海洋平台主机烟气排放对直升机影响数值分析

目的确保南海A钻采平台直升机安全起降,直升机全年不可用概率控制在10%以内。方法通过Fluent软件数值模拟多工况、多风向风速下高温烟气在直升机甲板上方及周围空间的流动、温升及湍流分布规律,以CAP43-7标准所推荐直升机起飞和降落的安全原则为判定依据,分析计算温升和湍流对直升机起飞和降落的全年影响概率。结果综合得出直升机不可用概率理论值,M1工况为8%,M2工况为9%。结论模拟计算结果为平台主机烟管及直升机甲板布置方案的确定提供理论依据,为平台直升机起降操作起到指导作用。     

高炉出铁场“电改袋”技术研究与工程示范

20世纪,在炼铁生产过程中,高炉出铁场的除尘基本采用的是电除尘器技术。随着环境要求的提高,许多炼铁厂将电除尘改为布袋除尘——电改袋。"电改袋"通常要利用原有的电除尘器壳体,只改变其内部结构,从而也改变了原除尘器内气流流向。为了预测"电改袋"后各区域气流流向,文章基于CFX商用流体力学计算软件,对除尘器"电改袋"后的气流进行了速度场模拟。模拟研究结果表明:从前到后,各滤室上行风速逐渐增大。对于4滤室的袋式除尘器,第四滤室风量比第一滤室风速大3倍以上。为了克服风量不均衡问题,采用可调式斜向挡板风量分配新工艺,从而对提高袋式除尘器的收尘性能,指导"电改袋"的工程实践具有重要意义。     

华东典型城市非道路移动机械排气烟度

在华东地区典型城市开展了超过900台非道路移动机械的排气烟度实测工作,结合测试机械的属性调查,分析汇总了现阶段各类机械的排气烟度范围(包括光吸收系数和林格曼黑度),并定量研究了机械出厂年限、机械功率、测试工况及油品差异对机械排气烟度的影响.结果表明,在自由加速工况下,实测非道路移动机械的排气烟度为(1. 02±0. 57) m~(-1),林格曼黑度等级为2. 10±0. 19(无量纲),各类机械超过国家标准GB 36886-2018中关于烟度I限值比例为12%～25%; 80%的机械启动烟度大于自由加速烟度,且各类机械启动烟度约为自由加速排气烟度的2倍;与普通柴油相比,使用车用柴油可少量削减机械排气烟度均值,可显著削减或抑制排气烟度高值.启动时喷油量瞬间增加过快与油品质量较差可直接影响非道路用柴油机的排气烟度.     

地下车库火灾烟气运动的数值模拟

以CFD软件PHEONICS为基础,采用SIMPLE算法求解N-S方程,对地下车库火灾中烟气的流动、传热与燃烧过程进行数值模拟,得到着火空间的浓度场、速度场及温度场分布等。通过对两种条件下(侧排系统、顶排系统)火灾烟气运动的数值模拟,得出相同条件下顶排系统的排烟性能明显优于侧排系统的结论。     

Battersea Power Station and environmental issues 1929–1989

From inception (1920s) to partial demolition (1980s) London's Battersea Power Station provoked public concern over environmental impacts. Adverse reaction during the early stages concerned siting and the effects of air pollutants on the urban surroundings. Potential air pollution problems resulted in a restrictive ‘condition’ being inserted in the consent for Battersea which required smoke and sulphur dioxide to be controlled. The ‘condition’ did not reassure either the public or special interest groups who campaigned against the construction of the station. However plans were too advanced to be halted and the official response focused on ensuring successful implementation of flue gas desulphurization. Though the subsequent effectiveness of emission control during the station's working life is arguable, the building itself rapidly became a popular London landmark and an architectural symbol of the fascination that surrounds technology. Objections to its decommissioning and demolition in the 1980s once again placed Battersea Power Station at the centre of public protest. Reactions to the station illustrate the rapidity with which our perception of environmental threats may change.     

Smoke emission and burning rates for urban structures

Cribs, ordered arrays of sticks, were burned to mimic post-nuclear building fires. As the packing density of the cribs was increased to simulate blast damage, the smoke yield increased and the smoke changed from strongly light absorbing to whitish in color. A ventilation parameter proportional to the ratio of the crib vent area to the total fuel surface area correlated the burning rate and smoke yield data for both large (3.81 cm stick thickness) and small (0.64 cm stick thickness) scale cribs. The globally averaged smoke optical depth inferred from the burning of the wood cribs is in the low range of Penner's (1986, Nature324, 222–226) estimate. The smoke yield for freely burning cribs containing wood, gypsum, and plastic can be accounted for based on the high sooting yield of the plastic by itself.     

基于产业结构调整情景下的中国钢铁行业大气污染排放预测

以钢铁环境统计数据为基础,分析了2012年钢铁行业二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳等排放情况;基于发达国家钢铁产业结构现状,建立了未来我国工业化后的钢铁产业结构优化调整情景,分析钢铁行业大气污染物减排情况。经计算,2012年中国钢铁企业排放二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳分别为191.88万,51.84万,59.14万,15.04亿t,河北省二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳排放量最大,分别占全国总排放量的22.59%、30.35%、35.54%、25.19%;预测产业结构调整后,中国钢铁行业排放二氧化硫、氮氧化物、烟粉尘、二氧化碳排放量分别为16.8万,18.9万,13.86万,6.62亿t,与2012年现状情景相比,分别减少91.24%、63.54%、76.56%、55.98%。     

关于中国在用汽车排污控制的若干问题——柴油车部分

文章结合《车用压燃式发动机和压燃式发动机汽车排气烟度排放限值及测量方法》（GB3847—2005）修订中的重大问题阐述中国在用柴油车排气烟度控制方面的新要求。主要包括：国10以来在用重型柴油车自由加速法的排气烟度限值、国2和国3柴油发动机的排气烟度水平、排放符合GB18352的压燃式轻型在用车的排气烟度限值、制造厂新生产汽车的烟度检验标准、在用柴油车加载减速工况检测法简介、制定加载减速工况法烟度限值的基本原则和方法、供地方参考的排放限值等。     

湿式除尘器烟气带水的分析及其解决办法

本文论述了烟气简体内速度、筒体结构以及引出方式对湿式除尘器带水的影响.同时提出了严格控制烟气速度3-4m/s,改进除尘器的简体结构,烟气出口上方引出,增设脱水(除雾)装置等解决带水问题的办法.     

隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响研究

排烟速率是公路隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象最为直接的影响因素.为研究隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象的临界条件,分析了隧道侧部集中排烟过程中排烟口处烟气层的受力情况以及不同排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响,并结合前人相关的研究成果,进一步分析得到隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟口下方烟气层发生吸穿时的临界弗洛德...     

Zur Geschichte des Umweltbegriffs

Historically, the biological concept of living organisms from the early 19th century was a precondition for the evolution of the modern concept of the environment. The connection with the hermeneutic concept of the environment qua “landscape” was made through A. v. Humboldt's “physiognomy of plants” and the geographical sciences. At the turn of the 20th century, ecology was established as the “science of communities”. These are primarily considered to have formed through the adaptation of organisms to one another, and, therefore, to an inner environment of a superordinate system.     

三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型对氮素流失影响

作为一个独立汇水单元,小流域是三峡库区面源污染源头.在三峡库区涪陵段王家沟小流域内选择最具有代表性3种土地利用类型布设地表径流监测点,利用2014年5~12月12场自然降雨采集地表径流样品,分析不同土地利用类型及其构成的坡面、子流域氮素流失浓度时空变化特征,揭示三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型与氮素流失关系.结果表明,不同土地利用类型春季作物时期TN平均流失浓度差异最大,旱地分别是桑树套种地、水田的1.61、6.73倍;水田3个时期TN流失浓度变化最显著.氮素流失以NO~-_3-N为主,TN与NO~-_3-N存在显著的线性相关关系.TN、NO~-_3-N流失浓度与坡面旱地作物玉米、榨菜面积比显著正相关,与水稻、桑树面积比显著负相关;NH~+_4-N流失浓度与坡面榨菜面积比显著正相关.不同土地利用类型组成坡面中,桑树套种地与水田组成的坡面3个时期TN地表径流平均流失浓度最低,分别为2.55、11.52和8.58mg·L~(-1);玉米榨菜轮作旱地坡面最高,分别为27.51、25.11和27.11 mg·L~(-1).子流域不同土地类型和空间组合方式对其TN流失浓度影响较大,合理调整流域土地利用结构和空间布局是三峡库区面源污染源头控制有效措施.     

Exploring the assumed invariance of implied emission factors for forest biomass in greenhouse gas inventories

Reviews of each nation's annual greenhouse gas inventory submissions including forestland are part of the ongoing reporting process of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Goals of these reviews include improving quality and consistency within and among reports. One method of facilitating comparisons is the use of a standard index such as an implied emission factor (IEF), which for forest biomass indicates net rate of carbon emission or sequestration per area. Guidance on the use of IEFs in reviews is limited, but there is an expectation that values should be relatively constant both over time and across spatial scales. To address this hypothesis, we examine IEFs over time, derived from U.S. forests at plot-, state-, and national-levels. Results show that at increasingly aggregated levels, relative heterogeneity decreases but can still be substantial. A net increase in U.S. whole-forest IEFs over time is consistent with results from temperate forests of nations in the European Community. IEFs are better viewed as a distribution of values rather than one constant value principally because of sensitivities to productivity, disturbance, and land use change, which can all vary considerably across a nation's forest land.     

Activity patterns of Californians: Use of and proximity to indoor pollutant sources

The California Air Resources Board funded a statewide survey of activity patterns of Californians over 11 years of age in order to improve the accuracy of exposure assessments for air pollutants. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1762 respondents over the four seasons from fall 1987 through summer 1988. In addition to completing a 24-h recall diary of activities and locations, participants also responded to questions about their use of and proximity to potential pollutant sources. Results are presented regarding time spent by Californians in different activities and locations relevant to pollutant exposure, and their frequency of use of or proximity to pollutant sources including cigarettes, consumer products such as paints and deodorizers, combustion appliances and motor vehicles. The results show that Californians spend, on average, 87% of their time indoors, 7% in enclosed transit and 6% outdoors. At least 62% of the population over 11 years of age and 46% of nonsmokers are near others' tobacco smoke at some time during the day. Potential exposure to different pollutant sources appears to vary among different gender and age groups. For example, women are more likely to use or be near personal care products and household cleaning agents, while men are more likely to be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, solvents and paints. Data from this study can be used to reduce significantly the uncertainty associated with risk assessments for many pollutants.     

声波团聚技术消除储能电站火灾烟雾的实验研究

为探究声波团聚技术对于储能电站火灾烟雾的清除作用,搭建了声波团聚实验台,利用炭黑颗粒气溶胶模拟储能电站的火灾烟雾,探究了声波频率、声压级和初始烟雾浓度等参数对声波团聚效果的影响.结果表明:在声压级为140 dB、频率为1 000 Hz的声波作用下,在20 s时间内火灾烟雾的透光率从22％提高到了90％;当声压级由135...     

我国湖泊富营养化发展趋势探讨

本文根据“七五"国家科技攻关课题“全国主要湖泊水库富营养化调查研究"的调查资料,在对全国24个湖泊水库的调查数据进行分析处理,并在主成份分析法评价的基础上,对本世纪末的营养物入湖量、营养物及叶绿素a浓度做了宏观预测,预测结果表明:24个湖泊可分为三种类型,代表了湖泊演化过程中的三个不同阶段:大部分城市湖泊达到了重富营养化,有些正在由响应型湖泊向非响应型过渡;湖泊的功能将消失,逐渐到达消亡阶段,应引起注视。 湖泊富营养化的控制对策,应按照我国国情而倾向于经济实用、因地制宜。具体技术方法中的前置库生化削减法和水生生物法值得推广应用。      

Expanding multiple marker screening for Down's syndrome to include Edward'S syndrome

Information on maternal age and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels was used to investigate retrospectively the effect of estimating Edward's syndrome risk in women having multi-marker screening for Down's syndrome. The screened population comprised 15 pregnancies affected by Edward's syndrome, 15 with Down's syndrome and 5472 unaffected pregnancies. The use of all three markers to estimate Edward's syndrome risk would have led to the detection of 10–12 (67–80 per cent) cases with a false-positive rate of 0.3–0.6 per cent depending on the risk cut-off. A further case would have been detected as a result of screening for Down's syndrome alone. Similar results were obtained when the Edward's syndrome risk was based on uE₃ and hCG only. These data suggest that extending Down's syndrome screening to include Edward's syndrome risk will yield a high detection rate with only a small increase in the false-positive rate.     

An approximate model of atmospheric plumes produced by large area fires

We develop a simple analytical model to estimate the thickness of a smoke layer formed by a plume of a large area fire and to account for crosswinds. We take advantage of the dominant flow features in the upper part of the rising plume and in the smoke layer far from the plume to model the transition of a vertical flow to a horizontally spread thin smoke (or dust) layer. A one-dimensional approximation is used to model the buoyancy decay and plume overshoot. That solution is matched and combined with a solution based on the work required to establish our asymptotic horizontal smoke layer. The solution estimates the thickness of the spreading smoke layer in a quiescent atmosphere or in an ambient wind field.     

Relation of baseflow to row crop intensity in Iowa

Increasing baseflow and baseflow percentage over the second half of the 20th century in Iowa has contributed to increasing nitrate-nitrogen concentrations measured in Iowa rivers because nitrate is primarily delivered to streams as baseflow and tile drainage. The relation of baseflow and baseflow percentage to row crop land use was evaluated for 11 Iowa rivers and their watersheds for their period of streamflow record (58–73 years period). Results indicated increasing baseflow in Iowa’s rivers is significantly related to increasing row crop intensity. A 13–52% increase in row crop percentage in many Iowa watersheds has contributed to an increase of 33–135 mm increase in baseflow and 7–31% increase in baseflow percentage. Limited historical water quality data from two larger Iowa rivers (Cedar and Raccoon rivers) suggest that increasing row crop land use over the 20th century has produced more baseflow and contributed to increasing nitrate concentrations in Iowa’s rivers.     

“双碳”背景下河南省电力行业中长期控煤降碳路径

电力行业实现二氧化碳排放尽早达峰并加快脱碳进度,对河南省实现碳达峰碳中和目标具有重要意义.基于碳排放-能源集成模型（iCEM）,对河南电力行业“双碳”目标下控煤降碳路径开展情景研究.结果表明,综合考虑电源结构优化和技术进步等措施,河南省电力行业碳排放将于2028~2033年实现碳达峰,电力行业煤炭消费量在“十四五”期间仍呈持续增长趋势,达峰区间为2027~2031年.大力发展以风电和太阳能为主的清洁能源,采用更多低碳零碳热源、提高外调电比例、加大煤电节能改造是碳达峰目标约束下河南省控煤主要措施.碳中和阶段,布局内陆核电是缓解河南省控煤压力与实现“双碳”目标的重要路径之一,需要提前开展论证研究.加速推进落后机组淘汰和现役机组节能改造、加速发展非化石能源发电、超前规划外调电,并配套完善煤电退出和调峰的市场机制、增加系统灵活性、加快外引清洁能源保障等政策,是河南省电力行业控煤降碳路径有效的政策保障.