Proposed performance criteria for samplers of total suspended particulate matter

In order to facilitate intercomparison of dust concentrations measured with different samplers of total suspended particulates (TSP) the following scheme is proposed: based on regressions of experimental data permitting particle size values d₈₀ and d₅₀ (d_k is the particle diameter of the aerosol mass size distribution for which k per cent of the mass comes with particles smaller than d_k) as a function of wind speed, the knowledge of the average wind speed occurring during a typical sampling interval permits an assessment of the characteristic stop distances S₅₀, S₈₀ of the aerosol to be sampled. If the samplers are characterized by the maximum particle stop distance up to which they allow representative sampling, suitable correction factors derived from S₅₀, S₈₀ allow conservative estimates of the TSP concentration.     

Measured components in total suspended particulate matter in a Kenyan urban area

Nairobi city has a population of over 1.5 million and is growing at a rate of about 70 persons per day. Various activities in the city such as construction work, industrial processes, use of unroadworthy cars, and dust blown off unpaved roads contribute enormously to suspended particulate matter in the air. In this paper, analysis by gravimetric and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of the suspended particulate matter in the air in the city centre, an industrial area and one residential area was carried out. The total suspended particulate matter (TSP) mean levels ranged from 69.983 to 397.903 μg m⁻³. The following components were measured from the TSP, mean values in μg m⁻³: iron 6.014–7.547, potassium 1.252–6.432, titanium 0.286–1.698, manganese 0.158–1.683, lead 0.395–1.321, bromine 0.122–0.707, zinc 0.159–0.678 and zirconium 0.017–0.245. The values of lead obtained (0.395–1.321 μg m⁻³) fall within the WHO recommendations, but compared to the values reported in some European countries, they are high. Most of the elements had low enrichment factors except for lead (104–353), bromine (429–1533) and zinc (14–79). Bromine and lead were highly correlated to the number of light vehicles (p=0.874 and 0.942, respectively). In addition the ratio of Br:Pb by weight was in the range 0.309–0.535, while the correlation factor for Br:Pb was 0.951, leading to the conclusion that both elements came from leaded gasoline.     

抚仙湖悬浮颗粒物正构烷烃来源及季节特征

为了探究抚仙湖水体中有机质的正构烷烃来源和时空变化特征,对2016年4月～2017年3月抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征、来源、季节变化特征及其与沉积物中正构烷烃的关系进行了研究.结果表明:抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的碳数分布范围在C17～C33之间,呈现以优势峰C27和C29为主的单峰分布模式.在垂直梯度...     

基于OLCI数据的福建近海悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物（TSM）是评估水质的重要指标,也是水色遥感反演的核心参数之一.海陆色度仪（OLCI）是新一代海洋水色传感器,具有良好的光谱及时空分辨率.为有效监测福建近海悬浮物浓度的时空变化,本文结合OLCI遥感数据和现场实测悬浮物浓度数据,使用CatBoost、随机森林和多元回归方法,分别构建悬浮物浓度反演模型,最后使用验证集对比分析不同模型的反演精度.结果表明,CatBoost模型估算精度最高,均方根误差（RMSE）为2.76 mg·L^-1,平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）为23.67%,决定系数R²为0.89.使用CatBoost模型对2017—2018年多时相OLCI影像进行TSM浓度遥感反演,结果发现,福建近海TSM浓度变化显著,但总体呈现近岸高于远岸、北部高于南部、江河入海口和港湾处高于周围其他海域、春季高于夏季的时空分布特征.本研究可为福建近海的悬浮物浓度监测提供一种有效的方法,也进一步证明了OLCI影像良好的水色反演能力,可作为水质监测的有效遥感数据源.     

基于Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的秦皇岛海域悬浮物浓度遥感反演

基于2013~2021年期间秦皇岛海域遥感反射率、悬浮物浓度及叶绿素a浓度等实测数据,开展了该海域Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的悬浮物浓度遥感反演模型研究.结果表明,文献中常用的典型经验模型形式均不适用于秦皇岛海域,以490、620及708.75nm为悬浮物反演的敏感波段,以560nm为参比波段,将各敏感波段与参比波段的比值作为自变量,最终建立了适用于秦皇岛海域的Sentinel-3 OLCI四波段悬浮物浓度遥感反演模型（R²=0.69,MAPE=24.79%,RMSE=2.82mg/L）;并采用2021年7月24日Sentinel-3 OLCI影像进行悬浮物浓度遥感反演产品的真实性检验,得到反演值与实测值的平均相对误差为13.24%.将上述四波段模型用于2021年1~12月秦皇岛海域的Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,反演得到月均悬浮物浓度,发现秦皇岛海域悬浮物浓度整体呈现沿岸海域高、离岸海域低,秋冬季高、春夏季低的时空变化特征;且2018~2021年秦皇岛海域悬浮物浓度的年均值逐年递减,水体越来越澄清.     

A comparison of smoke shade and gravimetric determination of suspended particulate matter in a semi-arid climate (Baghdad,Iraq)

Concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) have been measured simultaneously in Baghdad, Iraq, using a high volume gravimetric procedure alongside a low volume sampler with smoke shade determination of OECD standard smoke. No correlation is seen between the gravimetric and smoke shade measurements, except when a single northwestern wind sector is taken. It is concluded that natural wind-blown dust constitutes the major source of SPM in Baghdad and that application of international air quality guidelines for SPM is problematic and probably inappropriate.     

悬移质泥沙影响下水体中DBP的降解

为探究含悬移质泥沙(SPM)影响下水体中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)的去除过程,采集了三峡库区一级支流御临河中的原位水样和SPM,以DBP为供试试剂,在室内构建实验体系,设置4组实验:原水(对照)、原水-NaN3、原水-SPM-NaN3和原水-SPM,研究了扰动水体中DBP的光解、吸附和生物降解过程.研究发现:水相中的...     

基于AGRI颗粒物浓度遥感反演及季节变化分析

基于AGRI数据反演区域PM2.5浓度.利用6S辐射传输模式,分析气溶胶光学厚度AOD与能见度相关性,建立AOD、气溶胶标高和能见度模型;通过对大气柱AOD垂直订正,构建AOD与近地面PM2.5浓度关系的物理模型;同时引入了地面相对湿度数据.结果表明,FY-4A遥感的PM2.5浓度与地面空气质量监测站的PM2.5浓度变...     

Size distribution measurements of suspended particulate matter in Ponce,Puerto Rico

Size distribution measurements using a high volume sampler with a cascade impactor have been obtained for the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico from 1985 to 1987. The data indicate that the concentration of particles < 2 μm in diameter remained constant during the sampling period while the concentration of particles > 7 μm showed time variations. Aerosol from this area is greatly composed of particles > 7 μm in diameter, they accounted for over 45% of the Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) of this area. Over 75% of the aerosol concentration is from particles > 3.3 μm, approximately only 20% of the aerosol concentration is from particles < 2 μm in diameter. A linear relationship was observed between the different particle size and the TSP, except for those particles < 1.1 μm in size. The size distribution and its time variation are explained in terms of local sources such as agriculatural burning, natural contributions and industrial activities, as well as contribution from the Sahara haze that crosses the Atlantic from Africa and reaches the Caribbean region during the summer.     

悬浮颗粒物浓度对溢油沉潜过程影响的试验研究

溢油事故发生后,漂浮油会与水中的悬浮颗粒物发生相互作用形成油-悬浮颗粒物聚合体（oil-suspended particulate matter aggregates,OSAs）,进而分散在水中或沉降到水底。实验室通过批量振荡实验,利用紫外分光光度法,研究了天然沙土对阿曼原油沉潜过程的影响。结果表明,当振荡频率一定时,沙土能够显著促进阿曼原油在水中的沉潜,其中大部分以半潜油的形式悬浮在水中,少部分与沙土相互作用形成了油-悬浮颗粒物聚合体。随着振荡时间的增加,阿曼原油的沉潜率迅速增大,达到最大值后趋于稳定。当沙土的浓度在100~400 mg/L范围内增加时,阿曼原油的最大沉潜率和沉潜速率提高,沉潜过程达到平衡所需要的时间缩短。     

悬浮颗粒物对海面溢油的吸附模式

为更好地了解悬浮颗粒物（SPM）作用下沉潜油的形成速度和程度,选择取自渤海南部油田（YYH）、辽河油田（LH）和中东原油（ZD）的3种原油,模拟研究了高岭土和试验原油的相互作用.结果表明,3种试验油的吸附动力学过程基本相似,沉潜率随振荡时间呈指数形式增长后趋于稳定.高岭土对原油的吸附满足Langmuir等温吸附式,基本属于单分子层吸附,YYH、LX和ZD的饱和吸附量分别为914,1297,2083mg/g.当SPM的浓度为500mg/L时,YYH、LX和ZD的最大沉潜率分别为37%、45%和59%.以吸附作用机理为基础,讨论了分散的油滴在颗粒物-水界面的分配特征,提供了1种模式计算沉潜率随悬浮颗粒物浓度变化的关系式.本研究可为沉潜油形成及漂移扩散数值模式研究提供基础数据和科学参考.     

昆明湖水体悬浮颗粒物与有色可溶性有机物光谱吸收特性研究

基于2011年9月23日在北京颐和园昆明湖测量的10个采样点的水体各组分吸收系数光谱,分析了秋季昆明湖悬浮颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物、藻类颗粒物及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性.结果表明,水体总吸收当中,藻类颗粒物贡献率最大,CDOM次之,非藻类颗粒物贡献率最低,这表明藻类颗粒物是秋季昆明湖水体中最主要的水体组分.秋季昆明湖南部藻类颗粒物吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度均大于北部,这可能是因为昆明湖水由北侧流入从南侧流出,且北京秋季盛行北风导致的.未发现CDOM与叶绿素a浓度间具有显著的相关关系,可能与藻类空间分布不均匀、并且受CDOM外源影响有关系.     

In vitro toxicity of particulate matter emissions from residential pellet combustion

Particulate matter emissions (PM₁₀) from the combustion, in a residential stove, of two commercial brands of certified (ENplus A1) pellets, a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic responses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line. Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points (24- and 48-hr) through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549. The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA100 and TA98) was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM₁₀ samples. Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic. All samples induced impairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity, while no significant release of lactate dehydrogenase was recorded. PM₁₀ emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic, while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses. Cytotoxicity time-dependency was only observed for PM₁₀ from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets. Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S. typhimurium strains. This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manufacturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions. Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appliances.     

A factor analysis-multiple regression model for source apportionment of suspended particulate matter

A factor analysis-multiple regression (FA-MR) model has been used for a source apportionment study in the Tokyo metropolitan area. By a varimax rotated factor analysis, five source types could be identified: refuse incineration, soil and automobile, secondary particles, sea salt and steel mill. Quantitative estimations using the FA-MR model corresponded to the calculated contributing concentrations determined by using a weighted least-squares CMB model. However, the source type of refuse incineration identified by the FA-MR model was similar to that of biomass burning, rather than that produced by an incineration plant. The estimated contributions of sea salt and steel mill by the FA-MR model contained those of other sources, which have the same temporal variation of contributing concentrations. This symptom was caused by a multicollinearity problem. Although this result shows the limitation of the multivariate receptor model, it gives useful information concerning source types and their distribution by comparing with the results of the CMB model. In the Tokyo metropolitan area, the contributions from soil (including road dust), automobile, secondary particles and refuse incineration (biomass burning) were larger than industrial contributions: fuel oil combustion and steel mill. However, since vanadium is highly correlated with SO₄²⁻ and other secondary particle related elements, a major portion of secondary particles is considered to be related to fuel oil combustion.     

厦门海域水体悬浮物遥感反演算法研究

通过现场实测厦门海域水体遥感反射率及水体悬浮物浓度,分析了该海域水体的遥感反射光谱特征,选取了特征波段及组合建立了该海域水体悬浮物浓度反演模型。本文经过对比分析水体中呈悬浮态的总颗粒物质量浓度的不同反演方法,最后得出悬浮颗粒物在近红外波段的反射曲线的反射率高值和低值围成的区域面积可较好的反演研究区域的悬浮颗粒物浓度,其统计回归模型的决定系数是0.66,该反演算法的RMSE是10.25mg/L,相对误差是7.79mg/L。     

Accumulation of Hg(II) by microbial biofilms on suspended particulate matter

Accumulation of Hg(II) by microbial biofilms on suspended particulate matter     

Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles bythermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk oforganic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric materialwhose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td-GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) tocharacterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou.n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids,nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units inmacromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption productsand pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainlydetermined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formationprocess maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban andforest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

太湖悬浮物对水体生态环境的影响及其高光谱反演

利用太湖水质参数数据、水面以下实测光谱数据以及水-气界面辐射传输模型,计算得到了水体漫射衰减系数和水面以上遥感反射比,探讨了悬浮物对水体中营养盐以及水下光照等水体环境因子的影响,在此基础上,利用水面以上遥感反射率建立了悬浮物浓度的定量反演模型.研究结果表明:悬浮物浓度与水体下行漫射衰减系数具有很好的相关性,在可见光波段相关系数达到0.8以上,与真光层深度具有很好的负指数关系;水面以上遥感反射比与悬浮物浓度对数(In(Tss))具有很好的相关性,在500～600nm范围内呈负相关,在620-882nm范围呈正相关,最大负相关出现在522nm附近,最大正相关出现在692nm附近;选用Rra(522nm)、Rra(692nm)以及其比值作为变量建立悬浮物反演模型,得出的单波段线性对数模型能够较好地反演悬浮物浓度.     

民用燃煤不同燃烧阶段细颗粒物排放特征

研究了民用燃煤在不同燃烧阶段排放PM_2.5的质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,散煤与正烧炉在旺火阶段排放颗粒物粒径主要集中在0.2μm以下(d50=0.15μm),加煤和封火阶段在0.2～0.5μm(d₅₀=0.38μm),质量占比46.6%～68.97%.型煤与正烧炉在各阶段排放的颗粒物均以0.2μm以下颗粒物为主,质量占比44.64%～56.24%.扫描电镜(SEM)观察到燃煤排放PM_2.5为大量超细颗粒物聚集形成的簇团状结构.用碳平衡法计算得到散煤加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子为4.72g/kg,分别是旺火和封火阶段的12和11倍.将散煤更换为型煤,能够使得加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子减少90.9%,从而显著降低PM_2.5排放.     

民用燃煤不同燃烧阶段细颗粒物排放特征

研究了民用燃煤在不同燃烧阶段排放PM_2.5的质量浓度分布特征.结果表明,散煤与正烧炉在旺火阶段排放颗粒物粒径主要集中在0.2μm以下（d₅₀=0.15μm）,加煤和封火阶段在0.2~0.5μm （d₅₀=0.38mm）,质量占比46.6%~68.97%.型煤与正烧炉在各阶段排放的颗粒物均以0.2μm以下颗粒物为主,质量占比44.64%~56.24%.扫描电镜（SEM）观察到燃煤排放PM_2.5为大量超细颗粒物聚集形成的簇团状结构.用碳平衡法计算得到散煤加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子为4.72g/kg,分别是旺火和封火阶段的12和11倍.将散煤更换为型煤,能够使得加煤阶段的PM_2.5排放因子减少90.9%,从而显著降低PM_2.5排放.