The use of Procrustes Target Analysis to discriminate dominant source regions of fine sulfur in the western U.S.A.

Receptor modeling, using Procrustes Target Analysis (PTA), was applied to a fine sulfur data set to discriminate dominant sources and areas of influence in the western U.S.A. The work presented in this note is closely linked to a paper published by Malm et al. (Atmospheric Environment24, 3047–3060, 1990), which used two different analyses, area of influence analysis (AIA) and rotated principal component analysis (RPCA), to show similar areas of influence for most source regions in the western U.S.A. A critical examination of RPCA revealed that two issues might confound interpretations. These are (i) eigenvalue degeneracy combined with trying to fit nine orthogonal dimensions pairwise in the PC space and (ii) statistical issues related to missing data and eigenvector truncation. In determining how much of the AIA results are present in the data spanned by the PC space, our findings indicated a 164% improvement in the variance overlap when PTA was substituted for RPCA.     

Diurnal curves of tropospheric ozone in the Western United States

Diurnal curves of tropospheric ozone are characterized for the areas near coniferous forests in the western U.S. A given day of hourly data can be placed into one of 17 classes of diurnal curves simply by knowing the 24-h mean and coefficient of variation of range, or more precisely, by applying equations derived from our discriminant analysis. The variation among curves is known to be related to theory of ozone formation, scavenging, and transport. Season, latitude, and position relative to source areas affect the form of the diurnal curve.     

Analysis of wet deposition in the eastern United States

Acid deposition in the eastern U.S. during a spring frontal storm from 1 to 5 May 1985 is analysed using the STEM-II acid deposition model. Nitrate formation is dominated by gas-phase production processes, with wet and dry deposition contributing equally to the total domain nitrate deposition. In-cloud sulfate production accounts for 60% of the total sulfate production, while wet deposition dominates the total sulfate deposition. Oxidation of S(IV) by hydrogen peroxide is the most important sulfate formation pathway. Hydrogen peroxide is found to exist in excess of S(IV) in cloud and rainwater in the storm front and at altitudes above 2 km. Production rates of sulfate in the high sulfur source regions are significantly lower (up to an order of magnitude) than in the moderate or low source regions. Model predictions are shown to capture the major features of the observed deposition.     

Anthropogenic contributions to the carbonaceous content of aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

During a joint U.S./U.S.S.R. research cruise from 3 May to 27 July 1987 both total and fine (< 2 μm) particulate material was sampled. This cruise started in the Hawaiian Islands and then proceeded to the Kamchatka peninsula, south to Wellington, New Zealand, south of Australia into the Indian Ocean, to Singapore and then returned to the Hawaiian Islands by sailing just north of the Equator. Particulate samples, collected on quartz fiber and Teflon filters, were analysed for organic and elemental carbon by transmission thermo-optical carbon analysis and for trace elements by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence.In the Northern Hemisphere the total particulate, organic carbon and elemental carbon concentration ranges were, respectively, 10–25, 0.5–2.5 and 0–0.3 μg m⁻³. In the Southern Hemisphere they were, respectively, 5–10, <0.6 and <0.02 μg m⁻³. In the Northern Hemisphere the fine particulate concentration range was 2–15 μg m⁻³ and the fine fraction varied from 20 to 80% of total aerosol loading. In the Southern Hemisphere the fine particulate loading was 1.2–1.7 μg m⁻³ and was usually less than 20% of the total particulate mass.Chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling was used to determine possible anthropogenic particulate contributions to the ocean aerosol. Readily available source profiles were used for CMB modeling. Sea-salt aerosol was represented by either the conventional EPA marine source profile or by the average of ambient ocean aerosols sampled in very clean mid-ocean regions. Usually 60–90% of ambient particulate mass was “explained” by the CMB model. Sources such as soil, catalytic auto emissions and wood-burning emissions were found to be possible contributors to the ocean aerosol, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Anthropogenic contributions were estimated to contribute from 10 to 30% of oceanic aerosol mass. Emissions from a hugh forest fire that burned in northern China during the spring of 1987 were possibly detected, but the CMB model cannot distinguish this source from emissions from heating and cooking with wood.Since anthropogenic emissions are mainly combustion emissions which usually contain a large carbon component, carbon data is essential to CMB modeling. The relatively good CMB results obtained in this study suggest that it might be useful to develop source profiles for major emission sources in those countries which contribute most directly to oceanic aerosols. Perhaps characteristic national or regional source profiles could be developed.     

北京地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析

利用TrajStat软件和全球资料同化系统数据,计算了2005~2016年北京市逐日72h气流后向轨迹,采用聚类分析方法,结合北京同期PM_2.5逐日质量浓度数据,分析北京市年及四季后向气流轨迹特征及其对北京市颗粒物浓度的影响,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨研究时期内不同季节影响北京市颗粒物质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对北京颗粒物质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,就全年而言,西北输送气流占总轨迹的比例最高,达59.97%,且其输送距离最远、输送高度最高、移速最快.输送高度最低、距离最短、移速最慢的东南气流占比次之,为27.64%,东北气流占比最低为12.40%,其移速和输送距离介于前两者之间.主要污染轨迹来自山东、河北,其次为来自俄罗斯、蒙古国和内蒙古荒漠戈壁地区的西北气流.PSCF和CWT分析发现,蒙中、晋中、冀西南、豫北及鲁西是影响北京PM_2.5的主要潜在区域.而不同季节、不同输送路径对北京PM_2.5污染影响的差异显著,春季主要受来自蒙晋交界区域的短距离输送气流影响,潜在源区位于冀南、鲁西、豫东和皖西北地区,夏季污染轨迹来自鲁、晋地区,潜在源区为豫东北、皖北和苏北地区;秋季主要受来自冀南地区的短距离气流影响,潜在源区为晋北、冀南、豫北和鲁西地区,冬季主要受来自蒙古国中西部和蒙中地区的远距离输送气流影响,潜在源区主要在冀南、鲁西、豫北、晋和蒙西地区.     

Ozone,sulfur dioxide,and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located in the united states

We have investigated the existence of trends for ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide at rural sites in the U.S. For the ozone analysis, at 54 of the 77 sites (70%) for the 10-year analysis (1979–1988) and at 118 of 147 sites (80%), with at least 4 years of data for the 5-year analysis (1984–1988), there was no indication of trends, either positive or negative. For the 10-year analysis, ozone sites in the Southern and Midwest forestry regions showed more positive than negative signiicant slope estimates. For the 5-year analysis, similar results were obtained, except that the mid-Atlantic region also experienced more positive than negative significant slope estimates. In most of the agricultural regions, there were not many significant trends in either the 10- or 5-year analysis. However, for the agricultural Appalachian region, 50% and 34% of the trends, respectively, were significant and there were more positive than negative significant ozone trends for both the 10- and 5-year periods. For sulfur dioxide, there was an indication of trends at 37 of 64 sites (58%) for the 10-year analysis (1978–1987). For the 5-year analysis (1983–1987), with at least 4 years of data, there was no indication of trends at 115 of 137 sites (84%). For sites in some regions of the U.S., there is an indication that sulfur dioxide concentrations have declined for both the 5- and 10-year periods, but the rate of decline on an aggregate basis has slowed in the 5-year period. There is a strong indication that the sulfur dioxide level decreased at many sites in the Midwest forestry and the Corn belt agricultural regions for the 10-year period. In the Southern forestry and Appalachian agricultural regions, many sites showed a decrease in the index for the 10-year, but not the 5-year, period. The lack of monitoring data for nitrogen dioxide made any conclusion extremely tenuous.     

Preliminary inventory of sulfur dioxide emissions in East Asia

A preliminary sulfur dioxide emissions inventory for East Asia was developed. The annual emissions rate for fossil-fuel related sulfur was estimated for a 80 km mesh grid using energy consumption and industrial activity data for the region. The total sulfur dioxide emissions from this area as sulfur were about 11.5 TgSy⁻¹, almost equal to the emissions in north-western Europe or the north-eastern U.S. which are regions where acid deposition occurs. Emissions from mobile sources were found to be relatively small, while coal-fired stationary sources contribute a large part of the sulfur dioxide emissions in East Asia.     

利用源示踪技术计算日本和韩国低层大气SO2和PSO4来源

利用区域空气质量模式CAMx中的PAST(源示踪技术)对2010年东亚地区的总硫(SO₂₊PSO₄)的源-受体关系进行了模拟计算. 模拟区域内共设定43个源区,其中在中国领土范围内设定了33个源区. 在源-受体关系计算中,将日本本岛分为北部、中部和南部三部分,分别设为受体区域,同时还将远离陆地的海洋背景点冲绳和韩国济州岛设为受体点.模拟结果表明,日本本岛北部、中部和南部的总硫来源存在一定的差异:日本本国的贡献率分别为73.8%、77.1%和65.9%,中国的贡献率分别为23.5%、20.2%和25.8%. 韩国本土总硫的本国贡献率为67.8%,中国的贡献率为27.2%. 对韩国济州岛和日本冲绳而言,二者总硫的本国贡献率均为26.0%,远低于日、韩两国的其他地区,不能代表国家间跨界输送的总体状况. 受体区域跨界输送的总硫季节变化明显,而且各区域的变化趋势也并不一致,其中日本南部地区和韩国本土1月最强,7月最弱;日本北部和中部地区在4月最强,1月最弱. 跨界传输的总硫对日本和韩国总硫贡献量小于2.5 μg/m3.对于日、韩两国影响较大的中国源区主要为山东、河北、江苏、辽宁等地,各源区对于日、韩总硫贡献量的季节变化明显. 东亚地区低空总硫的传输通量空间分布与利用CAMx模拟的2010年日本和韩国总硫的源-受体关系结果相一致.      

北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险时空变化分析

非点源污染风险时空分布特征解析和等级分区是有效控制非点源污染的关键.为了弥补PNPI（potential non-point pollution index,潜在非点源污染指数）模型中专家评价法主观赋权的不足,引入均方差决策法,并采用改进后的PNPI模型分析1980-2017年北京市北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险时空变化特征,划分潜在非点源污染风险等级.结果表明:①均方差决策法根据土地利用指标、径流指标和距离指标集的数值离散程度确定各指标权重,其结果可体现各指标权重随土地利用类型动态变化的特点.②1980-2017年土地利用指标、径流指标和距离指标的平均权重分别为0.49、0.18、0.33,说明土地利用类型对非点源污染风险相对影响较大.③受土地利用类型空间分布格局影响,北沙河上游流域潜在非点源污染风险呈西北部山区低、东南部平原区高的分布特征.④随着城镇化的推进,潜在非点源污染极高风险区主要土地利用类型由旱地和园地逐渐演变为城镇用地、农村居民地和建设用地.研究显示,非点源污染风险高低与土地利用类型密切相关,可通过土地利用类型的合理布局,降低流域非点源污染风险.      

元素硫对825合金在高温高压含CO2/H2S环境中腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究元素硫对825合金在高温高压含CO2/H2S环境中腐蚀行为的影响,为评价825合金在高温高压含CO2/H2S和元素硫环境中的适应性提供依据。方法将825合金分别置于含元素硫和不含元素硫的模拟气田环境中,进行高温高压含硫实验。采用失重法、高温高压电化学法、扫描电镜和能谱测试方法对825合金的均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀、电化学腐蚀、微观形貌和化学组成进行表征,揭示元素硫对825合金在高温高压含H2S和CO2环境中腐蚀行为的影响规律。结果在不含元素硫的环境中,825合金的均匀腐蚀速率仅为0.0217 mm/a,无局部腐蚀现象产生,也没有检测到明显的点蚀噪声信号;在含元素硫的环境中,825合金的均匀腐蚀速率高达0.469 mm/a,具有明显的局部腐蚀特征,且点蚀噪声信号显著,与光学照片观察结果一致。结论825合金在高温高压含元素硫和氯离子环境中容易发生局部腐蚀,这主要是由于元素硫在水溶液中发生水解反应,在局部区域生成了H2S和H2SO4,在高温和氯离子的耦合作用下,显著地加剧了825合金的腐蚀,腐蚀产物以氧化物和硫化物为主。     

2015—2021年四川盆地近地面O3时空演化及潜在源区分析

近地面O₃污染已经成为我国最严重的环境问题之一,特别是在地形相对闭塞的盆地区域更加突出,而盆地地形区域O₃的时空演化、潜在源区及驱动因素尚未被完全揭示.因此,以典型盆地地形区—四川盆地为研究区,基于长时间尺度(2015—2021年)的O₃浓度监测数据,采用后向轨迹、时空地理加权回归等模型探讨O₃的时空变化特征、传输路径、潜在源区以及驱动因素的空间分布特征.结果表明：(1)时间分布上,2015—2021年四川盆地O₃-8 h浓度第90百分位数为(143±7)μg/m³,夏季O₃-8 h浓度高于其他季节,O₃-8 h浓度存在明显的“周末效应”和昼夜差异.(2)空间格局上,四川盆地O₃-8 h浓度第90百分位数总体呈西高东低的分布特征,西部平原地带是核心污染区域.(3)2015—2021年影响成都市的气流轨迹中短距离输送轨迹占比为74.24%,长距离输送轨迹占比平均值为25.76%. 2015—2...     

基于后向轨迹模式的豫南地区冬季PM2.5来源分布及传输分析

为研究2017年12月—2018年2月冬季不同来源区域对豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献影响及污染特征,利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式模拟了豫南地区冬季24 h的气团后向轨迹,结合ρ（PM_2.5）在线监测数据进行了聚类分析,研究了以豫南地区为受点的各月份PM_2.5不同轨迹的输送特征,并使用潜在源贡献（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法识别了豫南地区冬季PM_2.5的潜在贡献源区及贡献大小.结果表明:①信阳市空气质量最好,其次为驻马店市,南阳市空气质量最差;南阳市、信阳市和驻马店市ρ（PM_2.5）分别超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值（75 μg/m3）的1.5、1.2和1.2倍,ρ（PM_2.5）日变化均呈双峰特征.②后向轨迹聚类分析表明,豫南地区主要受到来自西北和东北方向长距离传输和正南方向较短距离输送的影响.③潜在源区分析表明,除豫南地区及周边市县本地污染贡献外,冀鲁豫交界区域、陕鄂交界区域、陕西省中西部、湖北省东北部和西部、河南省中北部、山东省南部是影响豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的主要潜在源区.研究显示,豫南地区PM_2.5污染过程除了与地形条件、本地污染源排放有关外,来自东北、西北传输通道城市的远距离输送和南部的近距离传输也不容忽视.      

characteristics of PM2.5 in rural areas of southern Jiangsu Province, China

Introduction Anumberofstudiesabroadhavedemonstratedthat atmosphericfineparticulatematter(PM2.5,dp<2.5μm)is notonlyassociatedwithatmosphericvisibilityreductionbut alsohasaclearcorrelationwiththenumberofdailydeathsandhospitalizationsasaconsequenceofpulmonarydisease(Chan,1997;Christoforous,2000;Schwartz,1996;Wilson,1997).On18July,1997,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)promulgatednewandsevere standardsforfineparticulates(PM2.5)withthesizebelow2.5μm(15μg m3asannualaverage,65μg m…     

Towards the development of a global inventory for black carbon emissions

We have developed two global inventories for black carbon (BC) emissions using two distinct methods. The first method uses measured ambient concentration ratios of BC and SO₂ at locations throughout the world. We demonstrate that BC to SO₂ ratios are well correlated at most sites and that distinct ratios of BC to SO₂ apply to source areas from economically distinct regions. However, within any one economic region, the ratio of BC to SO₂ appears to be relatively constant. These facts are used to construct a global inventory of BC emissions by using previously published inventories for the emissions of sulfur. The derived inventory totals nearly 24 Tg C yr⁻¹. The second method uses estimated emission factors and published fuel production and use statistics for wood and bagasse burning, diesel fuel, and domestic and commercial coal use. The combined global emissions using the second method total 12.6 Tg C yr⁻¹. A comparison of the two inventories shows that the estimated emissions from the ratio method are within a factor of two of those derived from emission factors in regions where the data appear to be reliable. The BC inventory from the ratio method is used in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory global chemistry/climate model to simulate the world wide distribution of BC. The predicted concentrations are compared with available measurements from throughout the world. This comparison also supports the magnitude of the inventory which we derived from the ratio method to within about a factor of two.     

土壤中硫的形态分析及其测定方法研究进展

本文对土壤中硫的形态分析与测定方法,从无机硫,有机硫,总硫,以及硫的系统分析方法,硫的检测几个方面进行了综述,对各种方法进行了客观的评价,指出了尚待于解决的问题,并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

我国西南地区1960～2000年降水资源变化的时空特征

利用我国西南地区96个测站近40a的月降水量资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析、小波分析等方法对西南地区年降水资源变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:近40a西南地区的西部高原地区降水资源呈增加趋势,而东部除重庆地区外,大部分地区降水资源减少。西南地区年降水资源空间特征复杂,存在南北和东西相反变化的差异,空间异常可分为8个异常区,即滇南区、川西高原区、滇黔交界区、四川盆地东部、四川盆地西部、滇西区、黔渝交界区和凉山区。西部高原地区年降水量都经历了多雨-少雨-多雨的过程,20世纪90年代降水量呈增加的趋势,四川盆地东部经历了少雨-多雨-少雨的过程,四川盆地西部和整个西南地区东南部的降水量整体都呈下降趋势。川西高原区、滇南区和滇黔交界区在整个时段存在显著的准14a周期,其他异常区的显著周期及其年代变化有较大差异。     

岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及其驱动机制

深入分析岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及驱动机制,对复杂地形、经济滞后地区建设美丽新农村有重要意义。在GIS技术支持下,基于核密度、网格、重心模型、样带及地形剖面相结合的方法,以2005年、2010年、2014年和2017年槽谷区农村居民点为数据源,对其时空演变特征及其规律进行对比分析。研究表明：（1）槽谷区农村居民点呈“西部集聚组团量少规模大,而中、东部零散错落量多规模小”的空间分布模式。（2）西部槽谷农村居民点垂直和坡度重心均有向槽坝迁移的趋势,而中、东部则相反。（3）西部槽谷农村居民点布局呈槽坝高、山坡两翼低的倒“U”型格局,而中、东部则相反。（4）槽谷区农村居民点分布格局与地形间存在密切的空间响应关系。     

我国碳交易试点政策的减排效应及地区差异

基于连续性双重差分等方法,评估2004～2017年我国碳交易试点政策的减排效应及地区差异,并分析其作用机制.结果显示,碳交易政策能使试点地区的碳排放强度下降9.5％,碳市场规模?活跃度每增加1％,将分别带来试点地区碳排放强度下降0.9％和0.7％.异质性影响上,碳交易政策对东中部地区的减排效应明显,对西部地区无明显作用...     

超低排放燃煤电站三氧化硫的迁移和排放特征

采用美国环保署(USEPA)method 8推荐的方法,对典型超低排放燃煤电站满负荷工况下的燃煤、烟气、飞灰、渣进行三氧化硫监测.实验结果表明:燃煤电站超低排放环保设备对三氧化硫的总脱除率为71.86%,大气三氧化硫排放浓度为1.5 mg·m~(-3)(气体体积为标准大气压下的体积,下同).选择性脱硝催化剂(SCR)前烟气中三氧化硫生成量为二氧化硫的0.46%,在SCR催化剂SO_2/SO_3的转化率为0.58%,空气预热器内气态三氧化硫浓度显著降低.低温电除尘(LLT-ESP)内三氧化硫与飞灰结合得到脱除,LLT-ESP细灰中三氧化硫含量为粗灰的1.38倍.湿法脱硫系统(WFGD)对三氧化硫的脱除率为48.45%.超低排放燃煤电站大气三氧化硫排放因子EF_煤、EF_电分别为17.13 mg·kg~(-1)、4.41 mg·kW~(-1)·h~(-1).估算2018年我国燃煤电站三氧化硫大气排放总量约为3.99万t·a~(-1).     

基于RS与GIS的长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性综合评价

使用空间主成分分析法构建评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,结合遥感数据与地理信息系统软件,对长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性进行了综合评价,并对脆弱性成因进行了分析. 结果表明,长江三角洲生态环境极度和重度脆弱区主要分布在其中部的太湖流域和浙江中西部,占整个研究区的20.10%;轻度和中度脆弱区遍布于整个研究区,占55.25%;微度脆弱区主要分布在江苏北部和浙江东部,占24.65%. 总体来看,长江三角洲大部分区域的生态环境属轻度和中度脆弱. 影响长江三角洲生态环境脆弱性的自然因素有≥35 ℃日数、旱涝分布、海拔高度、归一化植被指数（NDVI）年累加值、景观多样性指数和土壤侵蚀强度;人为因素有人均耕地面积、人均水资源、人均废水排放量、人均废气排放量、化肥施用强度、土地利用变化、“三废”综合利用产品产值、人口密度和GDP. 极度和重度脆弱区生态环境的主要特征是自然灾害发生频率大、资源匮乏、污染强度大、土壤侵蚀严重和生物多样性低.