西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程

通过野外观测、实验室实验和数值模拟研究了西南地区酸雨形成大气化学过程.新认识如下:①人为排放引起的酸雨及空气污染,目前尚未明显波及到西藏高原;②在重污染区SO_2污染严重,不管降水云是否酸性或污染,降水总是酸性、受污染的,云下洗脱痕量气体及颗粒物起重要作用,氧化剂是降水酸化的控制剂;③在典型农村地区,降水化学组成依赖于降水云的化学组成,即依赖于云化学,酸化过程中SO_2是控制剂;④该地区主要氧化剂是H_2O_2,高度越高,云水中H_2O_2含量越高;⑤该地区是硫酸型酸雨,硝酸含量有上升趋势,在考虑降水酸度时有机酸贡献不可忽视;⑥降水中很多元素来自颗粒物,颗粒物缓冲参数化并耦合到云下洗脱模型中,大大缩小了观测与数值模拟的降水酸度之差.     

三江平原佳木斯酸雨形成及其影响因素分析

酸雨严重损害农业和森林,利用气候倾向率及相关系数方法统计分析佳木斯站酸雨形成以及风向、风速、降水对酸雨形成的影响。结果表明:酸雨月平均H值与电导率呈明显正相关,为0.707;当SW为主导风向时,酸雨发生频率最大为17%;不同等级降水酸雨发生频率差异大,在降水量5¹0 mm时,酸雨发生的频率最大,超过22%;月平均H最小值出现在8月,为6.13,酸雨发生的频率在8月也最高,为17.61%,酸雨发生次数占降水总数在10月最高,为23.01%,降水酸性在夏季最强,夏季和秋季酸雨发生频率最高;酸雨年平均H值具有明显的升高趋势,升幅为0.311℃/10 a,佳木斯酸雨整体呈下降趋势,受污染程度较轻。     

An estimate on the rainout of atmospheric CO2

IntroductionCarboncirculatesbetweentheatmosphere ,biosphere ,oceansandthelithosphere(Warneck ,1988) .Thecarbonfluxesbetweenthesereservoirs,suchasburningoffuels ,photosynthesisandrespirationofecosystems,andtheuptakeoftheocean ,havebeenestimatedquantitative…     

Orographic rainfall enhancement in the mountains of the Lake District and Snowdonia

A two-dimensional model of the seeder-feeder effect has been compared with rainfall data from a network of daily-read rain gauges located in the Lake District and the Snowdonian mountains. Two days in the winter of 1980, when persistent heavy orographic rainfall occurred, have been considered. The rain gauge data indicated that rainfall near the hill summits was enhanced by a factor of between 3.2 and 7.6. It was found that the model was capable of predicting accurately the areas of maximum rainfall but tended to underpredict the magnitude of the orographic rainfall enhancement. This was attributed to orographic effects on the seeding rainfall rates. Over certain topography three-dimensional airflow effects were thought to play an important role in determining the locations of the rainfall maxima. Using typical values for sulphate aerosol loading and the concentration of sulphate in seeding rain, the model predicted a greater deposition of sulphate over the hills accompanying the rainfall enhancement. Sulphate deposition was enhanced by a factor of approximately 4 relative to the coastal rates.     

贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的酸雨淋溶特征及缓冲作用

在贵州龙里地区开展酸雨模拟实验,并进行天然降雨连续监测,采集马尾松、灌丛冠层穿透雨,结果表明:①研究区降雨中主要阳离子浓度依次为NH4+Ca2+K+Na+Mg2+,降雨pH值大于6.0时,降雨中NH4+含量降低,Ca2+占优势;降雨中主要阴离子浓度依次为SO42-NO3-Cl-;冠层穿透雨与降雨相比,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和有机酸富集,特别是K+、Ca2+、SO42-和有机酸富集倍数最大.②森林冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用体现在酸雨中H+与树叶组织中的盐基阳离子发生交换反应,淋出K+、Mg2+、Ca2+等阳离子,减少了酸雨中H+含量.Na+相对惰性,在降雨和穿透雨中的含量变化不大;K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的淋出是冠层缓冲降雨酸度的主要原因,其中K+和Ca2+作用最突出,其次是Mg2+.③贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的缓冲作用随降雨pH值而变化.对pH值接近3.0的强酸性降雨,经过冠层形成的穿透雨pH值大于降雨,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为马尾松林针阔混交林灌丛;对4.0pH6.0的降雨,马尾松林冠层使降雨更加酸化,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为针阔混交林灌丛马尾松林;对pH值大于6.0的非酸性降雨,经过冠层后被酸化,穿透雨pH值小于降雨;穿透雨pH值基本在4.0～6.0范围内.     

A statistical methodology for exploring elevational differences in precipitation chemistry

A statistical methodology for exploring the relationships between elevation and precipitation chemistry is outlined and illustrated. The methodology is only applicable to situations where the precipitation at two (or more) matched sites is correlated. Maximum likelihood tests are utilized, with contour ellipses of assumed bivariate log-normal distributions to assist in the interpretation. Data from 12 sites located in the southern Rocky Mountains of the U.S. were used for illustration. The results indicate differences in sulphate concentrations between airsheds, between snow and rain, and between higher and lower elevations in the Rocky Mountains. There are other approaches for investigating these issues, however, the likelihood ratio with contour ellipses is easy to apply and interpret, and we feel that it provides a greater insight than some of the more common analyses of variance or regression techniques. However, it is important to note that the superiority of one method over others depends on the criterion used.     

西南地区夏季云量与降水的关系特征分析

论文利用我国西南地区地面降水资料和ISCCP D2 云资料,通过SVD、合成分析等方法,分析研究了该区域夏季雨层云、高层云、深对流云与降水量、雨日的关系。结果表明：西南的贵州、重庆地区夏季的雨层云与雨日、雨量具有较好的关系,尤其是与雨日的相关系数高达0.73。除云南中、西部地区外,西南其余地区夏季高层云与雨量、雨日具有较好的关系,且相关系数与雨层云接近,反映此地区发生降水时,一般是雨层云和高层云相伴存在。夏季的深对流云也与雨量、雨日具有较好的关系,由于深对流云常产生阵性强降水,对降水量贡献较大,所以与雨量关系更为显著,其相关系数高达0.86,并且在三种降水性云系中与降水关系最好。     

近50 a来广西各级降水气候变化特征分析

利用1961-2012 年广西80 个地面气象观测站的降水资料,分析广西各级降水的气候趋势特征,结果得到：春季大雨和中雨降水占总雨量百分率最大;夏季暴雨百分率最大,其次为大雨和中雨,最小为小雨;秋季中雨百分率最大,其次为小雨和大雨,最小为暴雨;冬季小雨百分率最大,其次为中雨和大雨,最小为暴雨。小雨雨量占总雨量的百分率在春夏季广西大部地区呈减小趋势;中雨雨量百分率在春夏季有减小的变化趋势,秋冬季变化趋势不明显;大雨雨量百分率在春夏秋季变化趋势不明显,冬季有增大的趋势;广西大部分地区暴雨雨量百分率在一年四季里均有增多的趋势,尤其在夏季增多趋势最明显。总的来看,广西的降水结构有向极端强降水转移的发展趋势。     

2012年-2016年乐亭酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析研究

利用2012年-2016年乐亭国家基本气象站气象观测资料,分析了乐亭酸雨变化特征和降水量、风向、风速等气象因素对酸雨的影响.结果表明:年平均降水pH值和年酸雨频率呈下降趋势、平均K值呈上升趋势;秋季酸雨程度在四季中最严重,平均pH值为4.50,酸雨频率为38.4%;月平均pH值和酸雨频率呈现波动;酸雨平均pH值随降水量的增加而下降,酸雨频率随降水量的增加不断上升;月平均风速越大,月平均pH值越大,酸雨频率越小;酸雨发生时地面主导风向为NE、ENE、E,与上游地区燃煤型钢铁企业有一定关系.     

“雅安天漏”降水变化气候特征的分析

论文基于1951—2008年逐日降水资料和1969—2000年逐小时降水资料,应用统计诊断分析方法,研究了青藏高原东侧雅安降水量、降水频率的多时间尺度变化特征。结果表明：与整个四川省的降水变化一致,近58 a“雅安天漏”的年降水总量和年雨日是减少的,并且后者比前者减少得更加显著;降水量在20世纪90年代的显著减少是雨日和雨强变化共同影响的结果;除冬季外,春、夏、秋三季的降水量和雨日均呈减小趋势,其中秋季减少最明显;汛期降水量减少占年降水量减少量的92.7%,汛期雨日的减少比降水量显著,占年雨日减少的62.9%;21世纪初期后,“雅安天漏”强降水月份减少,雨日集中时段缩短;“雅安天漏”夜雨特征突出,夜间降水量和频次远远大于白天,呈单峰单谷结构,降水谷值到峰值增加速率是峰值到谷值衰减速率的2倍,易夜间形成强降水,具有明显持续性。进一步分析发现,雅安不仅夜雨量和发生频次减小,而且降水表现为峰值出现时间提前、向前半夜移动的变化特征。     

The removal of sulphur dioxide in a long-lived line echo system: A numerical study

The removal of SO₂ in precipitation systems is not only a major sink of SO₂ but is also directly related to the acidity of precipitation. However the physical and chemical processes are not well understood due to their complicated characteristics. The lack of measurements also hinders us from studying those processes. In order to investigate what mechanisms are important about the removal of SO₂ in precipitation systems, an alternative approach is to examine the simulation result from a numerical cloud model.A two-dimensional version of the Klemp-Wilhelmson numerical model (1978, J. atmos. Sci.35, 1070–1096) is used to simulate a fast-moving long-lived line echo precipitation system that occurred in the Taiwan area during Mei-Yu season. The simulation model was assumed to be perpendicular to the north-south orientated line echo. In this simulation an artificial source of SO₂ is placed in front of the line echo system in the low level. As the line echo system approaches the region of SO₂, some SO₂ is brought into the line echo system through advection and diffusion effects. A simple parameterization scheme similar to Fisher's (1982, Atmospheric Environment16, 775–783) is used to represent the removal of SO₂ by cloud and rain. The model results show that the major sink of SO₂ is removed by rain below the cloud base although some is removed by cloud and rain inside the precipitation system itself.     

SWAT模型降水输入参数的改进研究

水文模型的运行和模拟精度,很大程度上依赖于输入参数的质量。论文通过不同途径获取的降水数据作为SWAT模型的输入参数,比较分析模型模拟精度。研究发现通常SWAT模型在模拟过程中选择的降水站点是固定的,如果某些年份缺失数据则会调用天气发生器,天气发生器基本可以满足SWAT模拟的需要,可以取得比较满意的结果。利用空间插值为缺乏降水观测的子流域提供降水输入参数,一定程度上提高了SWAT的模拟精度。不过在某些降水过程时空变率较大的情况下,空间插值的降水量往往偏低,导致SWAT模型对洪峰的模拟效果不好。     

中国降水酸度和离子浓度的时空分布

1991～1995年在全国进行了酸雨观测,建立了覆盖全国的具有区域代表性的酸沉降监测网,含271个测站?降水的pH值和电导率在现场采样后立即测量,降水样品的化学分析则在实验室里进行?主要离子SO2-₄,NO-₃,NH+₄,Ca2+浓度的加权均值分别为125.86,19.96,67.89和80.41μeq/L?由离子浓度地理分布图看出,这些离子浓度地理分布状况因离子而异?值得注意的是降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃浓度,北方非酸雨区甚高于南方酸雨区,这说明降水的酸度并不简单地决定于降水中SO2-₄和NO-₃的绝对浓度,而决定于这些离子对于Ca2+和NH+₄的相对浓度?发现了降水年均pH值低至4的一些地区,此值可能是目前世界年降水酸性最强的地区?文中还对代表性地区1986～1993年降水化学特征进行了分析,结果表明降水的酸度仍在升高?      

Cluster analysis: A technique for estimating the synoptic meteorological controls on air and precipitation chemistry—Results from Eskdalemuir,South Scotland

Clustering of isobaric trajectories arriving at Eskdalemuir, south Scotland, enabled us to isolate the influences of atmospheric transport patterns and precipitation amount on gas, aerosol and precipitation chemistry at this site. We conclude that at Eskdalemuir, 55% of the variation in summer season non-sea-salt sulphate concentration in rain may be explained by upwind history defined by trajectory clustering and by precipitation amount. Each cluster of trajectories could be described by distinct synoptic weather conditions, leading to the interesting prospect of assigning a typical ion concentration in precipitation to a given synoptic weather pattern. The scale of the synoptic patterns identified in this study were shown to be able to explain the variation in sulphur dioxide concentrations observed across a network of 50 stations contributing to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme.There is greater confidence in Global Climate Model simulations of future circulation patterns as a result of climate change than of equivalent simulations of temperature and precipitation distributions. A first approximation of future levels of ion deposition may therefore best be inferred from circulation pattern-ion concentration relationships of the type developed in this paper. The influence of other less certain changes in precipitation type/amount, scavenging processes and emission levels should then be assessed against a background of changes in the frequency of circulation patterns.     

深圳市近年来酸性降水特征及其成因分析研究

通过研究深圳市2006年-2012年的酸雨时空分布、降水的化学组成及其成因分析,结果表明,深圳市降水pH值的范围在3.18~8.73之间,平均值为5.36,属于酸雨污染较为严重的地区。深圳市在2006年-2012年间,降水的pH值有逐步下降的趋势,深圳市春夏季降水酸化程度较低,秋冬季酸化程度较高,主要与降水量直接相关。通过对降水的化学组分进行分析发现,深圳市酸雨类型硫酸和硝酸混合型,硫酸根和硝酸根对降雨中的pH值影响较大,雨水中的硫酸根和硝酸根主要来自工业和交通污染。     

厦门市酸雨分布特征与气象条件的关系分析

厦门市是我国酸雨控制区之一。文章利用1992～2005年厦门市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料来分析厦门市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,分析结果表明:(1)不同等级的降水对降水酸度和酸雨出现率有明显影响,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更酸,酸雨出现率更高。(2)K指数、850～700hPa层的冷暖平流对酸雨污染没有明显影响。(3)酸雨出现率随着1500m高空风速的增大而增多,风向变化对降水酸度和酸雨出现机率的影响不大。(4)逆温对酸雨污染的有一定的影响。     

厦门市春季地面降水的物理与化学特征

1993年3月25日～4月8日,在厦门市后坑村完成了一次降水的物理与化学同步联合观测,分析了降水样品的pH值和离子化学组成?结果表明厦门市后坑村春季降水已被酸化,降水pH加权平均值是4。22?降水中主要离子是NH+4,Ca2+和SO2-₄?厦门市后坑村酸雨是硫酸型的,是由煤烟型大气污染造成的?降水的雨滴谱类型随雨强变化而不同,小雨时是单调递减型,雨强增大时,雨滴谱出现峰值?      

大连市酸雨污染特征及原因简析

2008年大连市酸雨频率为36．9％,酸雨污染以硫酸型污染为主,但硝酸盐对酸雨的贡献相对较高,降水中对酸雨主要起中和作用的离子为钙离子及铵根离子。2003年-2008年来大连市降水酸度和酸雨频率呈逐年上升趋势,从各季节变化看,最高酸雨频率主要发生在夏季,降水中（Ca2^＋NH4^＋）／（SO4^-2＋NO3^-）呈下降趋势,从而说明虽然大连市局地的二氧化硫和氮氧化物污染对降水酸度产生一定影响,但相比而言,空气中碱性颗粒物的减少．对大连市酸雨频率的升高影响更大;大连市酸雨污染受外来源的远距离输送影响的比例很大。     

降水量对降水酸度的影响分析——以重庆为例

利用重庆市主城区5年的酸雨观测资料和降水资料,采用统计和建模的方法分析了各次降水的降水量对酸雨的影响。结果表明,降水量对酸雨的影响非常明显。降水pH值随降水量的变化总体呈双谷W型,第一个最低值位于17mm的降水量附近,pH低至3.8;第二个最低值位于40mm的降水量附近,pH低至4.0。酸雨频率的变化规律与pH值相反,呈双峰M型。pH值随降水量的变化规律各季节基本一致,除冬季因无大的降水而呈V型外,其余三个季节都呈W型。将pH值随降水量的变化分为3个主要变化区域,构造了pH值随降水量变化的经验公式,该经验公式各组成部分及公式中各参数的物理意义都非常明确,经过意义明确的简单法则和计算即可确定公式中的参数。该经验公式的精度较高,对酸雨的深入研究具有一定的参考价值。     

珠江三角洲地区酸雨污染简析

以珠江三角洲地区主要城市的降水常规监测数据资料为依据,简要分析了该地区降水酸度和酸雨频率年度变化情况,并对酸雨的危害进行了初步的探讨。研究结果表明:该地区酸雨污染依然严重,降水酸度与二氧化硫污染等因素有关,酸雨类型以硫酸型为主。