广州颗粒物化学组成特征及季节差异

为系统反映广东省广州市冬、夏季颗粒物的特征,分别于2008年12月16日─2009年1月9日和2009年8月4 ─29日,在广州市环境监测中心站使用微天平法四通道颗粒物采样仪进行颗粒物采样,并测定了PM₁₀中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC),Al和Fe等16种化学元素以及SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子的质量浓度.结果表明:ρ(PM₁₀₎,PM₁₀中的ρ(OC)和ρ(EC),Al和Fe等16种化学元素以及SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子的质量深度季节差异明显,均表现为冬季高于夏季;冬、夏季PM₁₀中各成分所占比例排序不同,但均以OC所占比例最大,SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子次之.广州PM₁₀主要有5个来源,但冬、夏季不同.其中冬季主要来源于工业源和土壤扬尘、燃煤、交通排放和生物质燃烧、海盐;夏季则主要来源于燃油、交通排放和生物质燃烧、土壤扬尘或燃煤、海盐、垃圾焚烧或特殊工业源.      

赤潮浮游植物种类和数量分析的研究进展

简要介绍了浮游植物种类和数量分析的8种方法的研究进展、应用现状,比较了各种方法的特点。基于浮游植物的外观形态特征而进行分析的方法除了传统的显微镜方法外,与计算机技术相结合的图像法使分析速度得以提高。基于浮游植物的色素组成而进行分析的有吸光光度法、荧光分光光度法和高压液相色谱法,可分至门类,同时定量,其中光度法可以直接测量海水,高压液相色谱法需萃取色素。流式细胞仪法的特点是可同时测量每个细胞的多个参数,运用神经网络分析可鉴别种类,应用时主要受限于仪器的操作和价格;化学发光流动注射法目前仅限于特定赤潮浮游植物的检测;分子探针法基于浮游植物的DNA特征,处于实验室研究阶段。     

Nitrogen source-receptor matrices and model results for eastern Canada

The long-range transport sulphur/nitrogen model of the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada was used to compute nitrogen source-receptor matrices for 1980 at 12 receptor sites in eastern Canada and 3 in the eastern U.S.A. There were 40 emission regions used to produce the 40 × 15 matrices of concentration and deposition of nitrogen species. The model used nonlinear chemical reactions and the nonlinear effects could be estimated by running each emission region regions combined. For wet deposition the nonlinear effects were less than 10%. For the total annual deposition (wet and dry), the nonlinearity was less than 5%.At each receptor, the matrices showed the contribution to nitrogen concentration and deposition from each emission region. The Canadian contribution to nitrogen concentration/deposition was greatest at Gander, Newfoundland (60–70%) and least at Algoma, Ontario (7–12%). Of the total North American emissions, Canada contributed about 8–9%. Model results that were compared to the limited amount of observed data showed reasonably good agreement (within factors of 2–3).In spite of the model nonlinearities, deficiencies and uncertainties, these matrices provide a first quantitative estimate of the magnitude and relative contributions of Canadian and U.S. source regions to the nitrogen concentration and deposition at several receptors in eastern Canada.     

基于PMF模型的大气颗粒物多点位来源解析研究

随着环境监测数据空间分辨率的提高,越来越多研究人员选择将大气颗粒物多点位数据合并进行解析.本文通过模拟试验的方法,共设定了三大类八小类情景评估了不同条件下将多点位受体（大气颗粒物）进行解析的结果,同时结合合肥市2014年PM_2.5数据进一步验证多点位数据合并解析的适用性.结果表明：各点位间源贡献时间趋势完全一致时,多点位合并解析并不会使PMF模型的结果变好.各点位间源贡献时间趋势差异明显时,多点位合并解析更易解析出结果.各点位间源贡献时间趋势部分相同时,多点位合并解析的结果整体趋于变好,但是对某些源类的解析可能更差.     

Derivation and numerical solution of the species mass distribution equations for multicomponent particulate systems

Equations that describe the evolution of the species mass distribution of aparticulate system undergoing growth or evaporation, coagulation, deposition and introduction of new particles are derived. The system of equations is solved using a finite difference-finite element technique. Numerical solutions are obtained for cases for which analytical solutions are available. The results indicate that, for simulating multicomponent particulate system dynamics, the method is highly accurate.     

The MRBT model: an analytical dispersion model in a finite mixing layer. Sensitivity analysis and validation against tracer measurements

This paper describes the characteristics of the MRBT model for studying the dispersion of a pollutant in the lower atmosphere under conditions of spatial homogeneity. The MRBT is shown to be a simple and efficient model based upon a non-stationary analytical solution of the atmospheric dispersion equation in a finite mixing layer. The results of the sensitivity analysis and of validation testing, made with field measurements of tracers carried out at the Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe (Germany), demonstrate the superiority of MRBT with respect to traditional Gaussian models. The model is currently implemented in FORTRAN 77 for the personal computer and is suitable for an initial assessment of short-term atmospheric dispersion with limited computing resources.     

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances(HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macroorganic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters(PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties(hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS.This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of ironorganic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.     

Origin of soluble chemical species in bulk precipitation collected in Tokyo,Japan: Statistical evaluation of source materials

An iterative least-squares method with a receptor model was applied to the analytical data of the precipitation samples collected at 23 points in the suburban area of Tokyo, and the number and composition of the source materials were determined. Thirty-nine monthly bulk precipitation samples were collected in the spring and summer of 1987 from the hilly and mountainous area of Tokyo and analyzed for Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ by atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography. The pH of the samples was also measured. A multivariate ion balance approach (Tsurumi, 1982, Anal. Chim. Acta138, 177–182) showed that the solutes in the precipitation were derived from just three major sources; sea salt, acid substance (a mixture of 53% HNO₃, 39% H₂SO₄ and 8% HCl in equivalent) and CaSO₄. The contributions of each source to the precipitation were calculated for every sampling site. Variations of the contributions with the distance from the coast were also discussed.     

空气质量模型中大气化学机理的发展与比较

大气化学机理是空气质量模型中重要的组成部分,是研究大气化学过程的重要手段和方法。综述了碳键机理(CBM)、区域大气化学机理(RACM)和加州大气污染研究中心机理(SAPRC)3类常用归纳化学机理的发展历程,比较了各化学机理在物种集总方式、物种数和化学反应数等方面的差异,介绍了各类大气化学机理最新版本的更新及在空气质量模型中的应用情况。对不同大气化学机理在空气质量模型中应用的比较进行了分析和总结,讨论了导致不同大气化学机理模拟结果差异的原因,并对空气质量模型中不同大气化学机理的选择和应用提出了建议。     

北京大气气溶胶小颗粒的测量与解析

本项研究是对空气动力学直径小于2．5μm的气溶胶粒子进行测量分析。为此在北京设立2个采样点,分别从1989年4月30日到1989年5月16日和从1989年5月20日到1990年5月14日进行采样。样品用热光碳分析仪分析其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),用X射线荧光光谱仪分析其中的28种元素,用离子色谱分析其中的,表征了北京大气中小颗粒气溶胶的化学特征。对所得的数据用化学质量平衡模式(CMB)法进行处理,得出了各种污染源对气溶胶小颗粒的贡献率。      

Comparison of measurements and model results for airborne sulphur and nitrogen components with Kriging

Comparisons have been made between calculations from the Lagrangian model for acid deposition at Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W) of EMEP and measurements at EMEP sites. Annual averages of aerosol sulphate, sulphate in precipitation and nitrate in precipitation were calculated and compared for selected sites. Site selection was based on data completeness and on results from EMEP interlaboratory exercises. The comparison for sulphates in precipitation and air led to a model underestimation in the north and model overestimation in a belt through the major source regions in central Europe. The comparisons also indicate irregularities at some sites which may be due to influence from local sources, or the data quality, although this is not substantiated. The model estimates of nitrate in precipitation compare well with the measurements, although some characteristics differences occur also for this component.     

北京地区大气消光特征及参数化研究

为了研究大气消光系数的特征及规律,从2013~2014年在北京地区对大气能见度、气溶胶质量浓度、气溶胶散射系数、黑碳质量浓度、反应性气体以及气象要素开展了系统加强观测,并对已发表的气溶胶光散射吸湿增长因子[f(RH)]拟合方案进行了对比,系统分析了大气消光特征和影响大气消光能力的关键因子,最终建立了大气消光系数参数化模型,探讨不同季节、不同污染条件下参数化方案的特征.结果表明,气溶胶散射作用占环境总消光作用的94%以上,在夏秋季,相对湿度可以使气溶胶的散射能力提升70%~80%.包含气溶胶质量浓度和相对湿度两个因子的参数化模型,可以较好地体现出气溶胶和相对湿度对大气消光系数的影响机制,以及消光能力的季节差异.     

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity in autumn Beijing: Analysis of the O3 and PM2.5 episodes based on observation-based model

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is the fundamental driving factors of chemistry process (e.g., the formation of ozone (O₃) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA)) in the troposphere. However, accurate quantification of AOC still remains uncertainty. In this study, a comprehensive field campaign was conducted during autumn 2019 in downtown of Beijing, where O₃ and PM_2.5 episodes had been experienced successively. The observation-based model (OBM) is used to quantify the AOC at O₃ and PM_2.5 episodes. The strong intensity of AOC is found at O₃ and PM_2.5 episodes, and hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominating daytime oxidant for both episodes. The photolysis of O₃ is main source of OH at O₃ episode; the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) plays important role in OH formation at PM_2.5 episode. The radicals loss routines vary according to precursor pollutants, resulting in different types of air pollution. O₃ budgets and sensitivity analysis indicates that O₃ production is transition regime (both VOC and NO_x-limited) at O₃ episode. The heterogeneous reaction of hydroperoxy radicals (HO₂) on aerosol surfaces has significant influence on OH and O₃ production rates. The HO₂ uptake coefficient (γHO₂) is the determining factor and required accurate measurement in real atmospheric environment. Our findings could provide the important bases for coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution.     

Photochemical model calculations over Europe for two extended summer periods: 1985 and 1989. Model results and comparison with observations

Ozone concentrations over Europe have been calculated with the EMEP MSC-W ozone model for two extended summer periods: April–September 1985 and April–October 1989. The predicted monthly variations in both mean and elevated ozone levels are illustrated. The model is shown to compare satisfactorily with ozone data across nearly all the months studied, particularly in 1989. Modelled PAN and total airborne nitrate concentrations are also shown to compare favourably with the measurements of a Nordic measurement campaign in autumn 1989, although there is an unresolved discrepancy between the modelled and observed NO₂ at these sites. In addition, the model has now been used to estimate the effects of NO_x and volatile organic compound emission control on both mean and elevated ozone levels for 6 months in 1989.     

Integrated numerical model of nitrogen transportation, absorption and transformation by two-dimension in soil-crop system

A series of simulation experiments of nitrogen transportation, absorption and transformation were conducted, and the different cropping patterns of winter wheat and wastewater irrigation plans were taken into consideration. Based on the experiments, an integrated model of crop growth, roots distribution, water and nitrogen absorption by roots, water and nitrogen movement and transformation in soilcrop system by two-dimension was developed. Parameters and boundary conditions were identified and an effective computing method for optimizing watering and wastewater irrigating plans was provided.     

广州地区紫外辐射特征和模式对比分析

根据中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所的紫外观测数据,研究了广州的紫外辐射季节变化,结果表明,2005年和2006年广州各月份紫外辐射强度的极值的最大值都出现在7月,2006年的达到了55.48W/㎡,极值的最小值也都出现在1月,2005年最小只有23.17W/㎡.利用NCAR(美国大气研究中心)的TUV模式,模拟研究了2005年11月16~29日一次从清洁到灰霾过程的典型个例,模拟的结果与实际观测基本一致,模式研究表明,在污染较轻时,TUV模式能够很好的模拟晴天紫外辐射的日变化,模式与实测之间有约7%~15%的误差. 随着污染的加剧,模式的偏差也变大.气溶胶对紫外辐射的影响相当大,在气溶胶污染严重时可使紫外辐射降低40%,气溶胶对紫外辐射的短波谱也有较大的影响,随着污染的加重,对紫外辐射的短波衰减会加强.     

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.     

中国第二次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性离子分布特征和来源

对2003年7月15～9月28日间中国第二次北极科学考察沿线所采集的气溶胶样品进行分析,获得了Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、Cl-、MSA、SO2-4、NO3-、C2O2-4和CH3COO-11种离子的浓度.离子组成表明,气溶胶主要以海盐颗粒为主,其中(Na Cl-)的贡献平均为60.2%;其次为硫酸盐.根据因子分析,11种离子归为4个因子,解释方差为83.7%.因子1包括Na 、nss-Mg2 、nss-Ca2 、Cl-和nss-SO2-4,代表陆地和海洋混合源,解释方差为41.2%;因子2包括NH 4、nss-K 和NO3-,来源于化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧所释放的二次污染物,解释方差为18.9%;因子3只有MSA,来源于海洋表层浮游植物排放的二甲基硫(DMS)的氧化,解释方差为11.9%;因子4包括CH3COO-和C2O2-4,主要来源于高纬度的北温带北部森林大火,解释方差为11.6%.