Thermodynamic features of the atmospheric boundary layer during the summer monsoon

Characteristic variations in the thermodynamic parameters of the boundary layer at Pune (18°32′N, 73°51′E, 559m a.s.l.) have been studied using the aerological observations collected during the summer monsoon seasons of 1980 and 1981, and the temperature observations from aircraft during the summer monsoons of 1976, 1979–1981. This study showed suppression of the mixed layer, absence of inversion/stable layers and decreased convective instability in the lower layers during the period of active monsoon conditions. The reverse was observed during the periods of weak/break monsoon conditions. Temperature stratification of sub-cloud layer has been classified into four different categories depending on the extent of the mixed layer and the gradient of potential temperature in the overlying stable layer. It was observed that these categories cover all types of weather, conditions which prevailed during the monsoon season. The results are discussed with the possible association of the weather conditions prevailed during the active and break monsoon periods.     

基于无人机探空和数值模拟天津一次重污染过程分析

污染发生在边界层中,边界层热力和动力垂直结构对重污染天气形成有显著影响.本文基于无人机探空、地基遥感观测和数值模式,开展天津地区2019年1月10~15日重污染过程期间边界层垂直结构及污染成因分析,以期加强北方沿海城市边界层过程对重污染影响规律认知,提升重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明：大气温度层结对重污染天气形成、持续和消散有显著影响,此次过程伴随逆温层的发展和消散,PM_2.5高浓度区白天向大气上层发展,高度可达300 m以上,夜间向近地面压缩,高度在100 m左右;雾天气出现并在白天维持,改变了边界层垂直结构特征,雾顶逆温的持续存在抑制了污染物向大气上层扩散,使得白天湍流垂直混合过程贡献明显下降,导致近地面重污染天气维持和发展;过程期间区域输送贡献率为66.6%,边界层垂直结构与重污染天气区域输送密切相关,区域污染物输送高度主要出现在边界层顶部以及雾顶逆温层以上的大风速层处,且随着边界层和雾顶抬升高度的变化,通过下沉运动影响地面,形成北部弱高压天气控制下静稳天气区域输送;边界层垂直结构影响冷空气对空气质量的改善效果,S3阶段雾顶的强逆温导致冷空气无法通过湍流切应力传导到地面,在高低空存在明显的风速差,冷空气影响地面时间延后,作用减弱,重污染天气无法彻底缓解.     

丽江-玉龙雪山不同区域大气降水化学特征

2008─2009年在丽江-玉龙雪山地区的丽江市区、玉龙雪山冰川公园索道下部站(索道地区)和白水1号冰川区(冰川区)3个采样点采集了113个降水样品,对其pH、电导率和主要离子(Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+和NH4+)质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,所有样品实测pH均高于5.6.3个采样点ρ(总离子)平均值为丽江市区>索道地区>冰川区,其中ρ(SO4 2-)和ρ(Ca2+)均最高.丽江市区季风前后各离子质量浓度变化显著,其中海盐离子质量浓度〔ρ(Na+)和ρ(Cl-)〕从季风前期到季风期变化不大,在季风后期增加;ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)和ρ(Mg2+)在季风前期显著高于季风期和季风后期.采用相关分析和主因子分析法对降水中离子来源进行研究,表明SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要来自局地人类活动的贡献,Na+、K+和Cl-是海洋源贡献,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于地表粉尘.      

马莲河流域化学风化的季节变化和影响因素

为查明黄土高原马莲河流域不同季节河水化学的变化特征、来源及主要控制因子,2016年1~12月在流域下游雨落坪水文站采集时间序列水样40组,分析了主要离子组成并计算了化学风化速率.结果表明,河水总溶解固体(TDS)均值1 154.0 mg·L~(-1),远高于长江、黄河和珠江.阳离子以Na+为主,均值202.8 mg·L~(-1),其次为Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,均值431.2 mg·L~(-1).主要离子质量浓度的季节变化明显,总体规律是雨季前降低,雨季后增高,在融冰期和暴雨期分别突增和骤降.离子来源主要为岩石化学风化,蒸发岩、硅酸盐和碳酸盐贡献比例均值分别为67.1%、13.7%和19.2%.矿物含量和风化速率的不同决定了各风化作用对气候变化的差异响应:蒸发岩因其高风化速率对季风气候响应积极,雨季风化作用增强;雨季前期河水流量低,较长的水岩作用时间有利于硅酸盐风化进行;碳酸盐风化作用在雨季晚期和后期明显增强,可能因其在黄土中含量较高,雨季后降雨吸收了更多的土壤CO_2形成H2CO3增进了碳酸盐的溶解.蒸发岩、碳酸盐风化速率和流量显著正相关,流量是控制流域化学风化的主要因素.     

Vertical sodar measurements at different sites in summer

Measurements of the turbulent structure of the planetary boundary layer have been made with the vertical sodar ECHO-1 at different locations in summer. The backscatter returns are discussed in relation to some relevant parameters of the boundary layer (mixing depth, inversion regime, stability, heat flux). For the measurements during the experiment KOPEX-86, when simultaneous observations were made by acoustic sounder and an instrumented tower, the sodar data were compared with direct measurements.     

Urban influences on boundary layer temperature and humidity: Results from Christchurch,New Zealand

Boundary layer temperature and humidity data gathered at an urban and rural location using a mobile tethersonde system are presented to show the effects of urban Christchurch on the vertical distribution of these parameters under clear-sky conditions. Nocturnally, an urban temperature excess, amounting to an average 2.5°C in the lowest layers, was consistently observed to approximately 290 m. Above that level there existed a shallow layer of cooler urban temperatures. By day, excess temperatures in the urban boundary layer were less well defined. Consistent with the above observations, nocturnal rural temperature inversions were stronger than for the urban location, while daytime temperature lapse rates were slightly greater at the rural location. Significant urban-rural differences in boundary layer moisture content were also determined, with a nocturnal excess of specific humidity typically observed to about 350 m over the city. Although nocturnal humidity inversions predominated at both locations, they were observed to be lower and more intense at the rural site. Daytime observations indicated that rural humidity lapse profiles were stronger and that an urban moisture deficit existed to approximately 200 m. Possible reasons for the observed urban-rural differences in boundary layer temperature and moisture are discussed.     

A study on energy fluxes in the surface boundary layer of the Indian seas during different epochs of the Asian summer monsoon

In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the possible link between air-sea interface fluxes of heat and moisture and monsson activity over the Indian subcontinent. Computations of radiative fluxes, viz, shortwave and longwave, have been performed using semi-empirical models. Estimations of latent and sensible heat fluxes have been carried out using bulk aerodynamic method. The transfer coefficients for heat and moisture were computed as a function of atmospheric stability and wind speed.The present study shows that there is a net oceanic heat loss during the active convective period of the summer monsoon. This net oceanic heat loss produces a positive feedback for the maintenance of deep cumulus convection above the marine boundary layer (MBL). The main hindrance in establishing a possible link between the air-sea interface fluxes and monsoon activity over the Indian subcontinent is the paucity of adequate observations over the Indian seas.     

河谷城市通风系数研究

通风系数是科学确定污染物排放总量的基础.利用WRF模式模拟的边界层高度和风速计算了兰州新区2014年4个季节的通风系数,探讨了风速的季节性变化和日变化特征.结果表明:①WRF模式模拟得到的兰州新区的混合层平均风速呈夜间高、日间低的特征,日间混合层内平均风速最大值出现在20:00左右,这与地面风速积分法确定的平均风速具有较高相关性,验证了利用模式模拟边界层内平均风速特征的能力.②混合层高度季节变化呈现春夏季高、秋冬季低的特征;受太阳辐射的影响,日间混合层高度明显高于夜间.③通风系数具有明显的季节性变化特征（4个季节的通风系数分别为4 607.6、5 424.1、1 316.4、706.9 m2/s）,夏季高,冬季小,这与混合层高度和混合层内平均风速的季节性变化特征一致;日变化呈现单峰型的变化规律,冬季的峰值出现在15:00,而其他3个季节的峰值则出现在17:00左右.研究显示,WRF模式的模拟结果可以较好地反映混合层平均风速的基本特征,利用WRF模式模拟的结果计算得到的河谷地形的通风系数较为合理,不同季节的通风系数差异较大.      

边界层方案对南京地区PM2.5浓度模拟的影响

基于WRF-Chem空气质量模式采用YSU、MYJ、MYNN2、ACM2,4种边界层方案和基于ACM2的敏感性实验方案ACM2R2（模式最低6层的湍流扩散系数阈值改为2m²/s）和ACM2R5（模式最低10层的湍流扩散系数阈值改为5m²/s）,对南京地区冬季出现的一次天气污染过程进行模拟,分析了不同边界层方案对南京地区PM_2.5浓度模拟的影响.结果表明,6种方案对地面气象要素和风温湿廓线的模拟显示了较为合理的日变化特征及高度变化趋势,不同边界层方案之间气象要素差异较小.各方案均较好地模拟出了边界层高度逐日变化和日变化特征,以及PM_2.5浓度随时间的变化趋势,但是YSU、MYJ、MYNN2和ACM2,4种边界层方案在夜间对PM_2.5浓度的模拟均存在较大程度的高估,而ACM2R2和ACM2R5在ACM2的基础上显著地降低了PM_2.5浓度,甚至转为低估.从整个时段的偏差上看,ACM2R2最接近观测值.这是由于ACM2R2夜间湍流扩散系数较高,更利于源于地表的污染物向上扩散,使得ACM2R2方案在夜间相比原ACM2方案模拟所得的地表PM_2.5浓度更低,从而改善了原方案高估的现象.ACM2R5夜间湍流扩散系数更高,后期扩散过强从而产生较大低估.这些结果表明湍流扩散系数的不同是PM_2.5浓度模拟差异的重要原因,准确地参数化边界层方案夜间湍流扩散系数对于提高PM_2.5浓度模拟的准确度十分必要.     

WRF模式对污染天气下边界层高度的模拟研究

大气边界层高度是影响大气污染物浓度的重要因素之一,但数值模式中选择不同边界层参数化方案模拟的边界层高度有很大差异.利用WRF模式中5种边界层参数化方案及2006~2007年春、秋、冬3季河北香河地区激光雷达观测资料,对比分析了污染天气下,不同边界层方案对边界层高度的模拟效果,并分析了误差产生的可能原因.结果表明：5种参数化方案均能模拟出3季污染天气下边界层高度的变化特征,但各方案模拟的边界层高度与观测之间均存在较大误差.模拟的最大边界层高度月变化特征显示,秋冬季的模拟结果与观测值匹配较好,春季偏差较大;模拟的边界层高度日变化显示,均方根误差：春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,且误差在午后（14：00~18：00）更加明显;对该地区而言,非局地YSU方案能较好地模拟污染天气下的边界层高度;各参数化方案中边界层高度计算方法的不同及对大气廓线、湍流动能的模拟差异,可能是造成模拟边界层高度产生误差的主要原因.     

佛山地区干季边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响

利用佛山地区2013年12月大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和相应逐日AQI资料、逐时PM_(2.5)浓度资料,研究了佛山地区大气边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响.结果表明:佛山地区干季持续存在的逆温结构是导致PM_(2.5)污染较重的重要原因.干季污染日近60%的最低逆温层高度低于1000 m,而非污染日低于1000 m的最低逆温层仅占36%,污染日佛山贴地逆温频率高达31.2%.逆温层出现高度较低,将污染物压缩积累在贴地层大气中导致污染较重.在大陆冷高压控制下,佛山地区的边界层结构演化非常典型,最大边界层高度和最大边界层通风量表现出了显著相关,污染日日平均边界层高度始终维持在较低的水平,多数时候不足500 m,最大边界层高度则大部分小于1000 m,日平均边界层通风量主要分布在500~1500 m~2·s~(-1)之间,在极端情况下甚至不足300 m~2·s~(-1),最大边界层通风量大部分处于1500~5000 m~2·s~(-1)之间,导致污染物始终聚集在较低的大气边界层内,使得PM_(2.5)浓度长时间维持在较高的污染水平.佛山地区风场存在显著的3层结构,较小的底层风速意味着大气的输送和扩散能力较弱,高度较低的中层使得污染物进一步被压缩累积在大气底层,垂直风场的不稳定性使得污染日佛山地区局地回流活跃,回流(RF)指数极小值多分布在0.2~0.4之间,污染日RF指数普遍小于非污染日,垂直风场的有效输送能力被显著削弱.     

High black carbon and ozone concentrations during pollution transport in the Himalayas：Five years of continuous observations at NCO-P global GAW station

To study the influence of polluted air-mass transport carrying ozone (O3) and black carbon (BC) in the high Himalayas, since March 2006 the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P) GAW-WMO global station (Nepal, 5079 m a.s.l.) is operative. During the first 5-year measurements, the O3 and BC concentrations have shown a mean value of 48 ± 12 ppb (± standard deviation) and 208 ± 374 ng/m3, respectively. Both O3 and BC showed well defined seasonal cycles with maxima during pre-monsoon (O3 : 61.3 ± 7.7 ppbV; BC: 444 ± 433 ng/m3) and minima during the summer monsoon (O3 : 40.1 ± 12.4 ppbV; BC: 64 ± 101 ng/m3). The analysis of the days characterised by the presence of a significant BC increase with respect to the typical seasonal cycle identified 156 days affected by "acute" pollution events, corresponding to 9.1% of the entire data-set. Such events mostly occur in the pre-monsoon period, when the O3 diurnal variability is strongly related to the transport of polluted air-mass rich on BC. On average, these "acute" pollution events were characterised by dramatic increases of BC (352%) and O3 (29%) levels compared with the remaining days.     

Advances in coastal ocean boundary layer detection technology and equipment in China

Accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the atmospheric environment and its evolution within the coastal ocean boundary layer are necessary for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution in land, sea, and atmosphere. We present an overview of coastal ocean boundary layer detection technology and equipment in China and summarize the progress and main achievements in recent years. China has developed a series of coastal ocean boundary layer detection t...     

Assessment of trophic change and its probable impact on tropical estuarine environment (the Kodungallur-Azhikode estuary, India)

The cumulative effects of global change, including climate change, increased population density and domestic waste disposal, effluent discharges from industrial processes, agriculture and aquaculture will likely continue and increases the process of eutrophication in estuarine environments. Eutrophication is one of the leading causes of degraded water quality, water column hypoxia/anoxia, harmful algal bloom (HAB) and loss of habitat and species diversity in the estuarine environment. The present study attempts to characterize the trophic condition of coastal estuary using a simple tool; trophic index (TRIX) based on a linear combination of the log of four state variables with supplementary index Efficiency Coefficient (Eff. Coeff.) as a discriminating tool. Numerically, the index TRIX is scaled from 0 to10, covering a wide range of trophic conditions from oligotrophic to eutrophic. Study area Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary (KAE) was comparatively shallow in nature with average depth of 3.6?±?0.2?m. Dissolve oxygen regime in the water column was ranged from 4.7?±?1.3?mgL^?1 in Station I to 5.9?±?1.4?mgL^?1 in Station IV. The average nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) of KAE water was 470?mg?m^?3; values ranged from Av. 364.4?mg?m^?3 at Station II to Av. 626.6?mg?m^?3at Station VII. The mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH ₄ ⁺ -N) varied from 54.1?mg?m^?3 at Station VII to 101?mg?m^?3 at Station III. The average Chl-a for the seven stations of KAE was 6.42?±?3.91?mg?m^?3. Comparisons over different spatial and temporal scales in the KAE and study observed that, estuary experiencing high productivity by the influence of high degree of eutrophication; an annual average of 6.91 TRIX was noticed in the KAE and seasonal highest was observed during pre monsoon period (7.15) and lowest during post monsoon period (6.51). In the spatial scale station V showed high value 7.37 and comparatively low values in the station VI (6.93) and station VII (6.96) and which indicates eutrophication was predominant in land cover area with comparatively high water residence time. Eff. Coeff. values in the KAE ranges from ?2.74 during monsoon period to the lowest of ?1.98 in pre monsoon period. Present study revealed that trophic state of the estuary under severe stress and the restriction of autochthonous and allochthonous nutrient loading should be keystone in mitigate from eutrophication process.     

北京夏季典型臭氧污染分布特征及影响因子

为研究北京地区O₃分布特征及其影响因子,利用AML-3车载式大气环境污染激光雷达系统(下称AML-3)对北京地区2011年5月7日—6月9日的φ(O₃)进行观测. 通过AML-3自带的污染物地面观测系统和差分吸收激光雷达,分析近地面、高空φ(O₃)时空分布特征,并将φ(O₃)与温度、风速及风向3个气象要素进行相关分析. 结果表明:近地面φ(O₃)日变化明显,06:00左右为低谷,下午14:00左右达到峰值. 高空φ(O₃)的空间分布很不均匀,上层气流易使O₃富集层向下输送造成污染,同时稳定边界层对大气扩散的不利影响也是形成O₃污染的重要原因. φ(O₃)的日变化趋势与温度的日变化趋势呈显著正相关,R(相关系数)为0.74;上下层湍流交换使风速与近地面φ(O₃)呈正相关,而水平扩散使二者呈负相关;通过分析风向的分布规律发现,东北风易造成北京地区O₃污染.      

基于风廓线仪等资料的珠江三角洲污染气象条件研究

利用珠江三角洲区域空气质量资料和珠海、南沙、增城的逐30 min风廓仪观测资料,以及清远探空站每天08时和20时的温度探空资料等,研究了2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气期间的大气边界层特征.结果表明:2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气主要是受到弱冷空气南下和台风外围下沉气流天气形势的影响;在污染日,增城、南沙和珠海低层风速普遍小于3 m·s-1,300m高度以下风速甚至小于2 m·s-1,增城和珠海观测站的通风量普遍小于5000~6000 m2·s-1;非污染日的通风量则远远大于污染日;在近海的南沙站和珠海站,海陆风等局地环流的的作用不利于污染物的扩散,海风约出现于下午6时,最大影响高度约600~800 m;逆温层是导致重污染的天气的重要原因,清远探空站频繁出现逆温层,甚至出现多层低空逆温,污染日的逆温层平均厚度和平均强度都较大.     

Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

中国东部冷锋推进中的PM2.5三维结构变化特征

利用观测资料和中尺度天气-化学模式（WRF-Chem）对一次冷锋南下天气过程导致的我国东部大范围空气污染开展研究,强调了冷锋过境前后的边界层结构及其对PM_2.5三维结构和变化的影响.观测发现,地面重污染区域位于冷锋前部均压场或等压线稀疏区域,在冷锋由北向南快速移动过程中,途经各站点PM_2.5浓度峰值伴随锋前而至.WRF-Chem模式可以较好地模拟中国东部地面和高空气象要素以及PM_2.5浓度的时空变化.模拟结果表明,处于该移动冷锋天气系统相同位置的沿途各站点的边界层结构以及PM_2.5垂直廓线表现出相似的特征.即:当冷锋开始入侵时,锋前污染物从地面被抬升到高空,PM_2.5浓度的增加和高空风速的增大导致高空PM_2.5通量增大,且PM_2.5浓度高值区随着高度升高向暖气团一侧倾斜.夜间冷锋过境引发边界层内对流性不稳定增加,边界层高度可达1 km以上,打破了边界层昼夜演变特征.本研究表明,垂直观测和精细模拟的结合可以有效地解释天气过程对空气污染的...     

多遥感设备联用在区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系研究中的应用

为研究佛山地区空气质量变化与边界层结构的关系,2015年10-12月在佛山地区3个站点同步开展了多台风廓线雷达、激光雷达、微波辐射计联用的大气边界层结构观测实验.结果表明:风廓线雷达探测可获得平均风场垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区风场垂直分层结构明显,空气污染与近地小风层厚度的相关性较强.激光雷达探测可获得颗粒物消光特性垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区颗粒物消光特性与大气边界层结构有密切关系,空气质量指数(AQI)变化与颗粒物激光雷达探测反演的边界层高度相关性较高,相关系数为-0.58.微波辐射计探测可获得平均温度、相对湿度垂直分布的连续变化,逆温和相对湿度变化对边界层日变化及空气污染成因分析有较高的价值.通过多设备联合探测,可同时获得研究地区平均风场垂直分布特征、颗粒物浓度变化特征、逆温和相对湿度的变化特征.多设备联合探测,有利于区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系机理研究,对区域空气质量变化的预测预报有重要作用.