浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为探明浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染状况,测定了浙闽沿岸泥质区南部的32个表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃的含量,探讨了浙闽沿岸泥质区多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险。结果表明,浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物PAHs总浓度介于（12.95~156.05）×10-9,相对于其他区域属于较低水平。特征分子比值法和SPSS分析结果均表明本研究区域中PAHs主要来源于煤炭、石油的燃烧,并有部分石油源。生态风险评价结果表明浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物PAHs存在一定程度的生态风险,应当多加留意并采取相关措施进行防护。     

莱州湾大气颗粒相中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存特征

多环芳烃作为一类典型的持久性有毒物质,一直是环境领域关注的热点和重点,有关多环芳烃衍生物的报道,尤其是有关大气中烷基和硝基多环芳烃的研究报道仍非常缺乏。本研究选取莱州湾刁龙嘴为采集区域,对大气颗粒相样品中16种母体多环芳烃（PAHs）、12种烷基多环芳烃（A–PAHs）和25种硝基多环芳烃（N–PAHs）进行分析。结果表明,16种母体多环芳烃（Σ₁₆PAHs）的浓度范围为517.2 ~ 64124.8 pg/m3;12种烷基化多环芳烃（Σ₁₂A–PAHs）的浓度范围为273.6 ~ 5897.3 pg/m3;25种硝基化多环芳烃（Σ₂₅N–PAHs）的浓度范围为113.5 ~ 1032.3 pg/m3。3种类型多环芳烃的浓度和污染模式均表现出明显的季节变化特征,其中,夏季,2环、3环的PAHs、A–PAHs和N–PAHs比例相对较高,而冬季4环及以上单体的比例偏高。PAHs的特征比值表明,莱州湾刁龙嘴地区PAHs的来源主要以柴油、煤及生物质燃烧为主。Σ₁₆PAHs、Σ₁₂A–PAHs和Σ₂₅N–PAHs与温度均呈现出显著的负相关性（R2 = 0.94,p < 0.01;R2 = 0.61, p < 0.01;R2 = 0.74,p < 0.01）,说明温度是影响颗粒相吸附芳烃类物质的一个主要因素。此外,三者之间Pearson相关关系表明,PAHs及其衍生物表现出相同的污染来源和相似的环境行为。     

柴油发动机车辆排放废气对城市大气质量影响的研究

报告了柴油发动机车辆在不同工况下排放废气中多环芳烃变化的规律及其对城市大气质量的影响。试验表明,不同类型的柴油发动机的排污量不同,既使是同一台柴油发动机在不同工况下,排污量也有较大差异,一般以负荷百分数在２％－５％时排污量最小,在该废气和北京市区大气中分别检出了致突变悸性比苯并芘更大的环戊二烯并（ｃ,ｄ）芘。     

Effects of vegetable oil residue after soil extraction on physical-chemical properties of sandy soil and plant growth

Vegetable oil has the ability to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from contaminated sandy soil for a remediation purpose,with some of the oil remaining in the soil.Although most of the PAHs were removed,the risk of residue oil in the soil was not known.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the vegetable oil residue on higher plant growth and sandy soil properties after soil extraction for a better understanding of the soil remediation.Addition of sunflower oil and column ex...     

成都市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的源解析与毒性源解析

对成都市2010~2011年住宅区冬季PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了来源解析、毒性评估以及毒性源解析研究.结果表明,16种PAHs普遍检出,成都市冬季PM2.5中的ΣPAHs浓度范围为22.79~215.82ng/m3,平均浓度为71.38ng/m3.PAHs组分分析结果显示,低环(2~3环)PAHs含量较低,高环(4~6环)所占比例较大,其比例范围为75.95%~99.52%.利用EPA PMF5.0解析PAHs污染源类型,结果表明成都市冬季PM2.5中PAHs的主要来源是煤和木材燃烧源、柴油燃烧源和汽油燃烧源,其分担率分别是14.88%、31.34%和54.08%.等效因子(TEF)毒性评估表明,成都市冬季的TEQ均值为16.82ng/m3.此外,运用PMF-TEF耦合模型对PAHs进行了毒性源解析,结果表明煤和木材燃烧、柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的毒性分担率分别是12.39%、24.78%、62.83%.     

Comparative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sea water-soluble fractions of different Kuwaiti crude oils

The sea water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of 10 different crude oils, produced from Kuwaiti oil fields, were investigated for the composition of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their methylated homologs. The results indicate that the total PAHs in the WSFs ranged from 171 to 2176 μg/l. The WSFs prepared from the oil from northern oil fields generally contained higher levels of PAHs. Naphthalene and its homologs formed the bulk of the PAHs (ranging from 88.4 to 97.5% of the total PAHs). Significant levels of fluorene, phenanthrene and their homologs were also present in all of the WSFs. PAHs higher than phenanthrene were also detected at very low concentrations. The PAHs in the WSFs of the crude oils were compared with those in Kuwaiti crude oil (export), and the crude export was found to contain relatively lower levels of PAHs.     

大连近海沉积物多环芳烃污染特征及源解析

本文对大连近海海域15个表层沉积物样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征及来源进行研究。结果表明,沉积物中16PAHs总浓度为30.0410-9~89.2410-9,平均值为50.8410-9,其中工业区显著高于城市地区(p0.05),极显著高于农村地区(p0.01)。沉积物中PAHs含量与总有机碳(TOC)含量间存在显著正相关性(p0.05),表明沉积物有机质含量是影响PAHs含量的主要因素。主成分分析得出,大连近海海域PAHs污染源为石油泄漏造成的石油源、生物质及化石燃料燃烧形成的燃烧源和燃油燃烧形成的交通源。     

缸内直喷汽油机多环芳烃排放特性的试验研究

在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上,分别用玻璃纤维滤膜和“聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫(PUF)+XAD-2”对尾气中的颗粒相和气相多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了采集,并用色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对PAHs进行了定性定量分析,研究了点火时刻和废气再循环(EGR)对PAHs排放的影响.结果表明:在缸内直喷汽油机尾气中,气相PAHs浓度远高于颗粒相PAHs浓度,在气相PAHs中主要是2环和3环等小环PAHs,而在颗粒相PAHs中则主要是4环及以上的大环PAHs.随着点火时刻的提前,尾气中PAHs总浓度呈现先减小后增加再减小的变化趋势,气相和颗粒相PAHs浓度也呈现相似的变化趋势.随着EGR率的增大,气相PAHs所占比例先减小后增大,颗粒相PAHs所占比例则先增大后减小,总PAHs的排放在整体上呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势.加入EGR后,GDI汽油机尾气的毒性显著增大.     

模式采样法采集尾气中BaP的研究

用模式了取样法集汽车柴油发动机尾气中多环茎烃,并重点对ＢａＰ采样方法进行研究,结果表明,该法采样时间仅１－２ｓ,采样体积为３３０ｍｌ（ｓ．次）,回收率７７．６％,９次重复的变异系数为２９．６％,测得ＢａＰ的数据与国际ＩＳＯ规定的ＣＶＳ定容取样法可比。     

生物柴油对柴油机排放细颗粒物及其中多环芳烃的影响

在柴油发动机台架上,考察普通柴油和2种原料不同的生物柴油(B100-1,大豆油为原料;B100-2,废油为原料)在2个固定转速不同负荷的4个工况点的细颗粒物PM2.5及其中多环芳烃(PAHs)的排放特性.用石英滤膜采集了尾气中的细颗粒物,并用GC/MS分析了颗粒物中的PAHs.生物柴油在高负荷时降低了柴油机PM2.5的排放速率,最大降幅达到了37.3%,在低负荷情况下增加了PM2.5排放速率.在所测试的工况下,生物柴油的颗粒相PAHs的排放速率较普通柴油均有不同程度的降低,最大降幅达到77.6%.生物柴油不但降低了PAHs的排放速率,还降低了PAHs在PM2.5中的质量百分比.B100-2的PM2.5和PAHs的平均排放速率比B100-1分别增加14.7%和17.8%.3种燃料排放PM2.5中的PAHs的主要化合物相似,均以小分子量为主,其中以菲的含量最高,2~3环PAHs超过总排放50%.生物柴油排放的PAHs毒性当量与柴油相比有较大程度地下降.     

Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4- ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

辽河口湿地土壤多环芳烃的分布及来源研究

于2008年10月、2009年5月和8月采集辽河口湿地31个表层土壤样品,利用GC-FID技术定量分析其16种优控多环芳烃（PAH）含量.结果表明,PAHs总量分布范围为293.4～1936.9 ng·g^-1,平均值为851.5 ng·g^-1,其中油井区苇田PAHs含量最高（1717.5 ng·g^-1）,滩涂区最低（614.6 ng·g^-1）.2008年10月PAHs总量和中高环组分比重均高于2009年5月和8月.应用不同环数的相对丰度和比值法进行来源解析,结果表明,燃烧是2008年10月的主要来源,石油污染和燃烧源的混合来源为2009年5月和8月的主要来源.主成分分析和多元线性回归法显示交通污染和燃煤混合来源为2008年10月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率为45.5%;石油和交通混合污染是2009年5月和8月PAHs的主要来源,贡献率分别为75.2%和42.2%.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in northern China

The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air, principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression, the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic exhaust. The total organic carbon (TOC) fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil. The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low, with dominant low molecular weight constituents, and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil. Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.     

钢铁工业区下风向土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及源解析

为了解钢铁工业区对土壤环境的影响以及土壤的污染状况,采集上海典型钢铁工业区下风向的14个表层土壤样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测了样品中16种优控PAHs（多环芳烃）的含量水平,分析了钢铁工业区下风向土壤中PAHs的组成分布特征,并利用比值法和主成分分析法对土壤中的PAHs进行溯源.结果表明,钢铁工业区下风向土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs（16种优控PAHs的含量）范围为167.0~2 355.0 μg/kg,∑₇PAHs（7种具有致癌作用的PAHs的含量）在∑₁₆ PAHs中平均比例为50.4%,近距离样区（< 1 km）表层土壤中∑₁₆ PAHs平均值最高,为1 057.7 μg/kg,远距离样区（5~10 km）污染相对较轻,平均值为381.4 μg/kg;宝3、宝6和宝9采样点于钢铁工业区烧结工艺的下风向,导致宝3采样点∑₁₆ PAHs最高,为2 355.0 μg/kg,宝3、宝6和宝9采样点土壤中PAHs含量依次降低;表层（0~20 cm）土壤中PAHs单体含量最高的为荧蒽,致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘含量范围为10.0~194.0 μg/kg,环数组成以4环为主,平均比例为46.3%,其次是5~6环,二者平均比例为39.9%,随着距离工业区越远,4环的组成比例越高,5~6环比例降低;比值法和主成分分析法结果显示土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放.研究显示,钢铁工业对多环芳烃贡献较大,下风向土壤中总多环芳烃的含量和高环多环芳烃比例都呈现明显的随距离递减特征,石油、煤的燃烧和机动车尾气的排放是其多环芳烃的最主要来源.      

降雪后24 h内大气中多环芳烃的变化规律

大气是挥发性和半挥发性污染物迁移扩散的重要介质,也是污染物进入人体的主要途径,因此,大气中污染物的环境行为的研究具有重要的意义.本研究通过采集雪样和降雪后连续24 h内的大气样品,对16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了分析,对降雪后大气中PAHs的变化规律进行了深入研究.结果表明,16种PAHs在降雪中的检出率为100%,菲的浓度最高（538.3 ng·L^-1）,其次是萘（509.1 ng·L^-1）和荧蒽（429.9 ng·L^-1）,说明降雪能够对大气中的PAHs进行去除.降雪后大气中PAHs的浓度呈现下降-上升-下降的变化规律,高浓度出现在汽车尾气排放量最大的上下班期间,低浓度则出现在人类活动少的时间段,说明人类活动是大气中PAHs浓度变化的主要影响因素.降雪后24 h内大气中PAHs在气相和颗粒相间的比值变化较小,其组成主要受PAHs的物理化学性质的影响.特征分子比值法表明,降雪后24 h内大气中PAHs主要来源于固体燃料燃烧源和液体燃料的燃烧源.     

吕梁市PM2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

为探索吕梁地区PM_2.5中多环芳烃的季节变化、健康风险和潜在来源,于2018年10月23日至2019年7月1日对离石区(市区)和孝义市(郊区)进行PM_2.5样品采集,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了14种多环芳烃浓度.总多环芳烃的浓度年均值为95.50 ng·m^-3,主要以5～6环为主(49.7%),3环占比较低(8.3%);吕梁市多环芳烃浓度呈现冬季>秋季>春季>夏季的季节性变化规律,市区浓度年均值(130.47 ng·m^-3)高于郊区(84.4 ng·m^-3);增量终身致癌风险和蒙特卡洛模拟结果均表明吕梁市多环芳烃毒性服从成人>青年>儿童的规律,除夏季外,离石区增量终身致癌风险值均在10^-6～10^-4之间,远高于孝义市,表明市区存在较高的多环芳烃潜在风险;通过采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子分解模型表明,吕梁市多环芳烃主要来自于煤和生物质的燃烧(61.9%)和机动车尾气排放(38.1%),由后...     

多环芳烃及其衍生物在北京纳污河流中的分布及健康风险

为探明北京5座污水处理厂出水及受纳河流中多环芳烃(PAHs)及其衍生物(SPAHs)的污染水平及健康风险水平,采用固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪测定水样中的PAHs及SPAHs的质量浓度,分析其分布特征,同时使用毒性当量因子评价河流中PAHs的健康风险.结果表明,5座污水处理厂出水及受纳河流中PAHs及SPAHs总质量浓度分别为75~584 ng·L~(-1)和91~1822 ng·L~(-1).水样中PAHs以2和3环为主,占PAHs总量的23%~48%.本研究中的SPAHs包括三类物质:氧化PAHs(OPAHs)、甲基PAHs (MPAHs)和氯代PAHs (Cl PAHs).其中,OPAHs占ΣSPAHs的质量分数为75%,MPAHs、Cl PAHs占比总体较低,分别为12%、13%.通过对5条河流中PAHs进行毒性当量浓度计算,表明应在采暖季(12月)对高环PAHs污染引起重视.     

太原市采暖期PM10中PAHs的碳同位素组成及源贡献率

在太原市7个点位采集采暖期PM10样品,用气相色谱-同位素质谱仪测定环境空气PM10和污染源(煤烟尘和机动车尾气)中9种多环芳烃(PAHs)的碳同位素组成(δ13C),并根据碳同位素质量平衡原理定量环境空气PAHs的源贡献率.结果表明:煤烟尘中PAHs随环数增加贫13C,机动车尾气中PAHs随环数增加富13C;各点位PAHs的δ13C值差别不大,变化趋势与煤烟尘基本一致,煤烟尘是城市PAHs的主要污染源;煤烟尘对各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的贡献率都大于机动车尾气,对 的贡献率与机动车尾气相当,煤烟尘是各点位荧蒽和苯并[a]蒽的主要来源, 是二者共同作用的结果;煤烟尘和机动车尾气对全市环境空气中荧蒽、苯并[ghi]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[b+k]荧蒽贡献率比都约为7:3,太原市环境空气PAHs污染属于煤烟尘和机动车尾气的复合污染.     

湖南某地饮用水中多环芳烃的健康风险评价

以湖南某地区的饮用水源——某河流流经之处所涉3个乡镇的居民饮用水为研究对象,对水体中16种优控PAHs的质量浓度及其分布特征进行调查,并结合当地人群实际暴露参数进行健康风险评价. 结果表明:饮用水中ρ(∑PAHs)平均值为253.13 ng/L,分布范围为70.22～673.80 ng/L;其中,ρ(萘)和ρ(菲)最高,分别占ρ(∑PAHs)的39%和32%;毒性相对较大的苯并芘的检出率为67.5%,ρ(苯并芘)最高值为8.95 ng/L,满足GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求;研究区PAHs的致癌风险、一般人群的致癌风险均在可接受范围内,但是塘溪乡居民和其他部分特殊人群(如男性、城市地区和60～79岁人群)的致癌风险均大于10-6,值得关注;研究区PAHs暴露的非致癌风险均小于10-6,在可接受范围内.