Characterization of particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by smoking machine with an electrical low pressure impactor

Cigarette smoking is a particle-related exposure. Studying the characteristics of the particle size distribution of cigarette smoke can aid in providing knowledge of smoke aerosol attributes. We used an electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） to measure the particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by a smoking machine and provided a continuum of particle sizes of cigarette smoke from a whole cigarette. The results showed that the aerodynamic diameters （D, geometric mean of a channel） of particles ranged from 0.021 to 1.956 ~m, and the number concentrations were on the order of 105-109 cm-3 for different sizes of particles. The particle number of the size category below 0.1 p,m approximated that of the category 0.1-2.0 Ixm, and the particles in the size category of 0.1-2.0 μm contributed extremely heavily to total particulate mass. In addition, the results with small samples indicated that the tar yields normalized per milligram of nicotine showed an approximately linear increase with increasing concentration of total particles.     

杭州灰霾天气超细颗粒浓度分布特征

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(FMPS)对杭州2013年12月6～11日连续灰霾天气和灰霾消退过程超细颗粒进行监测,分析颗粒物浓度变化和粒径谱分布特征及其与气象的相关性.结果表明,颗粒物日变化特征为夜晚数浓度较高,凌晨数浓度开始降低,08:00和18:00上下班高峰期出现一个小峰值,体现出明显的交通源峰值,表明交通排放对大气污染影响较大.灰霾天气下颗粒物最高数浓度达到8.0×104cm-3.粒径谱呈双峰分布,峰值粒径分别为15 nm和100 nm,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子占大多数,粒子以爱根核模态和积聚模态为主,平均数量中位径CMD(count medium diameter)为85.89 nm.而在灰霾消退过程,颗粒物数浓度降低,峰值粒径向小粒径演变,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子逐渐减少,核模态粒子增多,大于积聚模态,平均CMD为58.64 nm.气象因素中能见度和风力与数浓度主要呈负相关,相关系数R分别为-0.225和-0.229,相对湿度与数浓度正相关,相关系数R为0.271,冬季大气比较稳定,水平温度与数浓度的相关性较小.研究灰霾天气数浓度分布和气象因素的综合影响对其形成机制及控制有重要意义.     

近地面大气颗粒物粒度与粒形特征

选择大气颗粒物污染代表性城市石家庄市,利用挂片法采集采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物样品,在CIS-50粒度粒形仪上进行视频通道测试,并利用扫描电镜对颗粒表面形态进行观察,得出颗粒物粒度分布、粒形参数及形貌特征.结果显示,大气颗粒物粒度分布为连续多峰曲线形态,粒径范围为0.8～120 μm,集中于10 μm以下,粒度均值变化为4.086 0～7.622 7 μm,标准差随粒度均值增大而增大;粒形参数中形状因子均值变化为0.718 3～0.899 3,分维度均值变化为1.041 1～1.072 0.上述数据均呈现在非采暖期间小于采暖期间的特征.扫描电镜观察表明大气颗粒物多为表面粗糙的块状形貌,粒度较大;团聚状次之,并呈粗、细2种团聚形态;球体颗粒粒度最小.分析认为,石家庄市近地面大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化受地面排放影响强烈,采暖期新增颗粒物粒度为5～8 μm,粒形为近圆形及圆形,呈聚合体形态;PM₅数量比与近方形及正方形颗粒数量比呈较好正相关,r 为0.945 8,与近圆形及圆形颗粒数量比呈负相关,r 为-0.972 6,PM₅在大气颗粒物粒度粒形变化中可能有重要影响.     

南京雾过程对大气气溶胶谱分布及化学组成的影响

为探究南京地区雾过程对气溶胶粒子化学组成和尺度分布的影响,在2017年冬季的雾观测中平行收集了3级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶样品,并对雾微物理量与气溶胶谱分布、3级分档雾水与雾前、雾中、雾后分粒径气溶胶化学组成对比分析。结果表明,2017年冬季南京第1次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为不对称“V”型,最低值位于7μm处,第2次雾过程的雾滴液态水含量随粒径分布为3峰型,峰值分别位于5,15,21.5μm处。在雾形成、发展阶段,粒径<0.33μm的气溶胶质量浓度降低,粒径0.38μm气溶胶质量浓度升高,雾成熟阶段,气溶胶粒子质量浓度在全粒径段均达到最低,粒径0.38μm的气溶胶质量浓度大幅降低,与雾前相比,雾后气溶胶质量浓度峰值向大粒径方向移动。雾前,气溶胶水溶性离子组分富集在粒径<0.43μm的小粒子中,随着雾过程进行,成核作用和吸湿增长使得水溶性离子向较大粒径段富集。雾中新生成的气溶胶随着雾滴的蒸发被释放,导致雾后NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度升高。较小粒径的气溶胶中和率更高,雾形成初期的新生雾滴酸性较强,随着雾过程的进行逐渐中和,雾水pH值逐渐升高。     

南京冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱分布及其对能见度的影响

2009年11～12月采用宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪（WPS）、自动气象站和能见度仪等高分辨率仪器对南京北郊气溶胶粒子的谱分布特征与气象因子的关系及其对大气能见度的影响进行研究.结果表明,数浓度谱呈双峰分布,主峰集中在0.04～0.1μm;质量浓度谱的2个主峰位于0.5～0.7μm和2.7μm左右;表面积谱的2个主峰分别位于...     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus,fueled by biodiesel in Toledo,Ohio,single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS).Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm.The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters:square,pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,agglomerate,sphere,triangle,oblong,strip,line or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The square particles were common in the samples.Round and triangle particles are more,and pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,strip,line or sticks are less.Agglomerate particles were found in abundance.The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse.The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo.The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.     

超细颗粒通过建筑狭缝的传输特性

采用实验和数值模拟方法研究室外颗粒物通过建筑狭缝进入室内的渗透传输特性及其影响因素.利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)测量两个实验舱的颗粒数量浓度从而得到颗粒穿透率,控制不同的狭缝尺寸及压差研究其对渗透过程的影响.数值模拟计算与实验结果进行了比较,趋势基本吻合.实验与模拟计算结果表明,当缝高为1 mm,小粒径颗粒穿透率较小,其主导影响因素为布朗扩散运动,随着颗粒粒径的增加,穿透率呈增加趋势.缝长越长,压差越小,颗粒穿透率就越小.模拟计算结果显示,缝高越小,颗粒穿透率就越小,其缝高占主导影响因素.当缝高为1 mm,粒径大于30nm的颗粒其穿透率接近于1,而当缝高减小到0.25 mm时,粒径在300 nm附近颗粒穿透率达到最高0.93,随粒径继续增加,颗粒穿透率呈减小趋势,重力沉降开始占主导因素.当缝高变化时,不同粒径颗粒沉降到壁面的主导因素随之变化.实验结果显示:在较低浓度一定范围内,颗粒数浓度对穿透率的影响较小.室内外颗粒数浓度I/O比值范围为0.69~0.73,相关系数R2为0.99,其线性相关性显著.狭缝直通道颗粒穿透率明显大于有拐角的通道.     

焊接工艺多源散发的高温颗粒污染物扩散特性数值模拟

为探究热工艺过程产生的热气流作用下颗粒的迁移规律,基于气固两相离散粒子模型(DPM)对多源浮射流伴生的高温颗粒的扩散特性进行了数值研究,讨论了两相流运动过程中热气流与颗粒群的温度和速度的瞬时变化情况.结果表明,对于473K£T₀£673K的高温颗粒群,温度衰减趋势类似,颗粒群温度分布呈中心对称;当5μm£d_p£20μm时,颗粒与气流之间的跟随性随着粒径的增大而降低;热羽流随时间经历了独立发展和相互合并的过程,羽流之间涡旋结构的消失导致中心位污染源散发的d_p=10μm的颗粒更容易发生沉降.     

满足国六排放的缸内直喷汽油车污染物排放特性试验研究

以满足国六排放的某缸内直喷轻型汽油车为研究对象,试验研究了该车国六Ⅰ型测试循环(WLTC循环)排放的CO、THC、NOx和固态颗粒数量,以及包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量和粒径分布特性.结果表明:WLTC循环工况覆盖范围广、车速高、加速度大的特点导致污染物排放增加;车辆冷机起动、暖机过程、瞬态过渡工况和高速大负荷工况对车辆的污染物排放影响较大,研发合理的车辆起动、催化剂起燃和暖机热管理策略、提高发动机瞬态过渡工况响应性是控制排放的重点;包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放呈单峰分布,在15 nm附近达到峰值.     

沈阳冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征

为分析沈阳市冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征,2009年1月14日─2月2日,用安德森分级撞击式采样器进行大气颗粒物分级采样,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对各级样品中Na和K等30余种元素进行分析,讨论了灰霾日、非霾日及除夕日大气颗粒物元素质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布特征及来源. 结果表明:灰霾日大气颗粒物及其元素的质量浓度均高于非霾日,粒径越细,质量浓度越高,越容易富集污染元素.Fe类元素以地壳元素为主,其质量浓度的粒径分布在非霾日呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;该类元素的粒径分布在灰霾日和除夕日呈三峰型,质量浓度的最高峰值也在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段. Mn类元素在非霾日的质量浓度分布与Fe类元素相似,也呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;但其在灰霾日和除夕日呈双峰型,最高峰值却出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类和Zn类元素的质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布均呈单峰型,峰值出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类元素主要来源于烟花爆竹释放;Zn类元素主要源于人为污染,Pb和As等污染元素因其来源不同,在灰霾日和非霾日的表现也不相同.      

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter(DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle.Total particle number emissions(PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3 km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration(PNC),ultrafine particle number concentration(UFPNC) and particulate matter(PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds(CO, CO_2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOxinfluencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode(DP: ≤ 13 nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.     

添加剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时排放颗粒特性的影响

为研究十六烷值改进剂和消烟剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时颗粒排放特性的影响,在乙醇柴油中加入0.1%(以w计)、0.3%和0.5%的十六烷值改进剂或消烟剂,并在YZ4DB3柴油机上分别对这些燃料的排气烟度、颗粒比排放和粒径分布等进行研究. 结果表明:含添加剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放远低于0#柴油,降幅在50%以上;与0#柴油相比,添加0.3%十六烷值改进剂的乙醇柴油降低颗粒排放效果较显著,降幅高达64.2%,而添加0.1%消烟剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放降幅更高达84.0%,表明消烟剂的降颗粒效果更加显著. 柴油机燃用柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.56和0.18μm左右;但燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径则呈单峰分布,其峰值均在>0.56~1.00μm粒径范围内. 柴油机燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油后,0.18~0.32μm粒径范围内的排放颗粒显著减少,但在>0.32~1.00μm粒径范围内增加;同时,排放颗粒物中的积聚模态颗粒占排放颗粒总质量的比例降低,而粗粒子模态颗粒的所占比例相应增加. 排气烟度与积聚模态颗粒质量分布密切相关. 研究结果表明,柴油添加剂能够显著改善柴油机颗粒物排放特性,有利于改善大气质量.      

Size-dependent measurement of aerosol photoemission from particles in diesel exhaust

The size dependence of the photoelectric yield is investigated for particles in the exhaust of an oil burner and a diesel engine. This experiment yields information on the relative concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on particles of different sizes. For the particles produced by the oil burner the PAH concentration is proportional to β(D)/D², where βD is the attachment coefficient and D the particle diameter. This is expected when the PAH concentration is controlled by diffusion flux to the particles. With diesel particles, however, the PAH concentration per unit particle surface is much higher with smaller particles than can be explained by the diffusion model.     

Variation of concentration of ambient aerosols in Tokyo

The number concentration of aerosol particles dispersed in the urban atmosphere was measured at Kagurazaka in central Tokyo from January 1980 to December 1987.Aitken particle number concentrations were measured with a Pollak condensation nuclei counter and a diffusion battery. The characteristic radius was deduced, using the DeMarcus equation, from the measured concentrations. Mie particle number concentrations ranging from 0.055 to 2.5 μm in radius were measured with two optical particle counters. Slope and intercept of the Junge distribution were calculated for particles > 0.15 μm. The main results are as follows.

• 1.(1) For these 8 yr, there are no long-term trends in the particle number concentrations, characteristic radius, and slope and intercept of the Junge distribution.
• 2.(2) Aitken particle number concentrations show regular seasonal variations, with a maximum during winter and a minimum during summer. They also show regular diurnal variations, with an increase during daytime and a minimum in the early morning. Detailed discussions suggest that these variations are affected by anthropogenic sources and meteorological conditions.
• 3.(3) Mie particle number concentrations show neither a clear seasonal nor diurnal variation. The variations are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions. Our careful analysis shows that wind speed is most important of the meteorological elements. Mie particle number concentrations decrease as wind speed increases, often by as much as two-thirds. This effect was observed for all wind directions.

     

正丁醇对柴油机颗粒组分与形貌特征的影响

为探讨柴油机燃用正丁醇-柴油混合燃料降低颗粒排放的机理,采用热重分析仪与场发射扫描电子显微镜,重点对正丁醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧的颗粒形貌特征进行研究,分析了颗粒的组分、微观结构以及粒径分布随w(正丁醇)的变化规律. 结果表明:正丁醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧的颗粒呈团簇状结构,随着w(正丁醇)的增加,团聚程度逐渐提高,排列结构更加紧密;颗粒的粒径逐渐减小,柴油、B5、B10〔B5、B10是指w(正丁醇)分别为5%、10%的正丁醇-柴油混合燃料〕燃烧的颗粒平均粒径分别为1.43、0.85、0.52 μm;颗粒中的主要成分为碳烟,其质量分数约为60%,随着w(正丁醇)的增加,碳烟和可溶有机物组分的质量分数有所增加,硫酸盐、金属等不易挥发组分以及金属元素的质量分数逐渐减少. 研究显示,添加正丁醇,可促进颗粒转化、改善颗粒的氧化过程,使颗粒向小粒径方向移动;由于颗粒中可溶有机物组分含量增加,因此提高了颗粒在碰撞过程中凝并的概率,致使颗粒的团聚程度增加.      

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size (< 150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal (i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size (< 150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) decreased in the order: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb > Cu.     

化学生物絮凝工艺的反应机理初探

考察了化学生物絮凝工艺中的Zeta电位、颗粒物粒度分布和溶解性有机物的分子质量分级,并分别与化学强化一级工艺和初沉池进行了对比.研究表明,相同药剂投加量下,化学生物絮凝工艺和化学强化一级工艺的出水Zeta电位值基本相等,化学生物絮凝工艺的回流污泥所携带的化学药剂几乎不影响反应池内颗粒物的稳定状态,其中的生物作用是该工艺对污染物的絮凝效果优于化学强化一级工艺的关键因素.在化学生物絮凝工艺中,投加药剂仅对粒径>10 μm颗粒物和分子质量>6 ku溶解性有机物有较好的去除效果,而生物絮凝作用不但可以促进对大粒径颗粒物和大分子质量溶解性有机物的去除,而且对小粒径颗粒物和小分子质量溶解性有机物也有较好的去除,其出水中粒径>3 μm的颗粒物被完全去除,分子质量为2～6 ku 的溶解性有机物的去除率也高达42.5%.     

Size-dependent measurement of aerosol photoemission from particles in diesel exhaust

The size dependence of the photoelectric yield is investigated for particles in the exhaust of an oil burner and a diesel engine. This experiment yields information on the relative concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on particles of different sizes. For the particles produced by the oil burner the PAH concentration is proportional to β(D)/D², where β(D) is the attachment coefficient and D the particle diameter. This is expected when the PAH concentration is controlled by diffusion flux to the particles. With diesel particles, however, the PAH concentration per unit particle surface is much higher with smaller particles than can be explained by the diffusion model.     

鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征

微塑料(粒径5 mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来被社会广泛关注.本文以江西省饶河-鄱阳湖入湖段(龙口)典型湿地表层中底泥沉积物为研究对象,分离提取底泥沉积物中微塑料,确定底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度值,利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析微塑料表面形貌特征及组成特征.结果表明:(1)底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度为938个·kg-1,主要包括碎片、薄膜、纤维和发泡等4种类型微塑料,其中以碎片类微塑料比例最高,达到66.7%;薄膜类次之,约占比例25%;发泡类及纤维类微塑料相对较少些,二者比例之和仅占8.3%.(2)不同类型微塑料的红外光谱分析表明,碎片类微塑料主要成分为聚乙烯,薄膜类主要成分为聚丙烯,纤维类主要成分为低密度聚乙烯,发泡类主要成分则为聚苯乙烯.(3)微塑料粒径分布特征表明,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料比例占总量的61.3%,且随着粒径增大微塑料数目呈减少趋势.(4)微塑料表面形貌特征表现为沉积物中的微塑料有不同程度的老化痕迹,表面出现裂痕、孔隙并带有撕裂物等特征.