Estimate of municipal refuse incinerator contribution to Philadelphia aerosol using single particle analysis—II. Ambient measurements

In a study to differentiate between municipal refuse incinerator particles and other particles in urban air, samples were collected on Teflon and nuclepore filters in dichotomous samplers and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The samples included ambient aerosol from two sites in the Philadelphia area, representing different meteorological conditions. The same samples were previously analyzed by bulk techniques including X-ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis.Particles emitted from incinerators rich in Zn, Cl and K were clearly identified in ambient samples, both in the coarse (2.5–10 μm) and fine aerosol fraction (<2.5 μm). The contribution of incinerators emission was from zero up to 10% of the coarse aerosol mass. Similar particles that contained also Zn and Cl were observed, but they did not originate in refuse incineration. Minerals and biologicals were the most dominant components of the coarse aerosol fraction; sulfates dominate the fine fraction. One of the case studies provided evidence for the missing chlorine in the fine fraction. Apparently fine chlorides emitted from incinerators reacted with ambient sulfates to form mixed sulfates of Zn and K. Good agreement was obtained between the measured coarse aerosol mass concentration and the one estimated by electron microscopy.     

Aerosol-soil fractionation for Namib Desert samples

Four soil samples, collected in the central Namib Desert, were fractionated by dry sieving and aerosol generation into 16 size fractions in the range 0.15–300 μm diameter. The mass-size function of each soil and the dust (mineral aerosol) generated from the soil were studied. Due to the preferential lifting of smaller soil particles by the air stream, the soil underwent strong physical fractionation resulting in the bulk of the dust being found in the range of 1.3–10.3 μm, whereas the bulk of the soil was found in the range 63–300 μm. The concentrations of 11 elements in eight soil size fractions (from <45 to >300 μm) obtained by dry sieving were measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis while the concentration for these elements in eight size ranges (from <0.15 to >10.3 μm) obtained by aerosol generation were determined by particle-induced X-ray emission. The concentrations of the elements Al, Si, K, Rb and Sr were found to vary by less than a factor of two throughout the particle size range studied. However, the concentration of the elements Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Y and Zr increased when the particle size decreased below 150 μm to reach a maximum around 63-45 μm and then to decrease. The concentrations of the elements in the generated aerosol particles were found to be more similar to those in the bulk soil than any particular size fraction. For the aerosol size fraction, elemental enrichment factors were calculated with respect to the composition of average crustal rock, average soil, the bulk Namib soil and the small size fraction of the Namib soil. For several elements, the enrichment factors varied quite significantly, depending on the choice of the reference material. The elemental ratios in the mineral aerosol were also compared to those in the atmospheric aerosol from the Namib Desert. It was confirmed that there is a marine contribution for S, Cl and Sr in the Namib natural aerosol. The composition of the mineral aerosol generated in this study should be useful in source apportionment studies for the Namib Desert and sorrounding regions.     

Urban air pollution in Brazil: Acetaldehyde and other carbonyls

We have measured ambient levels of carbonyls in three major urban areas of Brazil: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. The most abundant carbonyls were acetaldehyde (up to 63 μg m⁻³, or 35 ppb) followed by formaldehyde (up to 42 μg m⁻³, or 34 ppb), and acetone (up to 20 ppb). Levels of 10 other aliphatic and aromatic carbonyls were in the range 0–5 ppb. Total carbonyl concentrations were in the range 11–75 ppb. Indoor levels were also measured at several locations in Salvador. High levels of acetaldehyde, 430 μg m⁻³ or 240 ppb, were measured in a highway tunnel.Using carbonyl/CO concentration ratios, mobile source emissions of carbonyls are estimated for the Sao Paulo area. Ambient levels of acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde/formaldehyde concentration ratios in Brazil are compared to those for other urban areas, and are briefly discussed in relation with the large scale use of ethanol as a vehicle fuel.     

环境空气中醛酮类化合物检测方法优化与初步应用

环境空气中的醛酮类化合物是当今大气环境科学领域的研究热点.醛酮类化合物因反应活性较高、性质不稳定,导致检测较为困难.为准确测定环境空气中的醛酮类化合物,针对环境空气中质量浓度较高或活性较强的18种醛酮类化合物的采样和分析方法进行研究,并采用优化的方法于2018年5月对北京市典型城区环境空气中的醛酮类化合物进行了检测.结果表明:①与手动采样器同时同地点采样数据相比,自行制作的醛酮类化合物自动采样器能够实现连续采样,数据基本一致（R2为0.999 7）,其采样流速最大不超过0.8 L/min;醛酮类化合物采样管中杂质含量最高的乙醛为0.01 μg/管,小于我国HJ 683-2014《环境空气醛、酮类化合物的测定高效液相色谱法》标准限值（0.10 μg/管）.②采用所确定的二醛类化合物衍生化方法与质谱扫描条件可以成功检测乙二醛和甲基乙二醛两种二醛类化合物,建立了18种醛酮类化合物的标准曲线且标准曲线相关系数R2均大于0.995 0.③采用该优化方法得到北京市典型城区环境空气中18种醛酮类化合物质量浓度的日变化范围为17.73~88.42 μg/m3.      

天津城区大气气溶胶复折射指数的反演及消光贡献分析

气溶胶的复折射指数是直接影响其散射特性和吸收特性的基本物理量之一.为深入研究城市大气气溶胶的复折射指数特征,引入一种具有高时间分辨率优点的反演方法来反演气溶胶复折射指数.依据辐射传输理论,将天津大气边界层观测站观测到的高精度散射系数、吸收系数和数浓度谱分布数据利用查表法代入Mie理论气溶胶粒子群消光计算公式,对大气气溶胶复折射指数进行反演.结果表明:①天津城区2011年4月观测地点0.55 μm波长处的气溶胶复折射指数实部平均值为1.64,虚部平均值为0.015.②气溶胶复折射指数实部和虚部均有明显日变化规律,实部和虚部均与相对湿度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关.③利用反演得到的复折射指数对不同粒径大气气溶胶的消光特性进行计算发现,对散射特性而言,>0.25~1.00 μm粒子对散射系数的贡献率达86%;对吸收特性而言,>0.25~2.50 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为53%,>2.50~32.00 μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为47%.研究显示,>0.25~1.00和>1.00~32.00 μm的粒子对吸收系数的贡献率均较高,但对散射系数而言,>0.25~1.00 μm的粒子贡献率较高,因此综合考虑气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数和消光系数,控制>0.25~1.00 μm的气溶胶粒子数浓度可有效改善大气能见度.      

Fourier transform infrared analysis of aerosol formed in the photooxidation of 1-octene

The chemical composition of aerosol generated in the photooxidation of 1-octene was examined using infrared microscopy interfaced with a low pressure impactor. The low pressure impactor segregated the aerosol into eight size fractions and deposited the aerosol onto ZnSe impaction substrates. The ZnSe surfaces were transparent in the mid-infrared region and therefore allowed direct analysis of the aerosol, with no extraction, using infrared microscopy. Infrared spectra of the size segregated aerosol showed strong absorbances due to ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid and organonitrate functional groups. Absorbance features were relatively independent of particle size, with the exception of the carboxylic acid absorbances, which were found only in the largest aerosol size fractions. Molar loadings for each of the groups were estimated, based on model compound calibration standards. The molar loadings indicate that most aerosol species are multifunctional, with an average of one ketone group per molecule, an alcohol group in two of every three molecules and an organonitrate group in one of every three molecules.     

A parametric investigation of electrical effects on aerosol scavenging by droplets over large fires

Our nucleation model of strong up-drafts over large fires (such as those ignited by nuclear blasts) show that many droplets in the size range of 1–10 μm are rapidly formed when the cloud becomes supersaturated. In this study we calculate aerosol/droplet collection kernels for electrical parameters commonly seen in cloud air. These kernels, which do not include Brownian diffusion, are used with aged droplet distributions to determine instantaneous scavenging rates of unwettable aerosols with cloud droplets. We find that within a portion of this parameter space the aerosol may be removed from the cloud air with time constants substantially below 1 h over the entire aerosol size range of 0.025–0.5 μm. For much of the parameter space, E-field enhanced attachment of charged aerosol is more rapid than that for Brownian diffusion.The aging of the droplet distribution incorporates the detailed microphysics of nucleation and condensation in a Lagrangian parcel with forced up-draft of 50 m s⁻¹. We assume an initial aerosol distribution that is lognormal about a median radius of 0.05 μm with a geometric standard deviation of 2. Initially there are 10⁶ insoluble aerosol particles per cubic centimeter of air with one-half of them being wettable and the other half being non-wettable.We present our results as a set of curves showing collection kernels and instantaneous scavenging rates vs aerosol radius and electric field strengths. The collection kernel curves are parametrically displayed for droplets of radii 1, 3 and 10 μm and electrical parameters typical of cumulus and thunderstorm clouds. The instantaneous scavenging curve vs aerosol radius is displayed as a function of electrical parameters.     

Anthropogenic contributions to the carbonaceous content of aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

During a joint U.S./U.S.S.R. research cruise from 3 May to 27 July 1987 both total and fine (< 2 μm) particulate material was sampled. This cruise started in the Hawaiian Islands and then proceeded to the Kamchatka peninsula, south to Wellington, New Zealand, south of Australia into the Indian Ocean, to Singapore and then returned to the Hawaiian Islands by sailing just north of the Equator. Particulate samples, collected on quartz fiber and Teflon filters, were analysed for organic and elemental carbon by transmission thermo-optical carbon analysis and for trace elements by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence.In the Northern Hemisphere the total particulate, organic carbon and elemental carbon concentration ranges were, respectively, 10–25, 0.5–2.5 and 0–0.3 μg m⁻³. In the Southern Hemisphere they were, respectively, 5–10, <0.6 and <0.02 μg m⁻³. In the Northern Hemisphere the fine particulate concentration range was 2–15 μg m⁻³ and the fine fraction varied from 20 to 80% of total aerosol loading. In the Southern Hemisphere the fine particulate loading was 1.2–1.7 μg m⁻³ and was usually less than 20% of the total particulate mass.Chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling was used to determine possible anthropogenic particulate contributions to the ocean aerosol. Readily available source profiles were used for CMB modeling. Sea-salt aerosol was represented by either the conventional EPA marine source profile or by the average of ambient ocean aerosols sampled in very clean mid-ocean regions. Usually 60–90% of ambient particulate mass was “explained” by the CMB model. Sources such as soil, catalytic auto emissions and wood-burning emissions were found to be possible contributors to the ocean aerosol, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Anthropogenic contributions were estimated to contribute from 10 to 30% of oceanic aerosol mass. Emissions from a hugh forest fire that burned in northern China during the spring of 1987 were possibly detected, but the CMB model cannot distinguish this source from emissions from heating and cooking with wood.Since anthropogenic emissions are mainly combustion emissions which usually contain a large carbon component, carbon data is essential to CMB modeling. The relatively good CMB results obtained in this study suggest that it might be useful to develop source profiles for major emission sources in those countries which contribute most directly to oceanic aerosols. Perhaps characteristic national or regional source profiles could be developed.     

PM10 source apportionment in California's San Joaquin valley

A PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 μm) aerosol study was carried out at six sites in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV) from 14 June 1988 to 9 June 1989, as part of the 1988–1989 Valley Air Quality Study (VAQS). Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters equal to or less than 2.5 μm) mass, organic and elemental carbon, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium and elements were determined in 24-h aerosol samples collected at three urban (Stockton, Fresno, Bakersfield) and three non-urban (Crows Landing, Fellows, Kern Wildlife Refuge) locations during this period. The sources which contributed to ambient concentrations of PM10 were determined by applying the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model using the source profiles determined specifically for that study area.The VAQS data indicates the federal 24-h PM10 standard of 150 μg m⁻³ was exceeded at four out of the six sites and for reasons which differ by season and by spatial region of influence. The annual average source contributions to the PM10 at Bakersfield, the site with the highest annual average, were 54% from primary geological material, 15% from secondary ammonium nitrate, 10% from primary motor vehicle exhaust, 8% from primary construction; the remaining 4% was unexplained. The results of the source apportionment at all sites show that geological contributions (fugitive dust from tilling, roadways and construction) are largest in summer and fall months, while secondary ammonium nitrate contributions (deriving from direct emissions of ammonia and oxides of nitrogen from agricultural activities and engine exhaust) are largest during winter months.     

北京市不同季节室外细菌气溶胶分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

为了解北京市室外细菌气溶胶的分布特征,基于培养法分析了2020年9月—2021年5月不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径的分布特征,探讨气象因素(温度和相对湿度)和空气颗粒物(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)对细菌气溶胶分布特征的影响. 结果表明:①北京市室外细菌气溶胶平均浓度为447.10 CFU/m3 (每立方米空气中的菌落形成单位),呈春季〔(648.55±537.24)CFU/m3〕>冬季〔(324.50±181.99)CFU/m3〕>秋季〔(319.59±305.07)CFU/m3〕的特征,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度差异不显著. ②北京市室外约80%的细菌气溶胶直径大于2.1 μm,细菌气溶胶浓度在第2级(粒径为4.7~7.0 μm)显著降低,峰值粒径出现在第1级(粒径>7.0 μm). 粒径大于7.0 μm的细菌气溶胶在春季与秋季以及春季与冬季之间均存在统计学差异 (p均小于0.05). 可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶(≤4.7 μm)比例近50%(冬季、秋季、春季占比分别为61.0%、58.9%、41.6%),冬季空气中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例最高. ③Spearman相关性分析表明,室外环境细菌气溶胶浓度与相对湿度呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与PM₁₀浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表明细菌气溶胶浓度受气象因素和空气污染物的影响. 研究显示,北京市室外环境中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例近50%,冬季细菌气溶胶暴露风险最高.      

黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度日变化

利用美国MSP公司生产的宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)于2011年5月至9月在黄山山底(寨西)采集的气溶胶观测数据,分析了黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度的日变化特征.结果表明晴天气溶胶数浓度日变化特征明显,气溶胶粒子总数浓度在6:00,12:00和18:00达到峰值.人为活动,湍流混合及山谷风是影响黄山山底气溶胶日变化的主要因素.剔除交通污染时段后,气溶胶粒子数平均浓度减少319个/cm3,即减少12.17%.其中,0.01~0.02μm,0.02~0.05μm,0.05~0.1μm,0.1~0.5μm,0.5~1.0μm,1.0~2.5μm粒径段气溶胶粒子数浓度分别降低了31.32%,20.29%,6.59%,7.49%,1.23%,2.51%.机动车尾气排放对0.01~0.05μm粒径段气溶胶的影响最明显,其气溶胶浓度降低百分比为25.81%.     

Project aguila: In situ measurements of Mexico City air pollution by a research aircraft

Measurements of aerosol concentrations, chemical species and meteorological quantities in the air above Mexico City were obtained from an instrumented research aircraft. Concentrations of particles in the size range between 0.12 and 3.12 μm were nearly invariant with height, and typical values were of the order of 5000 cm⁻³. However, particles smaller than 0.12 μm were confined to the lowest few hundred meters of the atmosphere until the morning temperature inversion dissipated, after which time those particles, together with newly formed particles created by secondary processes, mixed to a greater height above the city. Total particle concentrations near the surface attained values in excess of 60,000 cm⁻³. An examination of the corresponding profiles of SO₂ suggests that combustion processes are likely sources for the additional small particles.     

Spatial and temporal patterns in summertime sulfate aerosol acidity and neutralization within a metropolitan area

A study of sulfate aerosol acidity in Metropolitan Toronto was conducted during the summer of 1986. Fine-fraction aerosol (<2.5-μm) were collected using Teflon membrane filters and analyzed for major ionic species (H⁺, NH⁺₄, NO⁻₃, SO²⁻₄). Samples were collected for 6 weeks at three study sites: one in the Center City and the others 13 km (WNW) and 20 km (NE) away. There were very strong correlations among the three sites with respect to measured aerosol species (r² > 0.9 for 24-h data). However, spatial variations in the magnitude of aerosol acidity were observed during sulfate episodes. For example, the peak concentrations for all sites occurred on 25–26 July 1986. While the 24-h data for sulfate were quite uniform at the three sites (34, 34 and 35 μg m⁻³), H⁺ concentrations were 9.4, 8.3 and 6.0 μg m⁻³ (as H₂SO₄) for the NE, WNW and Center City sites, respectively. For most of the summertime episodes, the downtown area also had lower aerosol acidity compared to the two sites in suburban areas.     

Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2:5 in Xiamen, China

Xiamen,located on the southeastern coastal line of China,is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization,so its air quality has a trend of degradation.However,studies on level,temporal and spatial changes of fine particles (PM2.5) and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce.In this article,abundance,sources,seasonal and spatial variations,distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5,were studied at suburban,urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010.PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method.Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 μg/m3 at three sites.While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 μg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 μg/m3,respectively,and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study.The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8％-47.3％ of the mass of PM2.5.The annual average of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 μg/m3,accounting for approximately 56％ of OC.Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring (R2 = 0.50) and autumn (R2 = 0.73),suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons,while weak correlations were found in summer (R2 = 0.33) and winter (R2 = 0.41).The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7,indicating that vehicle exhaust,coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.     

Microanalysis of the aerosol collected over south-central New Mexico during the alive field experiment,May–December 1989

Thirty-eight size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in the lower troposphere over the high desert of south-central New Mexico, using cascade impactors mounted onboard two research aircraft. Four of these samples were collected in early May, sixteen in mid-July, and the remaining ones in December 1989, during three segments of the ALIVE field initiative. Analytical electron microscope analyses of aerosol deposits and individual particles from these samples were performed to physically and chemically characterize the major particulate species present in the aerosol.Air-mass trajectories arriving at the sampling area in the May program were quite different from those calculated for the July period. In general, the May trajectories showed strong westerly winds, while the July winds were weaker and southerly, consistently passing over or very near the border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Aerosol samples collected during the May period were predominantly fine (0.1–0.5 μm dia.), liquid H₂SO₄ droplets. Samples from the July experiment were comprised mostly of fine, solid (NH₄)₂SO₄ or mostly neutralized sulfate particles. In both sampling periods, numerous other particle classes were observed, including many types with probable terrestrial or anthropogenic sources. The numbers of these particles, however, were small when compared with the sulfates. Composite particle types, including sulfate/crustal and sulfate/carbonaceous, were also found to be present. The major differences in aerosol composition between the May and July samples (i.e. the extensive neutralization of sulfates in the July samples) can be explained by considering the different aerosol transport pathways and the proximity of the July aerosol to the El Paso/Juarez urban plume.Winds during the December experiment were quite variable, and may have contributed to the widely varying aerosol compositions observed in these samples. When the aircraft sampled the El Paso/Juarez urban plume, high concentrations of carbonaceous particles were collected. These C-rich particles were of three distinct types, two of which showed combustion morphologies and the third an irregular morphology. Concurrent aethalometer measurements of aerosol black carbon concentration were well correlated (r = 0.83) with the total carbonaceous particle fraction in the aerosol samples. Carbonaceous particles were not observed in abundance in any of the May or July samples (even when the winds passed over El Paso), and we attribute the high concentrations in December to increased wintertime burning of wood, fossil fuels and other combustibles in the urban area.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

珠三角典型地区大气细颗粒物中有机物质的化学组成研究

本文主要利用热解-气相色谱质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS)对珠三角典型区域的大气颗粒物的化学特征进行研究,讨论了不同地区样品的化学和来源组成。结果显示,不同样品热解产物的组成具有一定的类似性。这些化合物均以脂肪烃(24. 6%～52. 2%)、脂肪酸(5. 0%～43. 6%)、芳香化合物(14. 7%～36. 3%)为主,另外还包括苯酚类化合物(0. 68%～11. 5%)、呋喃类化合物(0. 26%～5. 86%)、含N化合物(4. 80%～10. 2%)和含S化合物(NA～0. 67%)等,表明这些样品主要由芳香碳和脂肪链结构组成,连接有含氧、氮等杂原子基团。同时不同地区的气溶胶样品的热解产物也具有一定的差异性,反映了气溶胶中有机质的组成、来源是有差异的,如从化样品中植物来源贡献是最多的,其次是珠海,广州最少。另外不同季节采集的气溶胶样品的热解产物也表现出一定的差异性,一般情况下夏季样品中生物质来源贡献更多,而冬季样品中则是老化的气溶胶更多。     

焦化厂VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势分析

焦化厂因其工艺特殊,SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物及VOCs的排放问题较为突出。故对焦化厂厂界环境空气VOCs排放特征进行分析,并依据最大增量反应活性(MIR)法和等效丙烯浓度(PEC)法对VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)进行评估,依据气溶胶生成系数(FAC)法对VOCs二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)进行评估。结果表明:1)厂界上、下风向5个点位共分析出包括芳香烃、卤代烃、烯烃、硫化物、酮类在内的17种VOCs; 2)不同区域厂界检出的VOCs差异显著,总质量浓度为28.2~167.9μg/m3,其中芳香烃在各点位TVOCs中占比最大,达到51.01%~84.63%;3)脱硫提盐冷鼓区域边界OFP最大,理论值为335.51μg/m3,办公生活区边界OFP最小,理论值为47.06μg/m3,芳香烃对OFP贡献率为27.21%~62.37%,烯烃为39.17%~61.84%,卤代烃为2.08%~14.56%;通过PEC法估算OFP,结果变化趋势与MIR法结果相一致,等效丙烯浓度为3.11~31.89μg/m3;且1—5点位芳香烃的等效丙烯浓度贡献率分别为37.10%、51.46%、66.79%、58.80%和22.74%;4)1—5点位SOAFP分别为0.452,0.938,2.517,4.055,0.495μg/m3;芳香烃对SOAFP贡献最大。丙烯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯乙烯等质量浓度和反应活性均较大的物质,是需要优先控制的VOCs组分,可作为焦化厂环境空气VOCs的标志物。     

上海市大气羰基化合物水平研究

建立乙腈-水-四氢呋喃三元梯度洗脱方法,利用HPLC-UV分离定量22种羰基化合物,并成功地分离了丙酮和丙烯醛.选取了2个采样点(工业区和商业区)对上海市大气中的羰基化合物进行了研究.结果表明,甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和2-丁酮(C1-C4羰基化合物)是上海市大气浓度较高的化合物,它们分别占羰基化合物总量的78.95%(工业区)和77.63%(商业区).在工业区,甲醛、乙醛、丙酮和2-丁酮的平均浓度分别为10.36、15.32、9.95和4.56μg/m3;在商业区,它们的平均浓度分别为10.00、10.04、7.80和2.81μg/m3.工业区的C1-C4羰基化合物平均水平要高于商业区.羰基化合物总量亦是工业区(53.64μg/m3)高于商业区(41.96μg/m3).羰基化合物的昼夜变化在工业区和商业区也比较一致,均是早高峰和晚上这2个时段的浓度很高,而其它时段较低.