航是我国重要的交通运输方式之一,但我国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放问题报道较少.根据中国民航统计部门逐年统计数据,采用基于燃料消耗量的排放因子法,估算了1980～2009年中国民航飞机的大气污染物排放量,并分析了大气污染物排放强度及其变化.结果表明,30年来中国民航飞机SO2、CO、NOx和HC排放量逐年增多,分别由1980年的0.031、0.189、0.225和0.314万t增至2009年的1.183、7.298、8.705和12.159万t,排放量年均增加分别为0.039 7、0.245、0.292和0.408万t.SO2、CO、NOx和HC的排放强度呈降低趋势,其值分别由1980年的0.624、3.806、4.53和6.322 g.(t.km)-1降至2009年的0.275、1.697、2.025和2.828 g.(t.km)-1.中国民航运输行业所排放的SO2、CO、NOx占全国总排放量的比重很低,与其他行业排放量相比,中国民航运输行业所排放的大气污染物量也较小.     

基于LMDI中国省域氮氧化物减排与实现路径研究

首先基于Kaya恒等式,利用对数平均Divisia指数分解模型(LMDI法)将氮氧化物排放分解为排放因子、能源强度、经济结构、能源结构和经济发展5个因素;其次通过模型得出的脱钩系数运用构建四象限法评价"十二五"期间中国30个省市脱钩空间差异,研究各省市氮氧化物减排表现、分析减排潜力和减排影响因素,为国家"十三五"制定差异化的区域氮氧化物减排目标和寻找多元化的氮氧化物减排途径提供有益参考.研究结果表明:经济增长是促进氮氧化物排放量增加的决定因素,能源强度降低是抑制氮氧化物增排的决定因素,经济结构优化和能源结构调整具有较大促进氮氧化物减排潜力;中国氮氧化物排放与经济增长脱钩空间分异明显,大部分省市经济发展与氮氧化物排放处于脱钩状态,部分省市弱脱钩状态.同时,中国氮氧化物排放与经济增长脱钩系数呈现逐年上升趋势,2010—2015年中国各省市氮氧化物排放脱钩空间分布由较弱、中脱钩为主至中、较强脱钩为主再到较强脱钩为主,呈现区域间"异质化"和区域内"均质化"的趋势.国家氮氧化物后续减排任务应多分解在中脱钩或弱脱钩(减排潜力大)省市,对相邻的省份制定协同减排计划,且主要通过提高能源利用效率、同时优化经济结构和能源消费结构实现其最优减排.     

WLTC循环下汽油车氨排放影响因素分析

为研究WLTC（worldwide light-duty test cycle,全球轻型汽车驾驶循环）循环下常规污染物和行驶工况对汽油车NH₃排放的影响,选定一辆满足国Ⅴ排放标准、配备TWC（three way catalyst,三元催化器）尾气后处理装置的轻型汽油车,测定其在WLTC循环下CO₂、CO、NO_x和NH₃的摩尔排放量.结果表明:CO、NO_x与NH₃排放的线性相关系数分别为0.626和0.321.NH₃高排放的出现除了伴有CO的高排放外,还需车辆具有高速和持续的正向加速度.用配备TWC尾气后处理装置前、后NO_x排放量的差值表示NO_x的转化量发现,NO_x的高转化量并不一定对应NH₃的高排放量,在循环后期大量产生的NO_x会抑制NH₃的排放.由于VSP（vehicle specific power,比功率）能综合反映行驶工况,研究行驶工况对NH₃排放的影响时主要分析VSP与NH₃之间的关系,通过VSP聚类方法将VSP划分为不同区间,得出当VSP Bin（vehicle specific power bin,比功率区间）大于0时,基于CO₂的NH₃排放基本呈随VSP Bin增大而增加的规律,并且基于CO₂的NH₃排放量最大值对应的VSP Bin为持续正向加速工况.研究显示,常规污染物中CO和NO_x对NH₃的排放会产生不同程度的影响,加速度作为行驶工况的表征参数之一会直接或通过影响CO和NO_x的排放间接影响NH₃的生成.      

广州市实施I/M简易瞬态工况检测方法的环境效果分析

采用简易瞬态工况法对在用车进行检测,能够更为有效地筛选高排放车辆.2007—2009年广州市轻型汽油车的简易瞬态工况法的初检数据表明,国Ⅰ排放标准实施以前(简称"国Ⅰ前")车辆和国Ⅰ及以后排放标准车辆排放超限值比例分别为20.1%和17.6%.简易瞬态工况法复检数据得到的国Ⅰ前和国Ⅰ及以后车辆经维护后能够达标的比例分别为76.0%和64.7%,且经过有效维护后超标车辆的平均排放水平有较大比例的削减.同时,采用修正的MOBILE5模型对广州市轻型汽油车排放进行模拟.结果发现,广州市2009年轻型汽油车的CO、HC和NO_x排放量分别为24.4×10⁴、3.8×10⁴和1.8×10⁴ t.如果考虑I/M制度实施及实际执行率,复检不达标车辆在全部淘汰情景下,2009年广州市轻型汽油车排放的CO、HC和NO_x分别能削减4.20×10⁴、0.58×10⁴和0.15×10⁴ t,占全部轻型汽油车的削减比例分别为17.2%、15.3%和8.2%;而在全部置换为国Ⅳ新车情景下,3种污染物分别能削减4.12×10⁴、0.57×10⁴和0.14×10⁴ t,削减比例分别为16.9%、15.0%和8.0%.国Ⅰ前及国Ⅰ车辆对CO和HC削减量的贡献达到90%左右,对NO_x削减量的贡献也在85%左右.